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/ ^ /(!}Ci . /^^
HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY
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6l8T CONOEBBB ) CCXTITV j DoCUMKNT
SdSessim f SENATi, j ^^^^
.REPORTS OF THE 'IMMIGRATION COMMISSIO]L..n-
^
3"^/,
IMMIGRATION AND CRIME
PBE8ENTED BY MR. DILLINGHAM
December 5, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration
and ordered to be printed, with illustrations
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OrPICE
1911
35l>2 Hkk
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us 10 S9 0.16
rrr.rvard Colle^^e library
Gift ( f
ilow. >. W. McG; 1j,
of vS,''K-^hinp:ton
THE noaoEATiov coionssiov.
Senator William P. Dillingham, Representative Benjamin F. Howell.
Chairman. Representative William S. Bbnnst.
Senator Henrt Cabot Lodge. Representative John L. Bubnett.
Senator Asbuby C. Latimbr.o Mr. Charles P. Neill.
Senator Anselm J. McLaubin> Mr. Jebemiah W. Jenks.
Senator Ls Rot Pebct.« Mr. William R. Wheelbb.
Secretaries:
Mobton E. Crane. W. W. HusBAKm
C. S. Atkinson.
(Mef SUitiitician:
Feed 0. Croxton.
Extrad frcffii tui of Congreu of February tO, 1907, creating and defining (he duHa of (he
Immigration Commiseion.
That a commission is hereby created, consisting of three Senators, to be appointed
by the President of the Senate, and three Members of the House of Representatives,
to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and three persons
to be appointed bjr the President of the United States. Said c(»nmission shall make
full inquiry, examination, and investigation, by subcommittee or otherwise, into the
subject of immi^tion. For the purpose of saia inquiry, examination, and investiga-
tion said commission is authorized to send for persons and papers, make all necessary
travel, either in the United States or any foreign coimtry, and, through the chair-
man of the commission, or any member thereof, to administer oaths and to examine
witnesses and papers respecting all matters pertaining to the subject, and to employ
necessary clerical and other assistance. Saia commission shall report to Congress the
conclusions reached by it, and make such recommendations as in its judgment may
seem proper. Such sums of money as may be necessary for the said inquiry, examina-
tion, and investigation are hereby appropriated and authorized to be ]>aia out of the
''immigrant fund" on the certificate of the chairman of said commission, including
all expenses of the commissioners, and a reasonable compensation, to be fixed by the
President of the United States, for those members of the commission who are not
Members of Congress; * * * .
.• Died February 20, 1908.
* Appointed to succeed Mr. Latimer, February 25, 1908. Died December 22, 1909.
• Appointed to succeed Mr. McLAurin, March 16, 1910.
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LIST OF KEPOSTS OF THE IXMIORATIOH COMMISSIOH.
V<diiiiies 1 and 2. Abstracts of Reports of the Immlgratioii ComTnlwfon, with CoDdosioDS and Reooni-
mendatlons and Views of the Minority. (These volumes Include the Commission's complete reports
on the following subjects: Immigration Conditions in Hawaii; Immigration and Insanity; Immi-
grants In Charity Ho^itals; Alien Seamen and Stowaways; Contract Labor and Induced and Assisted
Immigration; The Greek Padrone System in the United States; Peonage.) (S. Doc No. 747, 6l8t
Cong., 3d sees.)
Volume 3. Statistical Review of Immigration, 1819-1010— Distribution of Immigrants, 1850-1000. (S. Doo.
No. 756, 61st Cong., 3d sees.)
Volume 4. Emigration Conditions in Europe. (S. Doc. No. 748, 61st Cong., Sd sess.)
Volume 5. Dictionary of Races or Peoples. (S. Doc. No. 662, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volumes 6 and 7. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 1, Bituminous Coal Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 6l8t Gong.,
2d sess.)
Volumes 8 and 0. Inmilgrants in Industries: Vt^ 2, Iron and Steel Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61tt
Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 10. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 3, Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic Statw—
Pt. 4, Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 11. Inmilgrants in Industries: Pt. 5, Silk Goods Manufacturing and Dyeing— Pt. 6, Clothing
Manuliacturing— Pt. 7, Collar, CuH, and Shirt Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 033, 61st Cong., 2d seas.)
Volume 12. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 8, Leather Manufacturing— Pt. 0, Boot and Shoe Manufac-
turing— Pt. 10, Gk>ve Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 13. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 11, Slaughtering and Meat Packing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 6l8t
Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 14. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 12, Glass Manufacturing— Pt. 13, Agricultural Implement
and Vehicle Manufacturing. (S. Doc No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 15. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 14, Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing— Pt. 15, Furniture Man-
ufacturing— Pt. 16, Sugar Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 16. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 17, Copper Mining and Smelting— Pt. 18, Iron Ore Mining—
Pt. 10, Anthracite Coal Mining— Pt. 20, OU Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 17. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diverslfled Industries, Vol. I. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., •
ad sess.)
Volume 18. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diverslfled Industries, Vol. 11— Pt. 22, The FkMting Immi-
grant Labor Supply. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 10 and 20. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 23, Summary Report oA Immigrants in Manufacturing
and Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 21 and 22. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 24, Recent Immigrants in Agriculture. (S. Doc. No.
633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 23-25. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 25, Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the PaolAo
Coast and Rocky Mountain States. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 26 and 27. Immigrants in Cities. (S. Doc. No. 338, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 28. Occupations of the First and Second Generations of Immigrants in the United States— F^
cundity of Immigrant Women. (S. Doc. No. 282, 6l8t Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 20-33. The Children of Immigrants in Schools. (S. Doc. No. 740, 61st Cong., 3d sees.)
Volumes 34 and 35. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. (S. Doc. No. 666, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 36. Immigration and Crime. (S. Doc. No. 750, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 37. Steerage Conditions— Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes— Immi-
grant Homes and Aid Societies— Immigrant Banks. (S. Doc. No. 753, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 38. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. (S. Doc. No. 208, 61st Cong., 2d aem^
Volume 30. Federal Immigration Legislatkm— Digest of Immigration Decisions— Steerage LegislattaD,
1810-lOOfr-^tate Immigration and Alien Laws. (S. Doc. No. 758, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 40. The Immigration Situation in Other Countries: Canada— Australia— New Zealand— Argen-
tina— BrariL (S. Doc. No. 761, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 41. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organisations Interested lo
the Subject of Immigration. (S. Doc. No. 764, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 42. Index of Reports of the Immigration Commission. (S. Doc. No. 785, 61st Cong., 8d sess.)
Ul
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lETTEB OF TRAHSMITTAI.
The Immigration Commission,
Wdshington, D, C, December J, 1910,
To the Sixty-first Congress:
I have the honor to transmit herewith, on behalf of the Immi-
gration Commission, a report entitled •Immigration and Crime/'
which report was prepared under the direction of the Commission
by Leslie Hayfoi:d, special agent.
Respectfully,
William P. Dillingham,
Ohairman.
IT
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CONTENTS.
Chapter I. — Introduction: P«««.
Census data on volume of crimcv 2
Chapter II. — Character and scope of investigation:
Classification of offenses 10
Classification of offenders l2
Method of analysis 12
Chapter III. — General summary of results:
Immigrants and natives 13 -
The second generation 13
Kaces and mationalities 16
Simunary by crime 17
Summary by nationidity j 18
The cities of New York and Chicago ^ 20
The States of New York and Massachusetts 23
Aliens, or unnaturalized immigrants 24
Length of residence in the United States prior to commitment 32
Chapter IV. — Character of immigrant and of native criminality:
Classes of crime 36
Gainful offenses 39
Offenses of i>ersonal violence 41
Offenses against public policy 43
C?llen8es against chastity 45
Chapter V. — ^The color factor in the native group:
Classes of crime 49
Gainful offenses 61
Offenses of personal violence 52
Offenses against public policy 53
Offenses against chastity 54
Chapter VI. — ^The parentage factor in the native group:
Classes of crime 58
Gainful offenses 60
Offenses of personal violence 62
Offenses against public policy 64
Offenses against chastity v 66
Chapter yil. — Differences in immigrant and second generation crime:
Convictions in New York court of general sessions 67
Classes of crime 68
Gainful offenses 71
Offenses of personal violence 73
Offenses against public policy 75
Summary 76
Commitments to Mas>ac'hu:?ett.'' penal im-titutionia 77
Classes of crime ^ 80
Gainful offenses 81
Offenses of j)ersonal violence 82
Offenses against public policy •. 83
Offenses against chastity 84
Stimmary 84
Chapter VIII. — New York City and State:
New York City magistrates' courts 88
Compilation of data 88
Classes of criAe 90
Gainful offenses 92
Offenses of personal violence 94
Offenses against public policy 96
V
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VI The Immigration G)mmissioii.
Chapter VIII. — New York City and State — Continued. Page.
New York City raagistratee courts — Continued.
Offenses against chastity 100
Summary 101
The Greeks in Manhattan and the Bronx 103
New York City court of general sessions 105
Classe.^ of crime 107
Gainful offenses 110
Offenses of personal violence 113
Offenses against public policy 115
Summary 117
County and supreme courts of the State of New York 119
Classes of crime 120
Gainful offences 123
Offenses of personal violence 126
Offenses gainst public policy 128
Sunmiary 129
Chapter IX. — The city of Chicago:
Police arrests 133
Classes of crime ^ 135
Gainful offenses 139
Offenses of personal violence 142
Offenses against public policy 146
Offenses against chastity 149
Siunmary 152
Chapter X. — The State of Massachusetts:
Commitments to penal institutions 159
Classes of crime 161
Gainful offenses 165
Offenses of personal violence 168
Offenses against public policy 171
Offenses against chastity 174
Sunmiary 175
Chapter XI. — Alien criminality:
Alien prisoners in the United States in 1908 179
Classes of crime 181
Gainful offenses 184
Offenses of personal violence 187
Offenses against public policy 190
Offenses against chastity *. 192
Summary 194
Alien prisoners committed within three years after arrival in tiie United
States 197
Gainful offenses 198
Offenses of personal violence 199
Offenses s^ainst public policy 200
Offenses against chastity 201
Summary by classes of crimes , 202
Offenses of special gravity 203
Burglary, homicide, and robbery 205
Chapter XII.— <)ensu3 data on crime:
Prisoners enumerated June 30, 1904 209
Nativity 209
Major and minor offenders 214
Prisoners committed durino: 1004 217
Major and minor offenders. 220
Parentage 223
Offense and country of birth 227
Age 232
Age and sex 237
Citizenship 241
Literacy 244
Juvenile delinquents enumerated June 30. 1904 249
Nativity, color, and sex 249
Immigrant and native whites 251
Ratio to population 253
Juvenile delinquents and juvenile population 257
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Contents. VII
Chapter XII. — Census data on crime — Continued. Page.
Juvenile delinquents committed during 1904 258
Color, nativity, and sex 258
Immigrant and native whites 261
Parentage , 264
Offense and parentage -. 266
Aee V...» 267
Literacy 271
Language spoken 273
Chaptbr XIII. — Entry of foreign criminal-* into the United State* 277
< General tahlea 287
List of text tables 439
List of general tables 445
List of charts • 449
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IMMTGRATION AND CRfflE.
Chapter I.
IITTEODUCTIOir.
No satisfactory evidence has yet been produced to show that immi-
^ation has resulted in an increase in crime disproportionate to the
increase in adult population. Such comparable statistics of crime
and population as it nas been possible to obtain indicate that immi-
grants are less prone to commit crime than are native Americans.
The statistics do indicate, however, that the American-bom children
of immigrants exceed thS children of natives in relative amount of
crime. It also appears from data bearing on the volume of crime that
juvenile delinquency is more common among immigrants than it is
among Americans. There are, however, two factors affecting these
concluions. First, immigrants are found in greater proportion in
cities than in rural communities, and the criminaUty of the children
of immigrants is largely a product of the city. Second, the majority
of the juvenile delinquents are found in the North Atlantic States,
where immigrants form a larger proportion of the population than in
any other section of the country. This excessive representation of
immigrants in the population of that group of States which reports
the Lurgest number of juvenile delinquents ** makes the percentage of
immigrant juvenile deunquents in the country at large greater than
it would be if the immigrant population were more evenly distributed
throughout the United States.
Is the volume of crime in the United States augmented by the
presence amon^ us of the immigrant and his offspring ? is the question
usually asked first in considering the relation of immi^ation to crime.
In natural sequence to it is the further question. If immigration in-
creases crime, what races are responsible ror such increase ? No one
has satisfactorily answered these questions ; no one can answer them
fully without a machinery far greater than that which the Immigration
Commission has had at its disposal.
In order even closely to approximate accuracy in answering these
questions, at least the following facts are necessary: The age, sex,
race, and offense of every offender committed to a penal institution
during a definite period of time, and the age, sex, and race of every
person in the general population on a date falling within that period
of time. Such facts have never been ascertained. Without them all
conclusions regarding the relative amount of crime committed by
immigrants and natives must be largely conjectural.
Sucn figures as are presented in the Census reports indicate that
immigration has not increased the volume of crime to a distinguishable
o Juvenile delinquency differs gresXly in the several sections of the country, being
very largely determined by local conditions, such as the existence of children s courts
and reformatory institutiouB.
1
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The Immigration Commission.
extent, if at all. In fact, the figures seem to indicate a contrary
result.
Immigration has, however, evidently made changes in the char-
acter of crime in the United States. Whether these changes are for
better or for worse must be left to individual decision. The deter-
mination of the nature of these changes has been the chief work
undertaken in this investigation of immigration and crime. From
the data gathered it is evident that immigration haa had a marked
effect upon the nature of the crimes committed in the United States.
This effect has been to increase the commission of offenses of personal
violence (such as abduction and kidnaping, assault, homicide, and
rape), and of that large class of violations of the law known as offenses
against public poUcy (which include disorderiy conduct, drunkenness,
vagrancy, the violation of corporation ordinances, and manv offenses
incident to city life). It is also probable that immigration has some-
what increased offenses against chastity, especially those connected
with prostitution. That certain offenses of pecuniary gain, such as
blackmail and extortion and the receiving of stolen property, are more
common now because of immigration is likewise possible, but it can
not be said that the majority of the gainful offenses have increased
because of immigration. Indeed, the data analyzed in this report
appear to indicate a far greater commission of such offenses by
Americans than by immigrants. •
Some of the changes in the character of crime may be traced to
immigration from specific countries, although the difficulty of obtain-
ing data regarding race has rendered the determination of racial
influences almost impossible. The increase in offenses of personal
violence in this country is largely traceable to immigration from
southern Europe, and especiallv from Italy. This is most marked in
connection with the crime of homicide; of all the various race and
nationaUty groups appearing in the data collected, the Italian stands
out prominently as having the largest percentage of cases of homicide
among its crimes. Abduction and kidnaping likewise have evidently
become more prevalent because of ItaUan immigration. The increase
in offenses against public policy is perhaps more due to the growth
of cities and the resultant increase in the number of forbidden acts
than it is to immigration. To immi^ation, however, some increase
in the commission of these acts is evidently due and may be largely
traced to immigration from* Ireland, Scotland, Italy, Greece, and
Russia. The Irish and Scotch immigrants are notable in penal rec-
ords for intoxication, the ItaUan for offenses of violence against
public policy, and the Greek and Russian for the violation of corpora-
tion ordinances in large cities. Such probable increase in offenses
against chastity as appears due to immigration is chiefly of crimes
connected with prostitution, and has evidently been largely caused by
immigration from Franc e and Russia.
CENSUS DATA ON VOLUME OF CRIME.
The only source of information regarding the commission of crime
in the Umted States at large is the Census Report on Prisoners and
Juvenile Delinqi^ents. The latest report ** contains data collected in
a FrisoneiB and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904. Bureau of the Census.
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Immigration and Cnme.
8
1904, or four years after the taking of the census of population.
The comparison of these statistics of crime with the statistics of
population is therefore liable to the objection that no allowance has
Deen made for the probable increase m the immigrant population
from 1900 to 1904, and that the representation of immigrants in the
general population as shown by the 1900 figures is very likely less
than was actually the case in 1904 when the census of prisoners was
taken. It must be noted also that the factor of the location of the
immigrant population is not taken into consideration in the census
report. Cnme more frequently becomes a matter of public record
in urban conmiunities, and therefore an absolute comparison as to
the extent of crime is not possible between urban and rural commu-
nities; but it is in urban conmiunities that the immigrant popula-
tion is most concentrated, and immigrants are therefore probably
more largely represented in the criminal class of the cities than in
the crimmal class of rural communities. This has doubtless resulted
in the recording of a greater proportion of immigrant crime than if
the immigrant population were more widely distributed. These are,
nevertheless, the most comparable statistics of crime and population
available, and may be employed as a means of throwing some light
on the (question of the relative amount of immigrant and native
criminality.
In the following table are shown the percentage of foreign-born
persons among the white male prisoners of known nativity enu-
merated on June 30, 1904, and the percentage of foreign-bom in the
general male population 15 years of age or over in 1900.
Table 1. — "Per cent of foreign-bom among white prisoners of known nativity enumerated
June SO, 1904, and in the general while male population 15 years of age or over^ 1900,
by geographic division.
Per cent foreign-bom—
DtvWon.
Among white pris-
oners of known
nativity enu-
merated June 30,
1904.
In the gen-
eral white
population
16 years of
age and
over, 1900.
Total.
Male.
Male.
Continental United States
23.7
. 32.6
23.0
North Atlantlo
32.7
6.5
16.0
10.5
25.1
31.1
6.9
15.1
10.5
25.0
31.8
flonth Atlanth^r v
5.3
North Central
24.8
South Central .*.
6.2
29.8
The male prisoners and the male population 15 years of age or over
are taken because the presence of a larger proportion of females and
children under 15 years of age in the native population than in the
immigrant population would tend to throw undue emphasis upon the
representation of immigrants in the prison population, which is
derived chiefly from the male population 15 years of age and over.
When the total prison population is compared with the total general
population the ngures mdicate that the foreign-bom contributed t«
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The Immigration Commission.
the prison class in excess of their representation in the general popu-
lation. When the prisoners are classified by sex, however, and the
representation of tne foreign-bom in the male prison population is
compared with their representation in the male general population 15
years of age or over (as is done in the preceding table) it is found that
the immigrant is more in evidence in the prison population than in
the general population in the two southern ^oups of States only.
But it is in these States that fewest immigrant prisoners were
enumerated — 627 of the total, 12,945. In the country at large, and
in the North Atlantic States, where the majority of the inmiigrant
prisoners were enumerated, the hnmigrants formed a smaller part
of the white mala prisoners of known nativity than of the wnite
male general population 15 years of age or over. The enumeration
of prisoners on June 30, 1904, therefore, gives no reason for believing
f immigrant crime relatively greater in quantity than native crime;
in fact, the figures make it appear somewhat less, and this does not
take into consideration the probably more favorable showing which
the foreign-bom would make were the population figures mose of
1904 instead of 1900.
A comparison of the relative proportions of native and foreign
bom prisoners in 1890 and 1904 throws further light upon the matter.
Such differences are shown in the following table:
Table 2. — Per cent of native and foreign horn white prisoners among those of known
nativity t 1904 and 1890, by geographic division.
White prisoners of known na-
tivity.
DiTlslnn.
Percent native.
Per cent foreign-
bom.
1904.
1890.
1904.
1^.
Continental United States
76.3
71.8
23.7
28.8
North AtlMitio.
67.3
To
89.5
74.9
66.6
89.6
76.4
83.9
67.3
32.7
6.6
16.0
10.5
26.1
34.4
South Atlantic t
10.4
North Central
23.6
South Central
16.2
Western
32.8
The striking feature of these figures is that they show the propor-
tion of immigrant prisoners to have decreased. In 1904 a smaller
?ercentage of the white prisoners were inmiigrants than in 1890.
his was true not only in the United States as a whole, but in each
of the five geographical divisions.
Thus far the consideration has been of prisoners in the gross —
that is, all prisoners, regardless of their offenses. Such grouping of
all offenders, however, fails too much to distinguish the vanous
degrees of crime to indicate verv clearly the character of the criminals.
The census report classifies all prisoners as major or nainor offenders
according to the apparent gravity of the offense committed. Of the
prisoners enumerated throughout the United States on June 30, 1904,
major offenders were more in evidence among natives than among
immigrants, as is plainly shown in the table next submitted.
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Immigration and Crime.
TiLBLB 3.— JVcrftve and foreign horn white prUoners enumerated June SO, 1904, hy geth
graphic atvmon and class of offender; per cent distribution.
Division and class of oflendar.
Per cent distribu-
tion of white prls-
ated, June 30,
1904.
Native.
bom.
Continental United States
100.0
100.0
Major offeoders
70.3
, 29.7
68.3
MinO"" offenders -.,,,, ,,,,-,,„„„. .....I"""""""
41.7
North Atlantic...
100.0
100.0
Major offenders
5a 2
43.8
47.3
Minor offenders *
52.7
South Atlantic
100.0
100.0
Mi^or offenders
76.1
24.9
74.6
Minor offenrfprs . , . ^ . .
25.4
North Central
100.0
100.0
Major offenders
78.1
21.9
72.8
Minor offenders --....,.,.. ,
27.2
Soath Central
100.0
100.0
Major offenders ,
88.0
12.0
91 9
Minor offenders I...1.!.!!"
8.1
Western
100.0
WO.0
Major offenders
21.2^
^^
Minor offender^ r ,
The conclusion to be drawn from such figures is that of the two
bodies of criminals— the immigrant and the native — the native (or
American bom) exhibited in gjeneral a tendency to commit more
serious crimes than did the immigrant. The criminality of the
latter consisted more largely of the minor offenses that are in, con-
siderable measure the result of congested city life. This is indicated
by the larger proportion of minor offenders among immigrant prison-
ers in the North Atlantic States than in any other section of the
country, the immigrant population of that group of States being
almost entirely resident in urban commimities.
The conclusions arrived at in the preceding paragraph are corrob-
orated bv the statistics of prisoners committea to penal institutions
diuring the year 1904. Of the 33 States and Territories for which
figures are shown there were only 10 in which the foreign-born fur-
nished a larger proportion of the major offenders than of the minor
offenders, wnile in 23 States and Territories the native-born were
more conspicuous among the major than among the minor offenders.
Comparii^ the representation of the foreign-bom among the white
major and minor offenders committed to institutions during the year
with their representation in the general white male population 15
years of age or over at the time of the enumeration of population
(1900), it is foimd that in general the foreim-born are more largely
represented among the minor offenders tnan in the general male
population, but they are less prominent among the major offenders
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6
The Immigration Commission.
than in the general male population. That is, that of the graver
crimes the immigrant commits a proportion smaller than his propor-
tion of the population.
Table 4. — Per cent of foretan-hom white persom among priwners of known nativity
committed during 1904^ and in the general white population 15 years of age or over, 1900,
by geographic division and class of offender.
Per cent forelgn-boro—
DiTislon.
Among white prisoners
of known nativity
committed during
1004.
In general white popu-
lation 15 years of age
andoYer: 1900.
Total.
Major
offend-
ers-
Minor
offend-
ers.
Total.
Male.
Fe-
mala.
nontlnent^^l UnIM <?t«t^"? , . a
28.8
21.7
30.1
21.9
28.0
20.7
North Atlantic
35.0
10.0
20.2
7.1
27.3
30.7
16.7
9.7
24.8
36.6
11.6
21.3
6.0
27.9
30.8
4.8
23.3
6.6
27.4
31.8
6.3
24.8
6.2
29.8
29.8
South Atlantic
4.3
North Central
21.8
South Central
6.0
Western
24.1
A further effect of Lnmigration may be discovered by observing
the relation of persons of foreign parentage to crime in the United
States. Such relation is shown in the foflowing table, which gives
the percentage of persons of foreign parentage among the native
white prisoners committed during 1904 and in the general native white
population of 1900.
Table 6. — Per cent of persons of foreign parentaae aTnong native white prisoners of
known parentage committed during 1904, and in the native white general population,
1900, by geographic division.
Per cent of foreign par>
entage«—
Division.
Among na-
tive white
prisoners of
known par-
entage com-
mitted dur-
ing 1904
In native
white gen-
eral popu-
laUon: 1900.
Continental United States
29.8
18.8
North Atlantic
38.8
4.6
22.1
4.8
21.8
26.8
South Atlantic
3.6
North Central
23.8
South Central
4.4
Western
21.8
a Includes only those with both parents foreign-bom.
This plainly indicates that the American-born children of immi-
grants formed a larger proportion of the prison population than they
did of the general population. In the United otates as a whole and
in the North Atlantic^ South Atlantic, and South Central States, the
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Immigration and Crime.
representation of the native-bom of foreign parentage in the native
white prison population exceeded their representation in the native
white general population.
Data regarding the criminality of immigrant children are afforded
by the census of juvenile delinquents. A comparison of immigrant
juvenile delinquency with immigrant juvenile population is shown in
Table 6. As tne figures for the former are those of 1904 and for the
latter those of 1900, the comparison is lacking in exactness. Another
difference in the figures exists in the age limits — those of delinquency
being 7 and 21 years, while those of juvenile population are 10 and 19
years. As 94 per cent of the juvenile dehnquents committed to insti-
tutions were between the aces of 10 and 19, this difference does not
greatly affect the value of tne figures. A more serious modification
of their value is found in the rather heavy immigration from 1900
to 1904, which doubtless somewhat augmented the immigrant juvenile
population.
Table 6. — Number and per cent of foreigrirbom persons among white juvenile delin-
quents ofknovm mtivity enumerated June SO^ J 904, and in the general white popula-
tion 10 to 19 years of age, 1900, by geographic division.
White Jnyenile delin-
quents of known na-
tlvity enumerated
Jane 30. 1904.
Qeneral white population 10
to 19 years of age: 1900.
-DMOxm.
Total.
Foreign-bom.
Total.
Foreign-borxL
,
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
Continental United States
19,863
1,874
9.4
13.502,427
873,311
6.5
North Atlantic \,.
10,016
1,401
6,920
425
1,101
1,410
20
377
10
67
14.1
1.4
6.4
2.4
6.3
3,730,272
1,483,339
6,320,817
2,261,131
706,868
476,635
16.137
304,768
30,678
46,093
12.8
Ponth AtH^nt'p
1.1
North Central i
5.7
Boath Central
1.4
Western
6.4
The &ures given in the table do not show, however, to quote the
Census Keport, *'any markedly greater criminal tendency among the
foreign-bom j^outh than among the native,'* and it must be remem-
berea that tnis conclusion is based upon figures which do not take
into account the probable increase in immigrant juvenile population
due to the influx of immigrants from 1900 to 1904, so that the actual
conditions were doubtless more favorable to the foreign-bom than
the table above given would indicate. A more exact measure of
juvenile delinquency is obtained by taking all juvenile delinquents
committed to mstitutions during a definite jieriod of time.
During the calendar year 1904, 10,177 white juvenile delinquents
of known nativity were committed to institutions in all parts of the
United States. Of this number 1,116 were immigrants. In the table
next submitted the percentage which the foreign-bom formed of the
total number of white juvenile delinquents and also of the general
white population 10 to 19 years of age is shown.
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8
The Immigi'ation Commission.
Table 7. — Ntmiber and ver cent of foreign-bom amonp white juvenile delinquents oom-
mitted durina 1904, ana in the general white population 10 to 19 years of age, 1900 , by
geographic division.
White Juvenile delin-
quents of known na-
tivity committed
during 1004.
Oeoeral white popolatioo 10
to 10 years oT age: 1000.
DMaioa.
Total.
Foreign-bom.
Total.
Foroign-boni.
Num-
ber.
Per
oent.
Number.
Par
oent.
Continental United States
10,177
1,116
11.0
13,502,427
873,311
6.5
North Atlantic
5,157
641
3,422
369
588
841
24
200
7
35
16.3
3.7
6.1
1.0
6.0
3,730,272
1,483,330
6.320,817
2,261.131
706.868
476,635
16,137
304,768
30.678
45.003
12.8
South Atlantic
1.1
North Central
5.7
South Central
1.4
Western
6.4
The fibres given here show that in the country at large the immi-
grant child formed a larger part of the juvenile delinquent class in
1904 than he formed of the juvenile population in 1900. A partial
explanation of this is found in the fact that the North Atlantic division
contributed over one-half of the white juvenile delinquents and only
a Uttle more than one-fourth of the white juvenile population. As
immigrants form a larger part of the population in the North Atlantic
States than in any other section of the country, the preponderance
of juvenile delinquents committed to institutions in that section
rather unduly affects the imrnigrant proportion for the country at
large. It is doubtful, however, if this explanation adeauately accounts
for the wide difference between imrnigrant luvenile aelinquency and
immigrant juvenile population. It is probable that in 1904 the immi-
grant child was committed to institutions for juvenile delinquents in
excess of his representation in the juvenile population.
The testimony of the census figures is not conclusive enough to
show clearly the relation which immigration bears to the volume of
crime in the United States, and at best it leaves the question of race
influence untouched.
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Chapter II.
CHAEACTEE AlH) SCOPE OF nrVESTIGATIOlT.
It was evident from the first that the Commission could not under"
take an investigation to determine the amount of crime in the United
States due in whole or in part to immigration. The inadequacies of
the census statistics indicated clearly the barriers in the way of such
an investigation. The investigation was therefore confined to a
determination, in so far as possible, of the changes in the character
of crime in the United States which had resulted from immigration and
of the crimes peculiar to various immigrant races and nationalities.
A small amount of entirely new data was collected by the Com-
mission, covering 2,206 convictions in the New York City court of
general sessions &om October 1. 1908, to June 30, 1909. fey special
arrangement with this court tne race of every offender convicted
during that period was recorded. So far as is known that was the
first time that any court in the United States had made a record of
the race of persons convicted in it. Thus, although the number of
cases in which such data were obtained is small, me newness of the
material renders it of special interest.
All other data upon which the statistical part of this report is
based were obtained from existing records, although in every case the
data were subjected to special reclassification and tabulation, and
analyzed with the relation of immigration to crime in view. After a
general survey of the possible sources of criminal statistics in this
country, the foUowing were selected as affording the greatest amount
of data for the purpose of the Commission:
I. Court records.
n. Records of penal institutions.
III. Records of arrests by the poUce of various cities.
An endeavor to obtain data from these several kinds of sources
revealed the fact that satisfactory information could be secured
from only a few locahties. The result, therefore, was that records
which could be used in the analysis of the relation of immigrants to
crime were obtained from the following sources only:
1. Court records:
id) New York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908, inclusiye.
6) County and, supreme court of New York State, 1907 and 1908.
c) New York City court of general sessions (data specially recorded for
the Commission), October 1, 1908, to Jime 30, 1909.
2. Records of penal institutions:
(a) Commitments to penal institutions in the State of Massachusetts,
October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909.
(Jb) Ali^i prisoners in penal institutions throughout the United States in
1908 (data collected by the Bureau of Immigration and Naturali-
zation).
79340^— VOL 36—11 2 t
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10 The Immigration Commission.
3. Records of arrests by city police:
(a) ArreetB in Chicago (the police reports of no other large city contained
records of arrest by nationality, or country of birth, and crime), 1905
to 1908, inclusive.
From these sources records of 1,179,677 criminal cases were
obtained. The dissimilarity of the sources, however, detracts from
their strict comparability, and the figures from each source must
be subjected to separate analysis. The distribution of these 1,179,677
cases, by character and source, is as follows:
1. Court convictions:
New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908 to
June 30, 1909 2,262
€k>unty and supreme courts of New York State, January
1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 12,897
15, 15»
2. Children's court cases:
Convicted or committed to institutions. New York City
children's courts, 1906 and 1908 26.709
3. Police court cases:
Held for further trial or committed to institutions, New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908 . 785, 824
4. Police arrests:
Chicago, 1905 to 1908 307,479
6. Commitments to penal institutions:
All Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to Sep-
ten^ber 30, 1909 31,653
6. Alien prisoners:
All penal institutions in the United States, 1908 12, 853
Total 1,179,677
CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES.
As all the material was either copied from the original records or
taken from printed reports in which it was not classified in a
manner admitting of the analysis desired, it was necessary to
specially classify and tabulate all the data collected. A classification
and a tabulation following those made by the Census Bureau (with
which the public is most familiar) seemed madeauate for the purposes
of the analysis planned. Something more clearly indicating the
character of the crimes committed appeared desirable. Elspecially
was this true of the grouping together of various offenses which must
be made in the analysis of a large number of cases. The customary
classification of crimes into offenses against chastity, against public
poUcy, against the person, and against property, wnile sufficiently
mdicating the immediate effect of the criminal act upon society, does
not clearty enough bring out the character of the offender. A modifi-
cation was* therefore made of the classification of crimes employed
bv the Census Bureau, for the purpose of indicating more nearly the
character of the offenders themselves.
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Immigration and Crime. 11
This reclassification of crimes involved a large amount of labor
and a careful perusal of the offense of every offender. It is
believed, however, that the results justify this expenditure of labor
and this departure from customary classifications. The new classi-
fication retains two of the grouns of crimes employed in the census
classification (offenses against cnastity and offenses against public
poUcy), but regroups the remaining onenses into '^gainnil offenses,"
*' offenses of personal violence, '' ''unclassified offenses,'* and ''offenses
insufficiently defined."
In this revised classification the "gainful offenses" consist of
blackmail and extortion, burglarv, forgery and fraud, larcenv and
receiving stolen property, and robbery. All of these are predatory
offenses, committed for purposes of gain.
"Offenses of personal violence" are these: Abduction and kid-
naping, assault, homicide, and rape.
The group of offenses "against public policy" and that "against
chastity" include all those crimes placed m them by the customary
classification, the latest United States census grouping having been
employed as a standard in classifying these crimes.
"Unclassified offenses" consist of those which do not admit of
S roper inclusion in any of the other four croups, although of clear
efinition. Such crimes are abandonment, abortion, arson, attempted
suicide, cruelty to children, and maUcious mischief.
In addition to these crimes there were found some which were so
vaguely defined as to afford no clue to their actual character. Such
are offenses appearing in the records as "felonies" and "misde-
meanors," which might, were their true nature known, belong to any
of the five groups above enumerated. Because of their unknown
character, these offenses have been omitted from the text tables.
Since they might modify the numbers of the distinct crime groups
were their actual significance known, they could not properly be
retained in the totals upon which the proportions of these groups are
based. In the general tables, however, they have been retained as
"offenses insufficiently defined."
The difference between the customary classification of crime and
that employed in this report is shown in the following comparison of
the two:
CLABSinCATION BMPLOTSD CU8TOMABY CLASSIFICATION.
IN THIS KBPORT.
Gainful offenses — Offenses asalost property (except arson, trespass, malicioos mlschieOf
to which is added robbery.
Offenses of personal yiotonce ■- Offenses against the person (except abandonment, abortion, cruelty to
children, attempted suicide, and robbery).
Offenses against public policy » Offenses against public policy.
Offenses against chastity ■- Offenses against chastity.
Unclassified offenses *■ Offenses against property and against the person not Included in other
groups of the new classmcation.
Although this reclassification of offenses has been employed in the
analvsis of the data, general tables have also been made according
to the customary^ classification of offenses, arranged to conform as
nearly as possible to the United States census tables of crime, thus
rendering them comparable, in classification of offenses, with other
statistics.
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12 The Immigratictti Commission.
OLASSIFIGATIOK OF OFFENDERS.
In the data obtained from the several sources the foreign-bom
offenders are divided into race or nationality groups. The records
of convictions in the New York court of general sessions and of aliens
detained in the penal institutions of the United States are by race.
Those of arrests made by Chicago poUce are by '^nationality," this
term being employed by the Chicago poUce department to mdicate
the geographical, rather than the political, origin of offenders. AU
other records are by coimtry of birth.
A division of wider scope is also used in the tabulation of the data.
Offenders have been grouped as native-bom and foreign-bom. This
is for the purpose of comparing the entire immigrant group with the
entire American-bom group.
The incompleteness of tne records sometimes made it impossible
to determine not only the race or country of birth, but also the fact
of native or foreign birth. Such cases have necessarily been omitted
from the figures upon which comparisons of immigrant and native
criminality are based, although they have been retained in the general
tables.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS.
As it was impossible from the data obtained to arrive at any
satisfactory conclusions regarding the relation of immigration to the
volume of crime in the United States or in any section thereof, the
analysis of the material was confined entirely to an examination of
the differences in the character of the criminality of immigrants and
natives (and the children of immigrants and the children of natives).
The central feature of the investigation was, therefore, the answering
of this question: How does the criminality of the immigrant differ
from that of the native ? This resolved itself into an analysis of the
relative frequency or per cent distribution of the several crimes and
classes of crime among the various nativity groups of offenders.
Thus if a given offense or group of offenses formed a larger proportion
of the aggregate crimes committed by immigrants than oi those
committ^Sr by natives, it was plain that this offense was, so far as the
data involved were concerned, more characteristic of iiamigrant
criminality than of native criminaUty.
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Chapter III.
GEFEBAL SUMMAET OF EESVITS.
Certain eumulative evidence has resulted from the inquiry. Sta-
tistics from various sources have testified to similar conditions, and
while the results obtained from the analysis of the widely different
sets of data are not identical, at some pomts they are in agreement.
This common testimony may be briefly summarized to bring out
the most important and universal results of the investigation.
These results fall into fourgroups : those which concern (1) American-
bom persons and all immigrants grouped together without regard
to race or nationality; (2) the American-bom diildren of immigrants,
or the "second generation;" (3) distinct races or nationalities; ana
(4) aliens, or imnaturaUzed immigrants.
1. Immigrants and Natives.
Hoarding the criminalitv of immigrants and natives, all data
analyzed agree upon the following points :
(a) The class of offenses designated as "gainful" forms a larger
proportion of native than of immigrant crimmality.
(o) The aggregate "offenses of personal vi6lence'' and the aggre-
gate "offenses against public policy" form larger percentages of
immigrant than of native crime.
(c) The aggregate "offenses against chastity" compose very
slightlv different proportions of the total criminality of immigrants
and of natives. The only striking difference is found in the records
of the arrests made by the Chicago police during the period from
1905 to 1908, inclusive, which show 5.2 per cent of the arrests of
natives to have been for these crimes and 3.3 per cent of those of
immigrants. The data from two of the other four sources show
these crimes to form the same percentage of native and immigrant
criminality, while in one of the remaining two sets of data the native
percentage slightly exceeds the foreign percentage, and in the other
the foreign percentage is slightly in excess of the native.
When analysis is made of some of the specific offenses within
these four general classes of crime, a number of exceptions to these
rules appear. In the main, however, various specific offenses bear
the same relations to immigrant and native cnminality as do the
crime groups to which they belong.
Detailed analysis of the criminality of immigrants and natives is
made in Chapters IV, V, and VI.
2. The Second Generation.
One of the most important facts established by the inyestigation
concerns the American-bom children of immigrants — the "second
generation. '^ While the data upon which the study of this phase
13
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14
The Immigration G>mmi8si(Hi.
of the problem is based are too Umited to permit of wide generaUza-
tion, the results obtained from the analysis are of value. The
records of convictions in the New York court of general sessions
during the period from October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909, and of
all commitments to Massachusetts penal institutions, except those
to the State farm, during the vear ending September 30, 1909,
form the basis of this analysis of the criminal tendencies of the second
generation.
From these records it appears that a clear tendency exists on the'
part of the second generation to differ from the first or inunigrant
generation in the character of its criminaUty. It also appears
that this difference is much more frequently in the direction of the
criminality of the American-bom of nonimmigrant parentage than
it is in the opposite direction. This means tnat the movement of
second generation crime is away from the crimes peculiar to immi-
grants and toward those of the American of native parentage.
Sometimes this movement has carried second generation criminahty
even beyond that of the native-born of native parentage.
Of the second generation groups subjected to this comparison,
one maintains a constant adherence to the general rule above
referred to, while all the others at some point fan to follow it. This
unique group is the IrLsh second generation. In the records of the
New York court of general sessions employed, the classification of
foreign-born offenders is by race and of native-born by race of father.
In those of the Massachusetts penal institutions, it is by country
of birth of the foreign-born, and by country of birth of father of
the native-born. Thus the term "Irish second generation'' does
not mean exactly the same thing when applied to the data from
those two sources. In the one it means American-born persons
whose fathers are of the Irish race. In the other it means American-
born persons whose fathers were born in Ireland. The ethnic
character of these two groups is, however, probably; the same. Bear-
ing in mind the different classification employed in the two sets of
data, the same designation may, for convenience, be appUed to these
two second generation groups.
The data upon which this conclusion is based regarding the ten-
dency to assimilation of the Irish second generation are summarized
in the following table of percentages:
Table 8. — Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant : New York coturt
of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions.
CLASSES OF CRIME.
Gainful
offenses.
Oflenses
of per-
sonal
violence.
Oflenses
againat
public
policy.
Oflenses
against
chasUty.
New York court of general sessions:
Irish-
Immigrant
60.5
78.0
79.7
4.4
10.0
20.6
29.1
12.3
9.8
3.0
3.6
5.3
3.5
6.0
8.9
90.0
83.5
68.0
Second eeneration
Native white of native father .
Massachusetts penal institutions:
Irish-
Immigrant
1.1
Second generation
1.6
Native-l)om of native father
3.8
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Immigration and Crime.
16
Tablb 8. — Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant: New York court
oj general sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions — Continued.
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
Burglary.
and
fraud.
Larceny
and re-
ceiving
stolen
property.
Robbery.
New York court of general sessions:
Irish-
Immigrant ..X.........
9.3
26.0
20.3
9.4
1.6
3.2
0.0
L3
6.3
.1
.2
.8
47.7
49.7
51.4
3.8
8.1
15.9
8.6
Second generation
1.0
Native white of native father
2.4
Massachusetts penal Institutions:
Irish-
Immigrant
.1
Second generation
.8
Native-born of native father
.7
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
Abduc-
tion.
Simple
assault
Violent
assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
New Yorlc court of general sessions:
Irish-
Immigrant
L2
.0
.7
26.6
ILO
7.9
2.2
3.4
4.7
2.8
LO
.5
.03
.07
.21
0.0
Seconal generation
.3
Native white of native father
.7
Massachusetts penal institutions:
Irish-
Immigrant
0.71
.11
.23
.00
Second generation
.00
Native-bom of native father
.11
CERTAIN OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
Dis-
orderly
conduct.
Drank-
enness.
Qamlng.
Va.
grancy.
New Yorlc court of general sessions:
Irish-
Immigrant
1.2
2.7
3.6
.06
.22
.4
Second generation '.
Native white of native father '
Massachusetts penal institutions:
Irish-
Immigrant
2.7
2.2
2.6
82.4
75.2
53.5
2.5
Second generation
3.1
Native bom of native father
4.4
CRIMES OF PROSTITUTION.
Crimes
of prosti-
tution.
New York court of eeneral sessions
Massachusetts penal institutions:
Irish-
Immlmmt
Second generation
Native-bom of native father. . .
(•)
0.1
.2
.8
• Insufficient data for comparison.
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16 The Immigration Commission.
By comparing the percentage of the native-born of native father
with the percentages of the Irish immigrant and second generation
groups, in each trio of percentages, the divergence of the second
generation from the first (or immigrant) will be seen to be always in
the direction of the percentage of the native-born of native father.
The other second generations compared in this manner with cor-
responding immigrant groups are, in the case of the data from the
New York court of general sessions, the EngUsh, German, Hebrew,
and Italian, and in the case of the data from Massachusetts penal
institutions, the Canadian, English, German, and Scotch. Each of
these fails at some point to follow the rule of deviation from the
corresponding first generation in the direction of the native-born of
native father, but these exceptions are fewer in number than the
cases of adherence to the rule.
3. Races and Nationalities.
Because of the presence of many diflferent races in the immigrant
group, it is of importance to separate this group into its constituent
elements. Could classification of all immigrant criminals be made
by race, such a separation would aflFord means of accurate analysis.
But records of crime are not kept by race of the offender, the classi-
fication of foreign-born persons being almost universally by country
of birth. One set of data has been obtained which gives a true
racial classification. This consists of only 2,262 recor(fa of convic-
tions in the New York court of general sessions, which were reported
by an agent of the Immigration Commission aetailed to attendance
at that court. All other records of crime which form the data of
this analysis are by country, or other geographical division, of birth.
In discussing these data the term '^nationaUty" has been employed
to indicate such poUtical or geographical origm. As this frequently
appears to be synonomous with race, distinction of the two terms
has not always been made. It is well to bear in mind, however
the fact that only a small part of the data shows distinct and accur-
ate race groups.
From the records analyzed, a number of coincident relations of
various nationalities to crime appear. The more striking of these
may be summarized to show wnich crimes and classes of crime
belong more distinctly to the aggregate criminality of well-defined
nationalities. This is done by ooserving those instances in which a
nationality has the highest percentage of a specific crime or class of
crime in several sets or data.
The data forming the basis of this comparison of races and nation-
alities consist of criminal records from the following sources;
1. New York City magistrates' courts.
2. New York court of general sessions.
3. County and supreme courts of New York State,
4. Chicago police department.
5. Massachusetts penal institutions.
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Immigration and Crime. 17
SUMMARY BY CRIME.
The aggregate gainful offenses form, in three of the five sets of
data, a larger percentage of the crimes of persons of American birth
than of those of any other group of oflFenders.
Of the aggregate offenses of personal violence, the ItaUan percent-
age is highest in four of the five sets of data.
The group of offenses against public poUcy composes a larger per-
centage of the crimes of ItaUans in two sets of data than of those of
any other nationality. In one of the other three the Scotch per-
centage ranks first and the Irish second; in another the Irish per-
centage is greatest and the Scotch second in rank; while in the third
the Irish percentage is first in rank and the Scotch fourth.
The a^regate offenses against chastity are shown by the figures
from two of the five sources to occupy a larger place in the crimes of
the French than in those of any of the other nationahties.
When inquiry is made concerning the relations of the different
nationalities to the various offenses composing these four classes of
crime, a number of instances are found wnere the highest percentage
shown by the figures from several sources belongs to the same
nationaUty.
Blackmail and extortion, — ^While the number of cases of blackmail
and extortion is not large, the figures from four of the five sources
of data throw the Itahan commission of these crimes into the fore-
f round. In the records of commitments to Massachusetts prisons
ut one commitment for extortion and none for blackmail are found.
This single case is that of a native-born person of native parentage.
In the four other sets of data, however, the percentage which cases
of blackmail and extortion form of the total crimes of Italians is in
excess of that which they form of the total crimes of any of the other
race or nationahty groups appearing in the records.
Burglary, — ^This occurs witn greater relative frequency among the
crimes of American-born persons, in three of the five sets of data,
than among those of any other group of offenders.
Robbery. — In two of the same three sets of data this likewise
forms a larger percentage of the criminahty of Americans than of
the criminafity of any other nationality.
Larceny ana receivina stolen property, — For these the highest per-
centage m two sets of data is that of the Russians. The figures
from one of the other sources give the Russian percentage as third
in rank, being exceeded by the American and English percent ages.
Abduction and hidnaping. — In only three of the five sets of data
do a sufficient number of cases of abduction and kidnaping appear
to permit of satisfactory comparison of race or nationaUty groups of
offenders. In two of these three the ItaUan percentage of these
crimes exceeds that of every other race or nationality, fix the third
the Greek percentage is slightly greater than the ItaUan, which
ranks secona. It may be observed tnat in the two sets of data which
give the ItaUans the highest percentage of abduction and kidnaping
no group of Greek offenders appears.
Sormcide, — Of aU the various race and nativity groups the Italian
stands out sharply in the analysis of each of the five sets of data as
having the largest percentage of homicide among its crimes.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
18
The Immigration Commission.
Rape. — ^This forms a larger percentage of the crimes of Italians in
three sets of data than of those of any other group of offenders. In
one of the remaining two sets of data the Itahan percentage is second
in rank.
Violation of city ordiriances. — ^The reports of the New York City
magistrates' courts and of the Chicago police de^rtment alone con-
tain records of the violation of city ordinances. With regard to these
offenses the data from these two sources *do not agree upon the rank
of the various nationaUties, but a striking similarity is found. In
Chicago the Greeks have a larger percentage of violations of citv ordi-
nances than any other nationaUty. In the Boroughs of Manhattan
and the Bronx in New York the same thing is found. When, how-
ever, Greater New York is substituted for these two boroughs, it
becomes impossible to show the Greek percentage, as the records of
the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Kichmond do not show any
figures for the Greeks. Of the nationaUties appearing in the records
of all five boroughs of Greater New York, the Italian stands highest
in percentage, while the percentage of the Russians is second in rank.
By taking the highest percentage found in the figures for Manhattan
and the JBronx and the highest two appearing in the figures for
Greater New York the following striking similarity to the Chicago
data is brought out:
Table 9. — Violation of city ordinances compared with all offenses: New York City
magistrates' courts and Cnicago police arrests.
New York.
Chicago.
Nationality.
Per cent
of all
offenses.
Nationality.
Percent
of all
offenses.
Greek (Manhattan and the Bronx)
86.0
39.6
32.3
Greek
30.8
Italian (Greater New York)
Russian
17.7
Russian (Greater New York)
Italian
13.5
1
Crimes of prostitution, — In only two of the five sets of data has a
comparison of the various groups of offenders been made with respect
to the place of crimes of prostitution in their criminality. These two
sets of data are fairly comparable, being the records of cases in the
New York City magistrates' or police courts, and of arrests by the
pohce in the city of Chicago. Each of these shows crimes of prosti-
tution to compose a considerably larger percentage of the total offenses
of the French than of those of any other nationahty.
SUMMARY BY NATIONALrTT.
The races or nationaUties which thus stand out prominently in these
records of crime as exhibiting clearly defined crinunal characteristics
are these:
American (including all native-horn persons y hoth white and colored) . —
In three of the five sets of data the aggregate gainful offenses form a
higher percentage of the crimes of Americans than those of any other
fpoup of offenders. The highest percentages of the specific crime of
urglary in these three sets of data also belong to the American-born.
Digitized by
Google
Immigration and Crime. 19
The three sets of data thus agreeing are those from the New York
City magistrates' courts, the county and supreme courts of New York
State, and the Chicago police department. In the first and third of
these the American percenta^ge of robbery is also greater than that
of any other race or nationaUty group of offenders.
French. — In the data from the New York City magistrates' courts
and the police department of Chicago natives of France have a higher
percentage than any other persons of the aggregate oflFenses a^auist
chastity and of the specific '* crimes of prostitution" belonging to
that group of offenses.
Greek, — ^The records of the city magistrates' courts of the Boroughs
of Manhattan and the Bronx in New York, and of the Chicago police
department, show the highest percentage of violations of city ordi-
nances to be that of persons Dom in Greece. Comparison of the
Greelts with other nationalities in the records of the city mamstrates'
courts of all five boroughs of Greater New York is not possible, as the
courts of three of the borouglis show no separate Greek group in their
records.
Italian, — ^The ItaUans have the highest percentages of the aggregate
offenses of personal violence shown by the data from the New York
City magistrates' courts, the New York court of general sessions, the
county and supreme courts of New York State, and the penal insti-
tutions of Massachusetts. The Chicago poUce records alone show a
different condition ; in them the Italian percentage is exceeded by those
of the Lithuanians and Slavonians," neither of which nationahties
appears as a separate group in the data from the four other sources.
Certain specific crimes of personal violence also belong distinctively
to Italian criminality. Abduction and kidnaping in the figures from
the New York City magistrates' courts and tne county and supreme
courts of New York State form a larger percentage of the crimes of
ItaUans than of those of any other group of ofl'enders.
In the Chicago figures the Italians rank second in percentage of
these crimes, being very slightly exceeded by the Greeks. In the
remainmg two sets of data no comparison of nationahties is made
with regard to these crimes, because of the small number of cases.
Of blackmail and extortion the Italians also have the hi;j;hest per-
centage in the four sets of data having a sufficient number of cases to
make comparison possible. The Massachusetts figures have only one
case, and therefore afford no field for such comparison. In all five
sets of data the Italians have the highest percentage of homicide.
Rape hkewise forms a higher percentage of the crimes of Italians than
of those of any other nationality in the statistics of the New York
City magistrates' courts, the New York court of general sessions, and
the penal institutions of Massachusetts. In the county and supreme
court records of New York State the Italian percentage of rape is
second in rank, being very slightly exceeded by the German, while in
the Chicago figures the Greeks report a higher percentage.
Of the aggregate offenses against pubfic policy, the Italian per-
centage exceeds all others in two sets of data — those from the New
York court of general sessions and the county and supreme courts
of New York State. Of violations of city ordinances shown in the
tt " Slavonians " is a term employed by the Chicago police department to designate
pereons bom in Croatia or Slavonia.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
20 The Immigration Commission.
records of the city magistrates' courts of Greater New York, the
Italian percentage is greatest, while of the same offenses shown in the
records of arrests by the Chicago police, the Italian percentage ranks
third.
Russian, — Of the aggregate gainful offenses the percentage of per-
sons born in Russia ranks second in those three sets of data in which
the American percentage of these crimes is first in rank — those from
the New York City magistrates' courts, the county and supreme
courts of New York State, and the Chicago police department. The
Russian percentage of the specific crimes of larceny and receiving
stolen property is also striking. In the figures of the New York City
magistrates' courts it is third in rank, being exceeded by the American
and English; in the figures of the county and supreme courts of New
York State it is greater than all other percentages. Further than this,
the Russian percentage of violations of city ordinances is second in
rank in the data from the New York City magistrates' courts (Greater
New York) and the Chicago police department.
THE CrriES OF NEW YORK AND CHICAGO.
An interesting comparison can be made of crime in the cities of
New York and Chicago as revealed by the records of cases in the city
magistrates' or poUce courts of the former and of arrests made by the
police of the latter. While the New York fibres cover the eight
years from 1901 to 1908, inclusive, and the Chicago figures only the
four year? from 1905 to 1908, inclusive, there is a similarity in the
nationalities of the two cities having the highest percentages of each
of the four well-defined classes of cnme.
Of the aggregate gainful offenses, the largest percentage is that of
the native-Dom, whUe the percentage of the Russians is next in rank.
The figures from both cities show the same relation of these two
groups of offenders.
The ag^egate offenses of personal violence form a larger percentage
of the crmies of Italians in New York than of those of any other
nationaUty. In the Chicago figures the Italian percentage is third
in rank, being exceeded by the percentages of the Lithuanians and the
Slavonians. Neither of these nationahties, however, is shown in the
New York records, being inclutled (if they appear at all) in the group
of '* other foreign" offenders.
Of the three nationalities having the highest three percentages of
the aggregate offenses against public poUcy m New York and Chicago,
two are common to both cities, the Irish and the Scotch. In New
York the Scotch rank first and the Irish second; in Chicago the Irish
rank second and the Scotch third, the first place being occupied by
the Chinese, who do not appear as a separate group in the New York
figures.
The highest percentage of the aggregate offenses against chastity in
each city is that of the French. In Chicago the Russian percentage
ranks second and in New York third, being exceeded by that of
persons bom in Germany.
With regard to some of the specific crimes appearing in these four
crime groups certain Ukenesses are also found.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime. 21
BlMkmail and extortion, — These form a larger proportion of the
crimes of Italians in both cities than of the crimes of any other
nationaUty.
Bvrglary. — In both cities this appears with greatest relative fre-
quency among the crimes of American-bom offenders.
Larceny and receHmng stolen property. — These form a larger per-
centage of the crimes of Americans m New York than of those of any
other nationality, while the percentages of the English and the Rus-
sians are respectively second and third in rank. In Chicago the
Russian percentage stands first in rank, and the American second;
the English percentage here ranks tenth.
Robbery. — Of this crime the American percentage is greatest in
both cities.
Of the various offenses of personal violence only three present
striking likenesses in the relations of nativity groups in the two cities.
These are abduction and kidnaping, violent assault, and homicide.
Abduction and Icidnaping. — ^These form a larger percentage of
Italian crimes in New York than of those of any other nationality.
In Chicago the Italian percent^e stands second in rank, being
slightly exceeded by that of the Greeks. In the New York figures,
however, no separate Greek group is to be found.
Violent assault, — ^The highest percentage of this crime shown by
the New York figures is that of the ItaUans. In Chicago the Sla-
vomans and Lithuanians, neither of which nationahties appears in
the New York records, have higher percentages than the ItaUans,
although no other nationaUty has.
Homicide. — ^This is, in each of the two cities, relatively more
frequent among the crimes of Italians than among those of any
other group of offenders.
The violation of city ordinances and vagrancy are the onljr offenses
against public poUcy showing notable similarities in the nationahties
having the highest precentages of them in the two cities.
Violations of city ordinances. — ^The nationahties having the largest
proportions of violations of city ordinances is not the same in both
cities, but when the statistics for the boroughs of Manhattan and the
Bronx are employed in place of the figures for Greater New York, as
was done on pa^e 18, the Greek is found to exceed all other national-
ities. This is the nationaUty whose percentage outranks aU others
in the Chicago figures. Of the nationalities found in the records of
the five boroughs of Greater New York, the Italian ranks first and
the Russian second. The Chicago figures show the Russian percent-
age to be second in rank (being exceeded by the Greek percentage)
and the Italian third.
Vagrancy. — In New York vagrancy forms a larger percentage of
the offenses of the English than of those of anv other nationaUty.
In Chicago the American percentage equals the English, but aU
other percentages are less than these.
Offenses CMainst chastity . — Comparison of New York and Chicago
has already been made (page 18) with respect to crimes of prostitu-
tion, the only offenses against chastity subjected to special analysis.
Beyond the ract, however, that these crimes are found to occur with
greatest relative frequency among the offenses of the French, it
may be noted that the Russians stand out rather prominently in
botn cities. In Chicago the Russian percentage of these crimes is
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
22
The Immigration Commission.
next in rank to that of the French; in New York tlie Russian per-
centage ranks third, being exceeded only by the French and German
It will De of interest here to present tables showing the percentage
of each crime and class of crime belongi^ to the various nationalities
found in the records of New York and Cnicago, as it will make pos-
sible the further comparison of the two cities without seeking the
data in the separate sections of this report in which fuller analysis of
the figures is made. In the following tables only those nationalities
appearing in the data from both cities are shown:
Tablx 10. — Natvmalities compared with regard to percentage ofcrimu9: New Ybrl City
magistrates* courts ana Chicago police arrests.
CLASSES OF CRIMES.
Nationality.
Gainful offenses.
Offenses of personal
violence.
Offenses against
public policy.
chasUty.
New York.
Chicago.
New York. Chicago.
New York.
Chicago.
NewYwk.
Chicaga
American
English
French
German
Irish
lai
8.1
4.3
7.7
4.4
14.8
la?
10.5
11.1
5.6
3.9
3.5
1.6
4.3
8.7
7.3
3.3
2.6
4.6
&0
4.8
6.6
5.6
10.6
6.4
84.9
87.4
89.7
86.2
91.2
84.9
86.9
91.3
73.8
79.0
71.5
77.0
85.6
74.0
09.6
8&2
a6
.5
4.1
1.2
.3
.8
.9
.3
5.1
3.8
11.6
2.»
1.4
Italian
Russian
Scotch
6.4
8.3
6.5
11.4
12.4
^6
3.0
9.0
L8
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
NationaUty.
Blackmail and
extortion.
Burglary.
Larceny and
receiving stolen
property.
Robbery.
New Chi-
Yortc. cago.
New
York.
Chi-
cago.
New
York.
Chi-
cago.
New
York.
Chi-
cago.
New
York.
Chi-
cago.
American
a 03 a 013
.0»)
.08
.02 .010
.01 ; .009
.17 1 .068
.02 1 054
•"i
2.0
1.0
.6
L3
.7
1.4
1.5
.5
2.9
1.3
.8
1.7
.6
L2
1.0
1.1
an
.15
.05
.14
.02
.03
.07
.09
1.8
1.5
LI
L6
.7
2.1
L5
.6
7.4
6.6
3.3
6.0
3.4
4.4
&4
4.7
8.3
6.8
7.8
6.9
3.7
7.0
9.2
4.2
a6
!3
.8
1.7
English
1. 1
French
.9
German
.8
Irish
.7
Italian
1.0
Russian
.7
Scotch
.7
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
NaUonaUty.
Abduction and
kidnaping.
New Chl-
York. 1 cago.
Assault,
simple.
Assault,
violent.
Homicide.
Rape.
New
York.
Chi-
cago.
New
York.
Chi-
cago.
New
York.
Chi-
cago.
New
York.
Chi-
cago.
A merican
0.04 0.042
.02 . .086
.05
.04 I .036
(«)
. 15 1 . 190
.08 1 .054
.02 !
1
2.4
2.2
1.0
2.7
2.4
3.0
21
L7
2.2
2.6
2.1
3.6
3.2
3.1
4.0
2.7
0.8
.6
.4
.9
.8
3.1
.7
.6
1.2
L2
1.5
L6
L3
3.5
L5
LI
0.6
.5
.2
.5
.5
.7
.3
.2
0.9
.8
.9
LI
.9
3.1
.5
.8
0.13
.15
.02
.13
.03
.35
.09
.U
0.31
Enellsh
.34
French
.329
.326
Irish
.26
Italian
.63
Russian.
.34
Scotch
.28
a Leas than 0.01 per cent
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Immigration and Crime.
23
Table 10. — Natuynalities compared with regard to percentage of crime: New York City
magistrates' courts and Chicago police arrests — Continued.
CERTAIN OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
NationaUty.
Disorderly conduct.
Vagrancy, truancy,
and incorrigibility.
Violation of oorponh
tion ordinances.
New York.
Chicago.
New York.
Chicago.
New York.
Chicago.
Ameriran
33.9
23.6
59.1
28.2
23.9
22.6
32.1
16.9
65.7
66.6
66.5
61.3
76.6
48.3
44.2
74.6
4.8
6.8
2.8
6.2
6.4
L6
L3
6.8
LO
1.0
.3
.3
.5
.5
.6
.9
6.6
4.9
3.6
7.4
2,4
39.6
32.3
4.7
6.1
English
6.4
French
10.3
10.4
Irish
5.7
Italian
13.6
R^i99i|in . , .
17.7
Scotch
6.9
CRIMES OF PROSTITUTION.
Nationality.
Crimes of prostitution.
New York.«
American ...
0.4
.3
3.6
.9
.1
.6
.7
.1
4.4
English
2.7
yrench
10.3
German
2.1
Irish
1.1
Italian
2.3
Russian
7.9
Scotch
1.4
• The percentages of New York are those for "disorderly house" cases.
THE STATES OF NEW YORK AND MASSACHUSETTS.
While wholly comparable data have not been obtained from the
States of New York and Massachusetts, and detailed comparison of
crime in the two States can not profitably be made, a striking simi-
larity is found in the statistics of commitments to Massacnusetts
penal institutions for offenses of personal violence and of convictions
of hke offenses in the county and supreme courts of New York.
The New York records show that seven of the eight foreign nation-
ality groups appearing in them have higher percentages of the offenses
of personal violence tnan the native-bom, while in me Massachusetts
records nine of the eleven foreign nationality groups shown have
higher percentages than the American-born. An interesting hkeness
exists in the immigrant groups of the two sets of data whidi exceed
the native group in percentage of the offenses of personal violence.
Digitized by
Google
24
The Immigration Commission.
The following arrangement of the various groups in descending
order of percentages makes this clear:
Table 11. — Offenses of personal violence: New York county and supreme courts and
Massachusetts penal institutions.
New York.
Rank.
Massachusetts.
Rank.
Nationality.
Per.
centage.
Nationality.
Per-
centage.
1
Italian
39.3
18.6
J7.7
16.5
} 13.0
12.9
11.7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ItaUan...
24.0
2
Austro-Hungarian
A ustro-nun^arian
22. S
3
Polish
Polish ....
16.4
4
Irish
Russian
15.5
TGerman
(terraan
7.7
fi
\Russian
Finnish
7.0
6
Canadian ....
English
6.3
7
.American (total)
C'anadian
5.0
9
10
Swedish
4.6
4.S
Of the seven immigrant groups having higher percentiiges than
the native-born in the New York figures, six are found in the Massa-
chusetts figures exceeding the native-bom in percentage. It is
also striking that the data from both States should show the three
groups of offenders having the highest three percentages to be the
same — Italian, Austro-Hungarian, and Polish — and to have the same
rank.
4. Aliens, or Unnaturalized Immigrants.
When in 1904 the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization first
enumerated the aliens detained in penal institutions throughout
the United States, it was found that 1,213 such prisoners were in
confinement for "murder" or "attempt to murder." As the total
number of alien prisoners enumerated was 9,825, this group com-
posed approximately one-eighth (12.3 per cent) of the entire body.
The next enumeration was made in 1908. As tabulated by tfie
Immigration Commission from the original schedules, the data then
gathered show 1,588 alien prisoners under sentence for "homicide"
or "attempted homicide" (presumably the same crimes as those
designated in 1904 as "murder" and "attempt to murder"). Such
persons comprised 12.4 per cent, or about one-eighth, of all alien
prisoners guilty of violations of the law who were m confinement at
the time of the enumeration. **
In Tables 12 and 13 is shown, by race, the number of aliens
detained in penal institutions for these offenses in 1904 and 1908.
The accompanying diagram illustrates the conditions in 1904.
o In the tabulation of the 1908 data only those prieonerp were included who had
been judged guilty of an offense. The 1904 figures probably include a number of
prisoners who had not yet been tried, and thus the data for the two years are not
wholly comparable.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
25
Table 12. — Number of alieru detained in penal imtitutions for murder and attempt to
mturder, United States, 1904, hy race.
%
[Compfled from Beport of CommissloneF^Qeiieral of Immigration for year ending June 30, 1904; p. 02.]
Airican (black)
Bohemian and Moravian
... 13
6
Chinese
61
Croatian and Slovenian
9
Engl ish
53
Finnish
22
FVench •. ..
39
Oerman
... 113
Hebrew
12
Irish
53
Italian .•••••• .•••••...•«
... 393
Japanese
31
I^Hhuanian
8
Maervar
29
rt^><
Mexican ,
177
Poliflh
68
Russian
21
Scandinavian
Scotch
30
7
Slovak
25
Spanish
7
All other races
36
Total.
1,213
Table 13. — Number of alien prisoners under sentence for homicide and attempted homir
cidcj United States^ 1908, by race,
[Compiled from data of Borean of Immigration and Naturalization.]
African
Canadian, French.
Canadian, Other. . .
Chinese
Croatian
English
Finnish ,
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
26
18
16
40
23
59
32
11
103
17
15
28
86
Italian, South 684
Lithuanian 19
Magyar 60
Mexican 215
Polish.
Russiap
Scandinavian..
Scotch
Slovak
All other races.
82
13
30
11
50
99
Total.
1,588
A more exact comparison of the several races can be made with
iregard to the 1908 figures by computing the percentage which those
prisoners mider sentence for homicide and attempted homicide form
of the total number confined for known offenses. These percentages
are shown in the following table. Marked differences here appear
between various races. ^ Over one-third of all Chinese prisoners were
in confinement for homicide or attempted homicide, more than one-
fourth of the North ItaUans, over one-fifth of the South Italians,
over one-sixth of the African, Magyar, and Finnish, and over one-
tenth of the Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, and Greek, while of only
half the races shown in the table was homicide or attempted homicide
the crime of less than one in every ten alien prisoners.
Table 14.—.
Relative frequency of homicide and attempted homicide among alien prisoners,
United States, 1908, by race,
[Compiled from data of Borean of Immigration and Naturalization.]
African 18.2
Canadian, French 4. 3
Canadian, Other 5.4
Chinese 38.8
Croatian 15.9
English 7.2
Finnish 17.3
French 6.9
German 8.9
Greek 11.4
Hebrew 2.2
79340*— VOL 86—11 3
Irish 2.2
Italian, North 27.1
Italian, South 23.1
Lithuanian 12. 3
Magyar 17.5
Mexican 27.8
Polish 6.9
Russian 8.3
Scandinavian 6.0
Scotch 3.9
Slovak 12.9
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26
The Immigration Commission.
Nwnber of aliens detained in penal ijigtiitUions for murder and attempt to murder, 1904.
[Conipiled ixom annual report United Btatee CommJteioner<3eneraI of Immigiatioii, 1904.]
O
o
o
CM
8
^ M i i i I
Ha
f
z
11
o
5
t: i
If ^11 ii ill
CoB<zu3«>S^B<
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
27
Of the 1,588 alien prisoners under sentence in 1908 for feomicide,
and attempted homicide, the period of residence in the United States
{)rior to commitment was learned with regard to 1^524. Nearly one-,
ourth of this number, or 24 per cent, had been miprisoned for the
crime within three years after their arrival in this country. Among
6 races the proportion exceeds one-fourth of the number reporting,
as is shown m tne following table:
Table 15. — Per cent<^ of aliens in prison for homicide or attempted homicide who had
been in the United States less than three years prior to eommitm^entf by race,
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalisation.]
African 15.4
Canadian, French 11.8
Canadian, Other 20.0
Chinese 2. 7
Croatian 17.4
English 12.7
Finnish 18.8
French 18.2'
German 17.5
Greek 26.7
Hebrew 7.7
Irish 12.0
Italian, North 21.7
Italian, South 30.0
Lithuanian 26. 3
Magyar 35.6
Mexican 19.4
Polish 32.6
Russian 38. 5
Scandinavian 11. 1
Scotch 18.2
Slovak 20.0
From these figures it appears that over one-third of the Russian;
and Magyar aliens in prison for homicide or attempted homicide were
committed before they had been three years in the United States; the'
same is true of over one-fourth of the Polish, South Italian, Greek,
and Lithuanian; one-fifth or more of the North Italian, Canadian
other than French, and Slovak- over one-sixth of the Mexican, Finnish, ■
French, Scotch, German, and Croatian; more than one-seventh 6f the
African, more than one-eighth of the English, more than one-ninth of'
the Irish and French Canadian, and more than one-tenth of the'
Scandinavian. In the case of the Hebrew and Chinese races, those
whose commitments occurred within three years after arrival in the
United States numbered less than one in every ten of tJtie aUen pris-
oners reporting length of residence.
It is not possible from available data to make any valuable statis-^
tical comparison of immigrants and natives, nor even of aUen and '
natiiralized immigrants, with regard to homicide. But-such compari-
son is unnecessary to bring out me f a^ct that alien homicides are found *
in considerable number m our penal institutions and that a large
proportion of these committed tne crime soon after their arrival m„
the United States.
The striking facts brought out by these figures suggest the value
of a fuller analysis of alien criminauty. The most complete data of
this character which are accessible are those resulting from the enu- '
meration of alien prisoners in the United States made by the Bureau
of Immigration and Naturalization in 1908. The original schedules
of this enumeration were loaned to the commission and new tables
have been compiled from them.
At the time of this enumeration there were 12,853 alien prisoners
in the United States under sentence for violations of the laws. Nearly
one-half of these belonged to four races only. South Italian pris-
oners numbered 2,336, or 18.2 per cent of the total number; Irish .
a Based on number reporting years in the United States.
Digitized by
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28
The Immigration Commission.
prisoners,' 1,312, or 10.2 per cent; Polish prisoners, 1,229, or 9.6 per
cent; and German prisoners, 1,191, or 9.3 per cent; making a total
of 6,068 prisoners belonging to these four races, or 47.2 per cent of all
alien prisoners enumerated. In the following table is snown the fur-
ther mstribution of alien prisoners according to race:
Tablb IQ.— Number of alien prisoners in the United SiaUs, 1968, bff raei,
{Compiled from d»U of Bureau of Immlgntion amd Naturalisation.]
Italian, South 2,336
Lithuanian , 158
Magyar 356
Mexican 794
Polish 1,229
Russian.
Scandinavian..
Scotch
Slovak
All other races.
156
508
286
407
655
Total « 12, 853
African^ 145
Canadian, French 422
Canadian, Other 297
Chinese 104
Croatian 147
English 833
Finnish 189
French : 164
Cterman 1,191
Creek 149
Hebrew 693
Irish 1,312
Italian, North 320
In the case of 247 prisoners the crime was not stated with sufficient
definiteness to make the determination of its character possible.
These cases have therefore been disregarded in the analysis of the
data by race and crime. The remaining 12,606 prisoners have been
grouped according to the character of their onense. The largest
number were under sentence for gainful offenses,. 4,648, or 3Q.9 per
cent of the total number whose cnmes were clearly enough defined to
permit of classification^ being convicted of such offenses. Next in
numerical importance is the group of prisoners xmder sentence for
offenses against public policy. This group consists of 3,783 prisoners,
or 30 per cent of the total number classifiied. Offenses of personal
violence caused the imprisonment of only a sUghtly smaller number,
3,337 prisoners, or 26.5 per cent, being unaer sentence for such crimes.
Offenses against chastity were the crimes for which only 442 pris-
oners, or 3.5 per cent, were confined, while the remaining 396 pris-
oners, constituting 3.1 per cent of the total number, were convicted
of unclassified crimes.
Table 17. — DistrHmtion of classes oferime among alien prisoners, United States, 1908.
[Compiled Irom data of Bureau of Immigration and NaturallxatSon.]
Oflenses.
Number of
prisoners.
Per cent
of total
number.
OainTul
Afaimst public pollcf
Of personal violence . .
Against chastity
Oaolassified
Total
4,648
S,783
8,337
442
396
36.9
30.0
26.6
3.5
3.1
12,606
loao
These relations of the several crime groups apply only to the 12,606
alien prisoners considered in the aggregate. When the various races
are regared as units a lack of uniformity is found to exist in the dis-
« Includes 3 not reporting race.
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Immigration and Crime.
2d
tiibution of the classes of crime. The gainful offenses were the
crimes for which the lai^est proportion of the alien prisoners of
1 1 races were confined, offenses of personal violence of 7 races, and
offenses against public policy of 4 races, while offenses against
chastitjr and unclassified crimes caused the commitment of smaUer
proportions of the prisoners of every race than did any of the three
other crime groups.
Those races which had a larger proportion of ahen prisoners und»
sentence for gainful offenses than for any other class of crime are aa
follows, the percentage which such prisoners form of the total aUea
prisoners of each race being likewise shown:
African 40.6
Croatian 40.0
English 46.2
French 54. 1
German 46.8
Greek 39.6
Those races having a larger proportion of alien prisoners confined
for offenses of personal violence than for any other class of crime are:
Hebrew 35.7
Polish 38.2
Russian 41.0
Scandinavian 47. 2
Scotch 45.a
Magyar 39.7
Mexican 43. 2
Slovak 31.2
Chinese 59.2
Finnish 41.1
Italian, North 50.8
Italian, South 46.5
Offenses against pubhc policy caused the commitment of a larger
proportion or the alien prisoners of the following races than did any
other class of crime:
Canadian, French 47.1
Canadian, Other 44.6
Irish 67.7
Lithuanian 36. a
The per cent distribution of the several classes of crime among th^
alien prisoners of the various races is shown in Table 18.
Tablb 18. — Fer cent distribution of classes of crime arrumg alien prisoners. United Statet^
1908, by race of prisoner.
[Compiled from data of Bmvau of ImmlgratlOD and Natoiallxatlon.]
Race.
Oalnftil
offenses.
Offenses
of per-
sonal
violence.
Offenses
against
pubUc
poUcy.
Offenses
against
chastity.
Undas-
slfled
crimes.
Totat
African
40.6
31.9
3&.5
18.4
40.0
46.2
22.7
64.1
46.8
30.6
65.7
. 20.1
30.6
29.2
34.2
29.2
42.3
88.2
41.0
47.2
46.2
26.8
36.0
11.7
11.1
50.2
33.1
14.1
41.1
17.0
17.7
63.6
6.5
6.8
60.8
46.6
25.8
30.7
43.2
26.6
26.0
14.3
10.6
81.2
18.2
47.1
44.6
20.4
22.8
83.4
20.2
20.1
27.0
22.8
28.4
67.7
14.5
18.0
36.8
21.3
11.5
20.8
25.6
33.5
30.2
20.1
4.9
5.2
5.1
1.0
1.4
4.0
3.7
lOOiO
Canadian French .
100.
CanadVm, Othvr ,
100.
Chinese
100. a
CTMitian . . . • r
4.1
1.6
3.2
2.8
3.4
.6
2.6
2.6
1.0
2.4
1.0
6.8
1.8
4.2
6.8
2.8
1.8
10.8
100.
English
4.7
8.8
6.3
4.2
3.4
6.7
2.6
2.2
3.8
1.3
4.1
1.7
2.4
2.6
2.2
8.2
8.1
100.
100.0
Finnish
French. ....
100.
100.
Owman . x
Qreek
loao
100
Hebrew
Irish
100.
Italian, North
100.
Ttf»Hftfi; flniith,
100.0
Lithuanian...,
100.
Mwmir, ,.. _...
100
MexV^n...
loao
PoHfii...
100
Rofisian ^ ... ^ a
100.
jt<<«#n')|nfi^1an
100.
Scotch
100.0
Slovak
100
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30 The Immigration Commission.
Gainful offenses. — ^Two races stand out prominently "with respect
to the gainful oflFenses. The largest proportion of commitments for
these offenses is found among the Hebrews, 55.7 per cent of all the
alien prisoners of this race having been imprisoned for such crimes.
The French stand second in rank, 54.1 per cent of the French pris-
oners being under sentence for hke offenses.
Of the specific crimes classified as gainful, larceny and receiving
stolen property were those for which 35.1 per cent of all Hebrew alien
prisoners were confined; burglary, the crime for which 15.4 per cent
were imprisoned, forgery ana fraud the offenses of 2.8 per cent, and
robbery the offense of 2.5 per cent. Of the French alien prisoners,
25.8 per cent were imder sentence for larceny and receiving stolen
property, 17 per cent for burglary, 7.5 per cent for forgery and fraud,
and 3.8 per cent for robbery. The Hebrews have a larger proportion
of alien prisoners committed for larceny and receiving stolen property
than any other race, and the French a large proportion committed
for forgery and fraud. The relative frequency of burglarv among
prisoners of these two races is also notable. The Mexicans alone have
a larger proportion of alien prisoners under sentence for this crime
than the French, while the Mexican, French, English, and German
races are the only ones which exceed the Hebrew in proportion of
such prisoners. The proportion of French prisoners confined for
larcenv and receiving stolen property is also relatively large, being
exceeded only by the proportions of the Hebrew, Croatian, Polish,
and African races. • No alien prisoners of the Hebrew or French
races, however, were under sentence for blackmail or extortion.
These crimes were confined to four races, the North Italian, South
Italian, Irish, and German, the proportions being in the order given ;
the North and South Italian races greatly exceeding the Irish and
German in relative frequency of these crimes.
Offenses of personal violence, — Over 25 per cent of the alien prisoners
belonging to 13 of the races, and over 10 per cent of the aUen prisoners
of 20 of the races, were imder sentence for offenses of personal
violence.
The Chinese, North Itahan, South Italian, and Mexican races
'figure most prominently in the commission of such crimes. Of the
103 Chinese prisoners, 61, or 59.2 per cent were under sentence for
offenses of personal violence, while 50.8 per cent of the North ItaUan,
46.5 per cent of the South Itahan, and 43.2 per cent of the Mexican
prisoners belong in the same category.
The largest proportion of prisoners confined for violent assault is
shared by the Chinese and Mexicans, 4.9 per cent of the alien pris-
oners of each of these races having been committed for this offense.
Of prisoners confined for homicide the Chinese have the largest pro-
portion — 38.8 per cent. This race ranks second in proportion of pris-
oners for the crime of rape, being exceeded only by tne Greek. No
Chinese prisoners, however, were under sentence for abduction or
kidnaping.
These latter crimes are the ones for which 1.6 per c«it of the North
Italian prisoners were incarcerated, or a considerably larger pro-
portion than that of any other race. The North ItaUans have also a
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime. 31
relatively large proportion of prisoners under sentence for homicide
and rape, the Chinese and Mexican being the only races having
larger proportions of the former crime and Uxe Greek and Chinese of
the latter.
Relatively large proportions of the South Italian prisoners were
under sentence for the various offenses of personal violence, although
the largest proportion of prisoners confined for none of these crimes
belong to tnis race. It ranks second in abduction and kidnaping,
third m simple assault, sixth in violent assault, fourth in homicide,
and seventh in rape.
In proportion of aUen prisoners under sentence for simple assault,
the Mexicans rank only sixteenth, but of those confined for violent
assault they with the Chinese raiik first, for homicide second, for rape
fourth, and for abduction and kidnaping fourth.
It is further notable that the Finnish race has the largest propor-
tion of ahen prisoners confined for simple assault, and 3ie Grt-eek of
those confined for rape.
OffeThses against 'public policy. — ^More than two-thirds of all the
alien prisoners of the Irish race were in confinement for offenses
against pubUc poHcy. As less than half the alien prisoners of every
other race belonged in this category, this makes the Irish stand
out prominently. Intoxication and vagrancy and truancy are the
offenses for wmch large numbers of the Irish prisoners were com-
mitted. Intoxication caused the imprisonment of 36.7 per cent of
all Irish alien prisoners, and vagrancy and truancy of 19.1 per cent,
one-h€ilf of all the Irish prisoners thus being confined for these
offenses alone. In comparison with the proportion of ahen prisoners
of other races confined tor like offenses these percentages are large.
Of prisoners committed for intoxication the proportion next in
rank is that of the French Canadian, or 24.5 per cent, while of those
confined for vagrancy and truancy the proportion ranking next to
that of the Irish is 12.5 per cent, being that of the Germans.
In addition to intoxication and vagrancy and truancy, incorrigi-
bility is the only offense against public policy singled out for special
analysis. The Irish, which exceed all other races in relative fre-
cjuency of intoxication and vagrancy and truancy, ranks oiUy twelfth
in proportion of alien prisoners confined for incorrigibility, but the
French Canadian, whose proportion of prisoners under sentences for
intoxication is exceeded only by that of the Irish, outranks all othe
races. '®
Offemes against cJuistity. — The largest proportion of alien prisonei^
under sentence for offenses against chastity is that of the Hebrevr'*
being 6.7 per cent. More than one-third of the Hebrew prison/ ?
conmied for such offenses were imprisoned for crimes of prostitut.'T^
These latter crimes were those for which 1.74 per cent of the t ^^
number of alien prisoners of the Hebrew race were under sen ten',
a larger proportion than that of any other race. It is notable
no prisoners of the Croatian race were under sentence for any of
against chastity and no prisoners of the African, Chinese, I
anian, Magyar, Polish, Russian, Scandinavian, or Scotch race/
any crime connected with prostitution.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
32
The Immigmdon Commission.
LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES PKIOR TO COMMITMENT.
From data shovring the length of residence in the United States
prior to commitment, it was Teamed that about one-fourth of the
alien prisoners reporting such data had been in this country less than
three years at the time they were committed to the penal institution
in which they were found. Of the 12,853 alien prisoners enumerated,
12,425 reported years in the United States; 2,986 of these, or 24 per
cent, had been incarcerated within three years after tiheir arrival.
Of those prisoners under sentence for gainful oflFenses who reported
J ears in the United States, 25.7 per cent were committed before they
ad resided three years in this country; of those under sentence for
offenses of personal violence, 24.9 per cent; of those confined for
offenses agamst pubUc poUcy, 20.5 per cent; and of those whose
crimes consisted of offenses against chastity, 21.1 per cent.
In the case of 11 races, over one-fourth of the ahen prisoners under
sentence for gainful offenses who reported years in the United States
had been here less than three years at the time of commitment.
These races and their proportions of such prisoners are as follows:
Croatian 51.8
Russian 43.3
Magyar 39.0
Slovak 37.8
Polish 36.4
Greek 32.8
In the case of the following 7 races over one-fourth per cent of those
prisoners confined for offenses of personal violence who reported years
m the United States were committed within three years after their
arrival.
Russian 43.6
Magyar 37.3
Greek 37.0
Italian, South 30.4
In the case of 10 races a like condition existed with regard to pris-
oners guilty of offenses against pu)>Uc poUcy. These races are:
Canadian , other than French ..... 32.
French 31.0
Italian, South 28.7
Italian, North 27.4
Mexican 26.5
Canadian, other than French 28. 1
Polish 27.6
Slovak 26.4
Greek 59.4
Croatian 42.4
Russian 38.9
Magyar 37.5
glovak 36.0
Polish 35.2
Lithuanian 31. 5
Italian, South 29.9
Scotch 26.9
African 26.1
p Of prisoners whose crimes consisted of offenses against chastity, the
Proportion whose commitment occurred within three years after
skrival in this country exceeds 25 per cent in the following 6 races:
on^ian, North 71.4
Of ssian 50.0
40.0
African 33 . 3
Polish 30.8
Finnish 28.6
poi^ch.
^^ is shown in the following table, which summarizes these facts,
^Pj»e than one-fourth of the Russian and Polish prisoners under
^^^nce for each of the four classes of crime had been in the United
^ves less than three vears at the time of commitment. In addition
Italij^ese two races, the Greek, South Italian, Magyar, and Slovak
portLhad proportions exceeding 25 per cent in the groups of prisoners
ned tor offenses of gain, or personal violence, and against public
y. For five other races the proportion of prisoners committed
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Immigration and Crime.
83
witiiin three years after arriyal exceeds 25 per cent in two classes of
crime. These races are the African, Canadian other than French,
Croatian, French, and North Italian. For four other races — the
Finnish, Lithuanian, Mexican, and Scotch — the proportion exceeds
25 per cent for one class of crime.
Table 19. — Ter eent<^ of prisoners under sentence for each class of crime wl
oommiUed within three years after arrival in the United States, by raee,
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.]
W€r$
Race.
\
Oainftil
offenses. «
Offenses of
personal
Yioknoe.
Offenses
against pub-
ncp<rilcy.
Offenses
against
chastity.
Afrirv* . .. ......
14.3
28.6
83.0
14.8
14.9
28.1
&4
90.8
lai
21; 1
14.8
19.2
87.0
20.0
ia7
21.7
30.4
20.0
37.3
2L4
27.6
48.6
13.0
16.7
26.4
26.1
ia6
18.6
11.1
42.4
10.2
16.4
12.9
18.9
60.4
19.6
6.4
24.4
29.0
31.6
37.6
2a6
3&2
3&9
17.0
26.0
86.0
33.3
15.0
OuiadiaD. Other .... .. ..
23.1
C^inP!<^.; , ,,
0^>atlaD
61.8
ao.5
22.0
31.0
18.6
32.8
22.6
12.»
27.4
28.7
21.6
39.0
26.6
36.4
43.3
13.4
16.8
87.8
English ,.. w ..
10.6
inTiTiiih ....... ^
28.6
French... .
40.0
fkrmAi. . X . . .
12.8
Greek
20.0
Hebrew
18.2
Irish
15.2
Italian, North
71.4
Italian, South.
24.1
Lithuanian ....
Macyar.... .., . . ...
14.3
Mexican
23.1
PoUsh
30.8
Russian
60.0
Scandinayian ...............^
Scotch
22.2
Slovak
1&7
• Based on number reporting years In United States.
There are thus only 7 races of the 22 shown whose ahen prisoners
committed for each class of crime within three years after arriral in
the United States compose less than one-fourth of the total number
committed for the same class of crime who reported years in this
country. These 7 races are the French Canadian, Chinese, English,
German, Hebrew, Irish, and Scandinavian.
Selecting the crimes of abduction and kidnaping, violent assault,
blackmail and extortion, burglary, homicide, robbery, and rape as
probably the most serious offenses, it is founa that 3,769 of the alien
prisoners who reported years in the United States were under sentence
for these offenses. Of these 876, or 23.2 per cent, had been in the
United States less than three years at the time of tneir commitment.
In the table following is shown by race the percentage which the
prisoners committed for such crimes within three years after arrival
m the United States forms of the total number under sentence for
like offenses who reported years.
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34
The Immigration Commission.
Table 20. — Per cent a of alien prisoners under sentence for ojfenses of special gravity ^ whose
commitments occurred witmn three years after arrival in the United States, by race.
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immlgratloii and Naturalisation.]
African 10.0
Ganadiaa. French 18. 6
Canadian, Other 25.0
Chinese 3.3
Croatian 36.6
EngUsh 15.7
Finnish 22.6
French 25.0
German 17. 2
Greek » 27.7
Hebrew 16.7
Irish 9.6
Italian, North 21.7
Italian, South 29.0
Lithuanian 17.6
Magyar 34.6
Mexican 22.6
Polish 33.8
Russian 38.1
Scandinavian 9.0
Scotch 9.2
Slovak 24.7
Of the offenses enumerated above, burglary, homicide, and robbery
caused the greatest number of commitments. In the following table
the number and percentage of prisoners whose commitments occurred
within three years fdfter arrival is shown by race for each of these
three crimes:
Table 21. — Aliens in prison for burglary, homicide, and robbery who had been in the
United States less than three years prior to commitm,entt by race,
[Compiled from data of Bureao of Immigration and Naturalisation.]
Race.
Number reporting
years hi the United
States.
Nimiber in United
States less than 3
years prior to com-
mitment.
Percemtage to
States less
years prior
mitment.
United
than S
to oom-
Bur-
glary.
Homi-
cide.
Rob-
bery.
Bur-
glary.
Homi-
cide.
Rob-
bery.
Bur-
glary.
Homi-
cide.
Rob-
bery.
African
25
9
124
11
26
180
10
103
63
18
133
11
23
131
100
19
62
35
10
2«
17
15
37
23
55
32
U
97
15
13
25
83
517
19
59
206
80
13
27
11
50
10
36
34
6
15
23
18
153
3
10
33
19
3
18
12
12
6*
6
6'
25
2
10
29
4
19
5
3
35
1
7
35
33
9
5
3
2
4
2
3
1
4
7
6
2
17
4
1
3
18
155
5
21
40
26
5
3
2
10
1
1
4
"*24.'6'
25.0
15.4
11.8
20.0
2.7
17.4
12.7
18.8
18.2
17.5
26.7
7.7
12.0
21.7
30.0
26.3
35.6
19.4
32.5
38.5
11.1
18.2
20.0
ILl
Canadian, French
14.3
CVnftd ian! Other .,.,..
40.0
Chinese./.
Croatian
3
4
2
1
7
1
1
8
6
45
2
10
6
1
1
1
2
66.7
20.2
18.2
38.5
16.1
40.0
18.4
7.9
16.7
26.3
9.1
30.4
26.7
33.0
47.4
8.1
8.6
20.0
75.0
EnRlish
ILl
Finnish
100.
French
16.7
German
20.6
Greek
16.7
Hebrew
6.7
Irish
13
Italian, North
33 3
•Italian, South
29.4
Lithuanian
Maeyar
20
Mexican
30.3
Polish
81 6
Russian
33.3
6.6
Scandinavian
Scotch
&3
16.7
Slovak
Total
1,198
1,524
463
267
365
107
22.3
24.0
23.1
o Based on number reporting years in United States.
b Abduction and kidnaping, violent assault, blackmail and extortion, burglary, homicide, robbery,
and rape.
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Chapter IV.
CHABACTEB OF IMMIOBAirT AHD OF NATIVE CRIMHTAUTT.
Before taking up the analysis of crime in the various race and
nationality groups appearing in the data collected, a survey of general
nativity and parentage divisions will be of value. The present
chapter deals with the immigrant and native groups considered with-
out reference to parentage, race, or nationalitv.
The statistics of alien prisoners secured by the Bureau of Immigra-
tion and Naturalization can not be used in comparing immigrants
and natives, as no persons of American birth appear in them. Nor
have the data of the New York children's courts been made the basis
of any sudi comparison. They concern a class of offenders so dif-
ferent from that with which all other data deal that it has not been
deemed advisable to attempt any analysis of them.
The number of criminal cases upon which this comparison of the
criminality of immigrants and natives is based, omitting tliose in
which tiie fact of native or foreign birth was not reported, is shown
below;
Source of data.
Offeoders.
Native. Foreign. Total.
Neiw York City magistrates' oourts
New York court of general sessions
Coan^ and supreme courts. New York State.
Chicago police department
Mastnchnsetts penal institutions
Total ,
365,386
1,326
7,286
195,934
15,219
402,772
880
3,879
104.997
13, 101
768,168
2,206
11,165
300.931
28,320
585,151
525,629
1,110,780
These statistics may be made to show certain general differences
in the criminality of immigrant and native offenders. They can not
serve to throw into contrast the relative quantity of such criminaUty,
because population figures are not available for the periods covered
by Uiem. In the analysis of the figures the chief endeavor has been
to contrast the character of immigrant criminaUty with that of native,
or American, criminaUty.
A basis for such comparison is obtained by ascertaining what per-
centage of the total criminaUty of each group of offenders is formed
by each class of crime and by certain selected offenses that are capable
oi fairly clear definition. By then comparing the percentages of
different classes of crime in the immigrant group with the corre-
sponding percentages for the native, the likeness or unlikeness of the
ciiminalactivity of these two groups becomes apparent.
Because of the widely different sources from wnich these statistics
of crime have been obtained, it is not possible to use the figures in
combination. Each set of data must therefore be separately analyzed,
35
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36
The Iinmigrati<Mi Commissicxi.
and although comparisons may be made of the facts shown by the
figures derived from the different sources, these figures can not be
totalled to form the basis of a combined analysis.
Keeping each set of data distinct, the first step in the analysis
consists in classifying the various crimes found in each. All clearly
defined offenses have been grouped in the five classes eniunerated in
Chapter 11. Four of these are sufficiently well defined to make their
special analysis valuable. The fifth is a heterogeneous group of
offenses whose character makes it apparently impossible properly to
include them in any category indicating the quality of the criminaUty
which they represent. In the analysis, therefore, no attempt has been
made to deal with this fifth gr6up of crimes, although it has been
included in the totals upon whicn all percentages are based. The
1,110,780 cases forming the basis of this'investigation of immigrant
and native criminaUty, obtained from five distinct sources, have been
classified according to the nature of the crimes and the nativity of
the offenders as follows:
Table 22.^D%stTibuti{m of crimes: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massadtusetts.
OfltDse.
New York City
magistrates'
courts.
New York
court of
general
sessions.
New York
county and
supreme
courts.
Chicago police
department.
Massadiusetts
penal instito-
^tions.
Native.
For-
eign.
Na-
live.
For-
eign.
Na-
tive.
For-
eign.
Native.
For-
eign.
Native.
Focw
eign.
Gainful ofTenaes
36,764
24,635
1,043
589
5,666
2,345
29,074
10,316
2,361
a, 119
Blackmafl and extortion .
Burglary
102
7,221
413
27,000
2,019
185
4,180
272
18,795
1,203
2
322
46
6S2
21
11
146
33
388
11
16
2,181
221
3,009
238
53
718
76
26
5' IS
3,605
16,278
8,422
15
1,231
1,319
6,72a
1,000
1
872
69
1,886
83
""*"i26
Forgery'and fraud
Larceny and receiving
stolen property
Robbery...^..
43
915
35
Oilenaes of pergonal violence. .
14,292
17,141
170
183
855
873
9,104
7,720
657
783
Abduction and kidnap-
ing
146
8,864
3,063
1,738
482
248
9,720
4,806
1,856
511
8
} 137
14
11
4
139
24
16
37
631
72
115
36
664
110
63
82
\ 2,276
1815
600
54
8,817
2,188
1,293
368
Assault, simple ..........
602
29
19
7
616
Assault,' vio^t.. .•••....
125
37
Rape
5
Offenses against public policy.
310,321
355,905
89
82
509
485
144,528
81,636
11,498
10,607
123,809
123,680
102,742
110,097
109,129
62,433
866
508
446
•'"S
34
31
127
49
13,831
2,040
12,000
7,528
4,167
438
10,725
3,883
Vagrancy.
17,649
23,976
21,407
16,680
87,615
39,771
405
Violation of city ordi-
All other
55
51
382
436
786
631
Offenses against chastity
2,066
2,980
9
6
J35
72
10,012
3,434
406
360
Crimes of prostitution ....
1,356
710
2,156
824
8,702
1,810
2,441
993
74
881
82
Another
278
Unclassified offenses
1,943
2,111
15
21
122
104
3,216
1,891
208
242
Total
365,386
402,772
1,326
880
t;^^
3,879
195,934
104,997
15,219
13,101
CLASSES OF CRIME.
Taking first the general classes of crime, their relation to the total
oflFenses of native and foreign offenders is shown in Table 23.
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Immigration and Crime.
87
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38 The Immigration Commission*
The most striking mference to be drawn from this table is that
although the various classes of crime form widely different propor-
tions of the total criminality in the different sets of data, the com-
parative relation of immigrant and native offenders to them follows
a fairly constant law.
Thus, although in the fi^es for the New York City magistrates'
courts, the pohce arrests of Chicago, and the commitments to Massa-
chusetts prisons, the gainful offenses fonn very much smaller pro-
portions of the total crimes than in those of the New York court of
general sessions and the coimty and supreme courts of New York
State, in all five sets of data these offenses comprise a larger percent-
age of the total crimes of native-bom offenders than of tne total
crimes of foreign-born. In each instance the difference in the per-
centages of the two groups of offenders is sufficiently marked to bring
out very clearly the fact that the gainful offenses are much more
common among the criminal acts of natives than they are among
those of immigrants.
In the figures of the New York City magistrates' courts these
offenses form nearly one-tenth of all the crimes of native-bom
offenders, while they compose but little more than one-sixteenth of
the total offenses of the foreign-bom. Of convictions in the New
York court of general sessions considerably more than three-fourths
of those of native-born criminals are for the gainful offenses, while
but little more than two-thirds of those of the foreign-bom are for the
same crimes. In the records of the county and supreme courts of
New York over three-fourths of the crimes of natives consist of
Jainful offenses and only three-fifths of the crimes of immiOTants.
11 the figures of arrests in Chicago and of the commitments to Massa-
chusetts prisons the gainful offenses form almost one-seventh ef aU
the crimes of native-bom offenders and considerably less than one-
tenth of those of the foreign-bom.
In each set of data the gainful offenses occupy a distinctly larger
place in the criminality of natives than in that oi immigrants.
Offenses of personal violence, on the other hand, form a larger
proportion of the total crimes of immigrant offenders. In each of
the five sets of data the percentage of the foreign-bom is in excess
of that of the native-bom. In the figures of the New York City
magistrates' courts, the Chicago pohce arrests, and the Massachusetts
prisons this difference is not great. The figures from the other two
sources of information, however, show considerable difference in the
American and immigrant commission of offenses of personal violence.
The greatest is that foimd in the records of the county and supreme
courts of New York, in which these crimes form 22.5 per cent of all
crimes of immigrants and 11.7 per cent of those of natives. Nearly
as striking are the figures of the New York court of general sessions,
which show 20.8 per cent of all crimes of foreign-bom offenders to
have been offenses of personal violence, while only 12.8 per cent of
those of native-bom offenders were of this nature.
Offenses against pubUc poUcy, as well as those of personal vio-
lence, are shown by this table to be more prevalent among the
crimes of immigrants than among those of natives. These onenses
occupy a much larger place in the statistics of the New York City
magistrates' courts, the arrests of the Chicago police, and the commit-
ments to Massachusetts prisons than in those of the New York court
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime. 39
of general sessions and the county and supreme courts of New York
State. Of the cases of foreign-bom offenders coming before the New
York City magistrates' courts 88.4 per cent were for these crimes, while
of the cases of native-bom offenders 84.9 per cent were of this nature.
The statistics of arrests in Chicago show 77.8 per cent of the offenses
of the foreign-bom and 73.8 per cent of those of the native-bom to
have been against pubUc policy. Of all commitments of immigrants
to Massachusetts prisons 80.9 per cent were for crimes of this sort,
while 75.5 per cent of the commitments of natives were for like
offenses. Less than 10 per cent of the convictions of natives and of
immigrants in the New York court of general sessions were for
offenses against public poUcy, 9.3 per cent of those of inmiigrants
and 6.7 per cent of those of natives having been of such crimes.
In the county and supreme courts of New York, although only 7 per
cent of the convictions of native-bom persons were of offenses
against pubUc policy, they were the offenses of which 12.5 per cent
01 the inmugrant convictions were obtained.
Each of me five sets of data thus shows that inunigrant crimi-
nality is more largely composed of offenses against public policy
than is native crinunality.
The group of offenses against chastity does not occupy any such
constant relation to the crimes of immigrants and natives as do
the three preceding classes of crime. In two of the sets of data,
those of convictions in the New York court of general sessions and
of arrests by the Chicago poUce, offenses against chastitv form larger
percentages of the total criminality of natives than of immigrants.
Their percentage of native crimes in the court of general sessions was
0.7 per cent; of the crimes of the foreign-bom it was 0.6 per cent. In
Chicago 5.1 per cent of the crimes of nonimmigrant offenders and 3.3
per cent of those of immigrant offenders were against chastity.
The figures of the city magistrates' courts of New York show such
crimes to have composed a larger proportion of the criminal acts of
the foreign-born than of the native-bom, forming 0.7 per cent of all
crimes of immigrant offenders and 0.6 per cent of those of native
offenders. In the statistics of the county and supreme courts of
New York and of the penal institutions of Massachusetts offenses
against chastity f onn the same proportions of the total criminality of
immigrants and natives, these proportions being in the former set
of data 1.9 per cent and in the latter 2.7 per cent.
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
By carrying this method of analysis further and observing the
relations whiiHi the si)ecific crimes composing each class of ofi^nses
bear to the total criminahty of immigrants and natives, more exact
comparisons may be made.
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40
The Immigration Commission.
The various gainful offenses are thus set forth in the following
table:
Tabls 24.— Gkm\/uZ offentn compared with oil ofenmt: New York (ei^ and 8taU)^
Chicago t and Masta
NUMBER.
Oalnftil ofltoseib
AU
offensM.
Black-
mail «nd
extor-
tion.
Bor-
Forgery
and
fraud.
Larceny
and re-
ceiving
stolen
property.
Robbery.
Tota^
New York City maglstrates'oourts:
Natire
Foreign
New York court of general see-
skuiB:
Native
Foretcn..
New York county and lupreme
courts:
Naave
Foreign
Chioajso poUoe department:
Foreign. *... I
liaasaohuaetts penal Institutions:
Native
Foreign
402,772
1,826
880
7,286
8,87»
105,034
104,007
15,210
18,101
102
18i
7,221
4,180
822
146
2,181
718
5»748
1,231
872
126
418
272
221
76
8,605
1,810
60
43
9r,O0B
18»786
886
8,000
1,414
16,278
6,751
1,836
015
8,010
1,201
84
8,422
1,000
86.TB4
24,635
1.043
580
6,660
2,345
20.074
10.316
2,381
1,110
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSE&
NewYoikaty maglstrates'oourts:
Native... .TVr!7.
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
ao3
.06
.15
L3
.22
L4
.013
.014
.01
.00
2.0
LO
24.8
116
20.0
1&5
2.0
L2
2.4
LO
an
.07
8.5
8.8
8.08
LOO
L8
L8
.45
.83
7.4
4.7
40.2
441
4L8
815
&8
14
12l1
7.0
16
.8
L6
1.8
.18
2.2
L7
LO
.5
.8
lai
Foreign
1.1
New York court of fsneial sea-
sions:
Native
78.7
Foreign
eo.0
New York county and supreme
courts:
Kative
77.8
Foreign
eai
Otal(^opoUce department:
14.8
FoTBign
Massachusetts penU institutions:
Native
0.8
1&5
Foreign ......r^..^......
&.5
Although the gainful offenses as a group form a larger proportion
of the crimes of natives than of immigrants in each set of data, the
rule, as seen from the above table, does not universally hold good with
re^rd to specific crimes belonmng to this group.
Blackmail and extortion in the records of the New York City ma^s-
trates' courts, the New York court of general sessions, the county
and supreme courts of New York State, and tJie police arrests of
Chicago, form larger proportions of immigrant criminality than they
do of native. The difference is especially noticeable in the figures of
the New York court of general sessions and of the county and supreme
courts of New York State. In the former blackmail and extortion
form 1.2 per cent of the crimes of foreign-bom and onlv 0.16 per cent
of those of native-bom offenders^ while in the latter tnese crimes are
1.4 per cent of the total criminahty of the foreign-bom and only 0.22
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Immigration and Crime.
41
per cent of that of the natiye-bom. The figures of the New York
City maristrates' courts and of the Chicago police arrests show only
slight differences in the relations of natives and immigrants to black-
mail and extortion.
Forgery and fraud, in the statistics of the New York court of general
sessions, form a slightly lai^er percentage of the total crimes of
immigrant than they do of the total crimes of native offenders, the
former being 3.7 per cent and the latter 3.5 per cent.
With these exceptions, the various gainful offenses are more com-
mon amon^ the cnmes of natives than among those of immigrants.
Burglary, larceny and receiving stolen property, and robbery form
in each of the five sets of data larger percentages of the total crimi-
nality of the native-bom than of the foreign-bom. Forgery and
fraud, except in the records of the New York court of generafsessions,
are relatively more frequent among the crimes of natives than amon^
those of immigrants. Blackmau and extortion alone belong pn-
marily to immigrant criminality.
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
The crimes composing the group of offenses of personal violence,
and the proportions which they bear to the total criminality oi
immigrants and natives, are shown for each of the five sets of data
in the following table:
Ta^lb 25. — OffeMM of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York (eUy and
Stale)t Chicago, and Massachusetts,
NUMBER.
«f 'w York Cit J magistrates' courts:
Native
Fortifli. *.
New York ooort of general ses-
sions:
Native.
Foreigii..
New York county and supreme
courts:
Native
Foreign
Chicago police d^artment:
Native
Foreign
Hassadiusetti penal institutions:
Native.
Foreign
Offenses of personal vtolenoe.
AU
offenses.
365,386
403,772
880
7,286
3,879
105,934
104,997
15,219
13, 101
Abduc-
tion and
kidni^
Ing.
146
248
Simple
assault.
8,864
9,720
Violent
assault
3,063
4,806
137
139
631
664
4,831
3,817
602
. 616
2,276
2,188
125
Homl-
cide.
1,738
1,856
72
110
1,816
1,293
19
87
Rape.
482
611
116
63
600
Total
13
866
873
9,104
7,720
79340*— VOL 86—11-
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42
Toe ImmigratioQ Cxwhwwmoju
Tablb 2S.^0ff<nm» of penonaL vMtnie e omp a n d wUk aO, ogei^MtM: New T<wk(eUffamd
StaU), Chicago, and Mai9aehu$ett9— Continued.
PBB CENT OF ALL OFFENBSa
Onammoipm
tsoml
rWaieB.
AH
oOenet.
Abdoo-
tkmaod
kidnap-
taC-
atopte
Vlokitt
aoMolt.
Hood,
ekle.
R^.
Total.
NcwTorkCttymacbtntai'coarts:
Nsttre..
lOQLO
i«to
loao
loao
lOQLO
loai
loo.n
loao
loao
loao
ao4
.06
.0
.6
.s
.9
.04
.05
.00
.00
2.4
2.4
as
L2
1.2
2.1
.2
1.0
as
.5
LI
2.7
LO
2.8
.9
L2
.1
.3
ai3
.13
.S3
LS2
LfiS
La2
.31
.u
.05
.04
S.9
4.3
New Yodi court of geaenl so-
tkMm
NatiT*.
1
1
LS.8
a?
17.1
2.2 1
3.0
4.7
12.8
v<»fifff
20l8
Hew Yofi: eoimtj and npreme
eourtK
NadT*.
1L7
Fonlf"
23.8
NatiTC
4.8
V'^'Yff"
7.4
MMwafhiiwtta penaJ insdtutkxiS:
Nadve.
4.3
I'orflcn ...
ao
The instances in which the relation of immigrant and native
offenders to specific crimes differs from their relation to the group
of offenses of personal violence are very few. In only two cases
is the percentage of the foreign-bom less than that of the native-
bom. Abduction and kidnaping form 0.6 per cent of the total crimes
of native-bom offenders appearing in the records of the New York
court of general sessions, wnile they compose only 0.5 per cent of tiie
crimes of foreign-bom offenders. Rape is the crime for which 0.05
per cent of the native-bom offenders were committed to Massachusetts
{orisons, while only 0.04 per cent of the foreign-bom were committed
or that offense. In addition to these two cases in which offenses of
personal violence form larger percentages of the criminaUty of natives
than of that of immi^ants, tnere are three others in which the per-
centages of the two classes of offenders are the same. These three are
all found in the statistics of the New York City magistrate' courts: —
simple assault composes 2.4 per cent of all the crimes of inmiigrant
offenders and the same percentage of all the crimes of native offend-
ers; homicide forms 0.5 per cent of the total crime of each; and
rape 0.13 per cent.
The preceding table shows, however, that assault (both simple and
violent) and homicide in no case form smaller percentages of immi-
grant crime than of native, and that with the exception of simple
assault and homicide in the New York City magistrates' courts they
form larger proportions of immigrant than of native crime. Abduc-
tion and kidnaping, except in the case of the New York court of
general sessions, is relatively more frequent among the crimes of
foreign-bom than of native-born offenders, while rape, with the
exception of its slightly greater percentage of the crimes of natives
in Massachusetts, and its equal percentage in the New York City
magistrates' courts, occupies a more prominent place in the criminality
of immigrants than in that of natives.
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43
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
Offences against public policy are so diverse in nature in various
sections of tne country that this group of offenses is very dissimilar
for the five sets of data. The crimes recorded in the records of the
city magistrates' courts of New York and in the police records of
Qiicago have a greater comparability than those found in any of
the other sets of data. A few offenses, however, and these the
most important of the group, can be contrasted in various of the
different collections of cnminal statistics. The crimes lending them-
selves to this comparison, and the proportions which they form of
immigrant and nonimmigrant criminaUty are shown in Table 34.
Tabus 26. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New York (city and
State), Chicago t and Massachusetts.
NUMBER.
AU of-
fenses.
Oflenses against public policy.
Disor-
derly
conduct
Pronk-
Gftm-
Ing.
Va.
grancy.
Violation
of city or-
All
other.
TotaL
New York City magis-
trates' courts:
Native ,
Foreign
New YorK court of general
sessions:
NaUve
Foreign.
New York county and su-
preme courts:
Native
Foreign..
Chlca^ poUce department:
Foreign
Massachusetts penal insti-
tutions:
Native
Foreign
365,386
402,772
1,326
7,286
3,879
195,934
104,997
15,219
13,101
123,809
102,742
123,680
110,097
17,549
15,680
23,976
87,615
109,129
62,433
366
446
9,698
9,083
127
49
13,831
4,157
2,040
438
405
12,000
10,725
21,407
39,771
7,628
3,883
786
681
810,321
355,905
89
82
500
144,828
81,630
11,493
10,587
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES
New York City magis-
trates' courts:
Native
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.9
25.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
55.7
50.5
2.4
3.4
33.8
27.3
.0
.0
. .0
.0
.0
.0
63.7
69.3
0.0
.0
2.6
3.5
1.7
1.3
7.1
4.0
.3
.2
4.8
8.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.4
3.9
3.1
&6
2L8
.0
.0
.0
.0
6.1
]a2
.0
.0
84.0
Foreign
88.4
New York court of general
sessions:
Native
6w7
FcHvign
9 8
New York county and su-
preme courts:
Native
7.0
Foreign
Chicago police department:
12.5
73.8
Foreign
Massachusetts penal insti-
tutions:
Native
77.8
76.5
Foreign
80.9
This table clearly brings out the fact that although the group of
offenses against public policy forms in each of the five sets of data
a larger part of the total criminality of immigrant than of native
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44 The Immigration G>mmission.
oflfenders, no such condition exists with regard to the various specific
offenses forming the group. Figures regarding the five pnenses
selected for analysis are not to Be had for eacn set of data, and
an element of mcompleteness thus enters into the comparison.
The ^eatest value of tJie figures is, perhaps, the comparison of
the cities of New York and Chicago which they render possible.
Disorderly conduct, which in New York composes 33.9 per cent
of all the offenses of the native-bom and 25.5 per cent of the of-
fenses of the foreign-bom, forms in Chicago 55.7 per cent of the
nonimmigrant crimmality and 59.5 per cent of the inmiigrant. In
Massachusetts this offense was the cause of 2.4 per ecnt of the com-
mitments of the native-bom and 3.4 per cent of those of the foreign-
bom.
Dmnkenness is not found in the Chicago records, being probably
included under disorderly conduct. No comparison can therefore he
made with New York, where dmnkenness forms 33.8 per cent of the
total offenses of the native-bom and only 27.3 per cent of those of
the foreign-bom. In Massachusetts, however, drunkenness com-
poses a larger proportion of the crimes of the iforeign-bom than of
those of the native-bom, being 69.3 per cent of the former and 63.7
per cent of the latter.
Gaming, or gambling, appears as a distinct crime in the figures
of the New York court of general sessions, the county and supreme
courts of New York State, the police arrests of Chicago, and the
commitments to Massachusetts prisons. In the latter mree sets of
data the percentages of this crime are larger among the native-bom
than among the foreign-bom. In the records of the New York court
of general sessions alone gambling forms a smaller proportion of the
total crimes of native-bom offenders.
Vagrancy (with which tmancy and incorrigibiUty have been
included) appears in the statistics of the New YorK City magis-
trates' courts, the poUce arrests of Chicago, and the Massachusetts
commitments to penal institutions. In each of these the percentage
of vagrancy cases is greater among the native-bom than among me
foreign-bom.
The violation of city ordinances is found only in the figures of
the New York City magistrates' courts and of the arrests of the Chicago
police. In the former such violations form 6.6 per cent of the crimes
of native-bom offenders and 21.8 per cent of those of foreign-bora
offenders. In the latter they compose 6.1 per cent of the total
offenses of the native-bom and 10.2 per cent of those of the foreim-
bom. They thus form approximately the same proportion of 5ie
total criminality of nonimmigrant offenders in the two cities, while
tiiey comprise more than twice as large a proportion of the total
criminality of the foreign-bom in New York as in Chicago. In
both cities the above table shows them to be considerably more
common among the offenses of immigrants than among those of
natives.
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ImmigraticMi and Crime.
45
OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY.
Of the various offenses against chastity, it is proposed to com-
Eare immigrants and natives only with respect to those which have
een designated "crimes of prostitution. These include all of-
fenses connected in any way with prostitution, such as prostitutioa
itself, the keeping of or residingin disorderly nouses, acting as pro-
curer, solicitor, or pimp, etc. The part which such crimes play in
the total criminaUty of immigrants and natives is shown in the
following table:
Table 27. — Offoinu against duutita^ compared with all offenses: New York (city and
State)^ Chicago, and Massachtisetts.
NUMBEB.
AU
offenses.
Offenses against chastity.
Crimes
of prosti-
tution
Another.
TotaL
New York Qty magistntei' ooortK
Native
366,386
402,772
1,326
880
7,286
3,879
195,034
104,907
15,219
13,101
1,356
2,156
710
824
9
6
135
72
1,810
993
331
278
2,066
2,980
' 9
Foreign
New York court of general sessioiis:
Native
Foreign
5
New York oonnty and supreme courts:
Native
135
Foreign
72
ChicB^ pbUce department:
8,702
2,441
74
82
10 012
Foreign
8,434
405
Massachusetts poial Institutions:
NaUve....n7r.
Foreign .....x.
360
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
New York City magistrates' courts:
Native
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.4
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.4
2.3
.6
.6
0.6
Foreign...... ^^ ^^ ^ x ^^.x .
7
New Yori court of general sessions:
Native
7
Foreign
.6
New Yoik county and supreme courts:
Native .V.
1.9
Foreign
L9
Chica^ police department:
5.1
Foreign ,
3 3
ICassacbosetts penal institutions: '
Native
2.7
Foreign
2.7
Although offenses against chastity form a larger proportion of the
total crimes of immigrants than of those of natives in the statistics of
the New York City magistrates' courts alone, crimes of prostitution
are more prevalent among the crimes of immigrants not only in these
same statistics, but also in those of the commitments to Massachusetts
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46 The Immigration Commission*
penal institutions. In the New York figures the native percentage
of crimes of prostitution is 0.4 per cent and the foreign is 0.6 per cent.
In the Massachusetts figures the native percentage is 0.5 per cent and
the foreign 0.6 per cent. The police arrests of Chicago, which show
a larger proportion of oflFenses against chastity than any other set of
data, also show a larger percentage of crimes of prostitution. These
crimes in Chicago form 4.4 per cent of the total criminaUty of native-
bom offenders and only 2.3 per cent of that of foreign-bom offenders.
In the figures of the New York court of general sessions offenses
against chastity are slightly more conmion among native than among
immigrant crimes, and in the county and supreme courts of New
York State the percentage of both classes of offenders is the same
with regard to onenses against chastity. No separation of crimes of
prostitution has been made in either of these two sets of data.
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Chapteb v.
THE GOLOB FACTOB HT THE HATIVE OBOXJP.
In the foregoing analysis all American-born offenders have been
grouped together in each of the sets of data and this total compared
with the group of immigrant offenders as a whole. Such a grouping
of the native-bom, however, is subject to the criticism that it does
not produce a true comparative standard, in that whites and negroes
are classed together. To separate the white from the ne^o m an
analysis of this character produces a more accurate standard oy which
to measure the character of immigrant criminaUty. For it is the
white American criminal with whom the iipmigrant offender properly
should be compared.
Of the five sets of data upon which tUs analysis of immigrant and
native criminality is based, out two admit of such separation of white
and negro offenders of native birth: in the other three it is impossible
to make anv color distinction. Tne two sets of data in which this
division of the native-born can be made are those of convictions in the
New York court of general sessions and of arrests by the Chicago
police. Making such a division for these, the number of cases falling
m each group is as follows:
New York court of general sessioDB — Convictions:
Native-bom —
White 1,079
Negro.. 218
Incuan 1
Race unknown 28
Total. 1,326
Foreign-bom '. 880
Aggregate 2,206
Ghica«;o police arrests:
Native-bom —
White 171,120
Negro 24,814
Total 195,934
Foreign-bom 104,997
Aggregate 300, 931
It will be observed that in the statistics from the court of general
sessions 1 Indian and 28 native-bom persons of unknown race appear.
In distinguishing between white and negro offenders, these 29 cases
must be omitted, although they are retained in the totak of the native-
bom offenders employed in the preceding section. The result of this
inclusion is that in the following tables the total native-bom group is
greater in numbers than the native white group plus the native negro
group.
47
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
48
The Immigration Commission.
Employing tluQ classification of crimes used in the comparison of
immigrant and native criminality already made, the 2,206 convictions
of the New York court of general sessions and the 300,931 arrests of
the Chicago police have been tabulated by crimes and divisions of
general nativity and color, as follows:
Table 28. — DutrUmtion of crimes of white and negro native-born: New York court of
gtnind eesnone and Chicago police arreste.
New York court of general sessions.
Offense.
Native.
Foreign.
Native.
Foreign.
White.
Negro.
Total
White.
Negro.
TotaL
ddn^i oflniaee
868
1S2
1,048
689
25^244
8,880
29,074
10^816
BlaokmaU and extoraon
1
660
16
114
""14
3
•0
6
63
2
813
46
662
21
170
11
146
33
388
11
183
BurgJftry. . X .
6^038
3,399
13,735
3,047
7,609
705
206
2,643
376
1,696
6»743
3,606
16,278
3:422
9,104
1,231
iIjio
6,751
1,000
Forgiary'diid fraud
Laroeny and reoeiving stolen
bSSS^:;:::;:::;:::::::;:
OflenaesofpenoaalTiolenoe
7,720
Abdootion and kidiiai>lng... .
Assanlt, simple
9
76
46
6
1
12
8
137
14
11
89
4
189
24
16
82
76
/ 3,881
\ 1,721
1,316
516
127,313
6
460
665
17,216
82
4,331
2,276
1,816
600
144,628
54
3,817
Assault violent
2^188
Homldde
t2»3
Rape
868
81,636
Dlsorderiy conduct.
96,614
11,608
1 867
10,974
1,TO6
100,129
13,831
2,040
12; 000
62,433
Oamtns. .'
si
3
34
31
^157
Vamuicy .
438
Violation of d^ or<iini^n(^^
10,726
AUotlier .'
44
7
9
2
66
9
61
6
Offenses nf^i^^t chastity
8,134
1,878
10,012
3,434
" ^ •••...
7,077
1,067
1,626
263
6,708
3,216
2,441
Another
993
Undassiflfld offenses. . . .
16
16
21
1,801
Total
1,07»
219
1,326
880
171,120
24,814
196,934
104,907
Applying fo these figures the method of analysis followed in the
preceding section, the difference between white and negro criminality
may be shown.
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Immigmtion and Crime.
49
OLASBES OF 0BIME8.
The four classes of crime to which analysis is confined form the fol-
lowing percentages of the total offenses of each nativi ty and color
group of offenders:
Tablb 29. — CUuies ofervmu ofwUU and negro nathe-hom: Niw York eawrt ofgeMnl
tesnoru and Chicago police arreiU,
NUHBEI^
Total.
Oalnftil
oflbnses.
Offenses
of
personal
violenee.
Offleniss
against
pahUo
policy.
Offenses
against
ohastlty.
Unelasri-
fled
offenses.
N«w York oourt of geoenl Mntoni:
Native-
White
1,079
210
818
162
114
53
75
12
7
2
U
Nflgro ».»-.». »T»rTT
Total
Foreign
1,326
880
1,048
580
170
183
80
82
5
15
21
Chioyop^ce amsts:
White
m,120
24,814
25,244
3;830
7,600
1,505
127,313
17,215
8,134
i;878
2,920
}}£gro
Total
195,034
104,007
20,074
10,316
0,104
7,720
144,528
81,636
10,012
8,434
3,216
1,891
PER CEI
^T OF T
OTAL N
CXMBBR.
New York court of general sessions:
NatiTfr-
White
100.0
100.0
80.4
60.4
ia5
24.2
6.0
6.5
0.6
.0
l^egio
Total
100.0
100.0
78.7
66.0
12.8
20.8
6.7
0.3
.7
.6
liaitlvS-
White
100.0
160.0
14.8
15.4
4.4
6.4
74.4
60.4
4.8
7.6
Negro
Total
100.0
loao
14.8
0.8
4.6
7.4
73.8
77.8
5.1
8.8
Foreira..
This table brings out some striking differences in the character of
native white and negro criminality. In the figures for the court of
general sessions the gainful offenses form a larger proportion of the
total crimes of the native whites than of the total crimes of the
native-bom negroes, their percentage of the former being 80.4 and of
the latter only 69.4. As they constitute onlv 66.9 per cent of all
offenses of the foreign-born and 78.7 per cent or those ot the combined
native-bom group, the relative frequency of these crimes is less
among fopwgn-born offenders than among the native-bom either con-
siderM as a homogeneous group or separated into its white and negro
elements. In the Chicago figures the native-white percentage of the
gainful offenses is the same as that of the undivided native-born
group, 14.8 per cent, although it is less than that of the native-born
n^roes, 16.4 j>er cent. Here, as in the case of the data of the court
of general sessions, the proportion of the gainful offenses of the total
crimes of the foreign-bom, which is only 9.8 per cent, is less than
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50 The Immigraticm Commission.
that of either of the color divisions of the native-bom group, and
consequently less than that of the combination of these two ^oups.
Offenses of personal violence form, in the statistics fumishea by
both of the sources here employed, smaller percentages of the crim-
inality of the native whites than of that of the native-born negroes.
In the cases recorded by the court of general sessions they constitute
10.5 per cent of native white crimes and 24.2 per cent, or more than
twice as large a proportion, of the crimes of American negroes, while
of the arrests made by the Chicago police, 4.4 per cent of those of
white Americans were for these crimes and 6.4 per cent of those of
native-born negroes. Both the court of general sessions and the
Chicago poUce figures show the percentage of the combined native-
born group to be slightly larger than the native white percentage,
although smaller than that of the native negroes. The data from the
court of general sessions show a larger percentage of offenses of per-
sonal violence among the crimes of the foreign-bom than among those
of the native whites or of the native whites and negroes combined, but
a smaller percentage than that of the native negroes considered sepa-
rately. In the Chicago figures, however, the foreign-born percentage
not only exceeds that of tne native whites and the combined native-
born group but even that of the native negroes.
The group of offenses against pubUc poUcy forms, in each of the
sets of data under consideration, a larger proportion of the crimes of
the white Americans than of those of the native whites and negroes
combined or of the latter taken alone. This similarity in the figures
from these two distinct sources is the more striking because of the
wide difference in the part which such offenses play in their totals.
Of the crimes of all native-born offenders appearmg in the records of
the court of general sessions, 6.7 per cent are of this nature, while of
the white division of the native-born they form 6.9 per cent and of the
negro 5.5 per cent of all crimes. Of the arrests of all native-bom
offenders in Chicago, 73.8 per cent were for offenses against public
pohcy and of those of native whites 74.4 per cent, while but 69.4 per
cent of the arrests of American negroes were made upon such charges.
In both series of figures the percentage which these offenses form of
the crimes of immigrant offenders exceeds that which they form of the
crimes of the native-bom considered either without regard to color or
computed for the distinct divisions of white and negro offenders.
The percentage which offenses against chastity torm of the total
crimes of native white offenders is less^ in each of the two sets of data,
than that which they form of the cnmes of the total native group.
The figures of convictions in the court of general sessions show that
such offenses comprise 0.6 per cent of the crimes of the native whites
as compared with 0.9 per cent of those of the native negroes and 0.7
per cent of the total offenses of all native-bom offenders, while the
figures of the Chicago arrests give the proportion which offenses
against chastity form of the crimes of white Americans as 4.8 per
cent, that which they form of the crimes of American negroes as 7.6
per cent, and of the crimes of all native-bom offenders as 5.1 per
cent. With regard to the Chicago figures, the percentage of the
foreign-bom, 3.3 per cent, is not only less than that of the total
natfve-born, which is 5.1 per cent, but even less than the percentages
of the native white and negro groups considered separately, the ror-
mer being 4.8 per cent and the latter 7.6 per cent.
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Immigration and Crime.
61
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
A brief survey of the relations of white and negro native-bom
offenders to various specific crimes may also be made. Inasmuch as
for puiposes of comparison of the imminant group with the native
whitC; it will be sufficient to point out those instances in which the
percentage of the latter differs markedly h'om that of the combined
white and negro native group, which forms the basis of comparison
in the precedmg section, no detailed exposition of the figures need be
made.
Tabls 30. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses of white and negro nativ&'hom:
New York covrt of general sessions and Chicago police arrests.
NUMBER.
An
oilenses.
OalnM offenses.
BurglaBy.
Extor-
tion.
Forgei-y
and
Iraud.
Larceny
and re-
ceiving
stolen,
property.
Robbery.
TotaL
New York court of general ses-
sions:
Nativ*-
Wblte
1,079
219
259
54
1
'"i
42
3
5S0
9a
16
5
868
Negro. ..••.••••••••...••. .
152
Total
1,826
sao
822
146
2
11
46
33
652
388
21
11
1,043
560
Foreign.
CtiSa^ police arrests:
White
171,120
24,814
5,038
705
25
1
3,399
206
13,735
2,543
8,047
375
25,244
8,830
Necro
Total
195,934
104,997
5,743
1,231
26
15
8,605
1,319
16,278
6,751
3,422
1,000
29,074
10,316
Fofeign.
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
New York ooort of general ses-
sions:
Native-
White
100.0
100.0
24.0
24.7
0.09
.00
8.8
L4
51.0
41.1
1.5
2.3
80.4
Negro
70.0
Total
100.0
100.0
24.3
16.6
.15
1.3
3.5
3.8
40.2
44.1
1.6
L3
78.7
Foreien.
66.9
ChSoa^ police arrests:
White
100.0
100.0
2.9
2.8
.018
.0004
2.0
.8
8.0
10.2
L8
L5
14.8
Negro
15.4
Total
100.0
100.0
2.9
L2
.013
.014
1.8
1.3
8.3
6.4
L7
1.0
14.8
Foreign. •....
9.8
Of the offenses classified as gainful, shown in the above table,
four comprise larger percentages of native white crimes than of the
crimes or the total native-bom group. Two of these — ^f orrery and
fraud, and larceny and receiving stolen property — are found in the
court of general sessions data. The former compose 3.5 per cent
of the crimes of native white and negro offenders combined and 3.8
per cent of those of the-native whites alone. The latter form 49.2
per cenj) of ihe crimes of the combined native-born group and 51
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62
The Immigration Commissioiu
S3r cent of those of the native whites considered as a separate group,
f the gainful offenses for which arrests were made in Chicago, forgery
and fraud and robbery are the ones which occupy lai^r places in
native white criminality than in the criminality of the totai native-
born grouj). The combined white and negro percenta^ of foi^ry
and fraud is 1.8 per cent and the native white alone is 2 i)er cent.
Arrests for robbery form 1.7 per cent of the arrests of ail naUve-boni
persons and 1.8 per cent of those of native-bom whites.
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
The distribution of the several offenses of personal violence is
shown in the following table:
Table 31. — OffeMes of personal violence comvared with all offenses of white and negro
native-bom: New York cowrt ofgtneral sessions and Chicago police atreitt,
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Offenses of personal Tlolance.
Abduc-
tion and
kidnap-
ing
Simple
assault.
violent
assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
TotaL
New York oourt of general ses-
•ions:
NaUve-
White
1,079
219
» 7
t
10
8
6
9
1
114
Negro...
46
53
Total
1,326
880
8
4
137
139
14
24
11
16
170
Foreign
183
Cbica^ police arrests:
White
171,120
24,814
76
6
3,881
480
1,721
556
1,315
500
616
84
7,809
Negro
1,595
Total
195,934
104,997
82
54
4,331
3,817
2,276
2,188
1,815
1,293
600
368
9,104
7,730
Foreign.
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
New York oourt of general ses-
sions:
Native-
White
100.0
100.0
0.6
.0
(
A
0.7
2.7
0.8
.5
10.6
Negro....
21.0
24.2
Total
100.0
100.0
.6
.5
10.3
15.8
1.1
2.7
.8
t.8
12.8
Foreign
20.8
Chicago police arrests:
Native-
White
100.0
100.0
.04
.02
Z3
L8
1.0
2.2
.8
2.0
.80
.34
4.4
Negro
6 4
Total
100.0
100.0
.04
.05
2.2
3.6
1.2
2.1
.9
L2
.31
.85
4.6
Foreign.
7 4
With regard to the various offenses of personal violence, it is
notable that but one instance appears in which such an offense
forms a larger proportion of the cruninahty of native white offenders
than of that or the combined white and negro group of the native-
bom. This is si^QQ^le assault in the figures showing arrests by the
Chicago police. Tnis crime forms 2.2 per cent of all crimes of all
native-born persons and 2.3 per cent or tiiose of the white persons
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Immigration and Crime.
63
of native birth. As 3.6 per cent of the arrests of foreign-bom per-
sons were for simple assault, the native white percentage, as wefl as
the percentage ox the total native group, is less than that of the
immigrant ^up.
In four mstances in which the inamigrant percentage exceeds
that of the total native-bom group it is less than ihe native negro
percentage considered alone.
The court of general sessions figures show that the crime of assault
constitutes 16.8 per cent of the total criminaUty of the foreign-bom
and only 10.3 per cent of that of the aggregate native-bom. Of
the crimes of the native-bom negroes however, it forms 21 per cent.
Homicide in Uie Q^res from the same source caused 2.7 per cent
of the convictions of inmiifflrant offenders and only 1.1 per cent of
those of all native-bom offenders. Of the convictions of native-
bom negroes 2.7 per cent were for this crime.
Of the arrests of foreim-bom persons in Chicago 2.1 per cent
were for violent assault, wnile only 1.2 per cent of those of all native-
bom persons were for this crime. The percentage, however, of the
native negro group exceeds that of the foreign-bom, being 2.2 per
cent.
Homicide is, in Chicago, a relatively less frecjuent cause of arrests
of immigrants than of natives, as it is of convictions in the New York
court of general sessions. It is the chai]ge upon which 1.2 per cent
of all immigrant offenders were arrested in Chicago, and 0.9 per cent
of all native-born offenders. Yet in the Chicago poUce records, as
in those of the New York court of general sessions, the native negro
percentage of homicide is greater than the foreign-bom, the Chicago
figures showing it to be 2 per cent as compared with the immigrant
percentage of 1.2.
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLIOT.
Offenses against public policy are found in the groups of offenders
considered in this cnapter as shown in the following table:
Table 32. — Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses of white and negro
naiiverhom: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests.
NUMBER.
AU
offenses.
Offenses against pabUo policy.
Disor-
derly
oondoct.
Gaming.
Vagran.
oy.
Viola-
tion of
cityordi-
nanoes.
Total.
New Tork ooart of general sessfons:
Natire-
White
1,079
219
31
3
75
Negro
12
Total
l,32fi
880
34
89
Foreign....
82
GhtaMopoUoe afreets:
* v5^
in, 120
24.814
96,«14
12,€1A
11,606
2,283
1,867
188
10,974
ilooe
127,318
Hegro
17,215
Total
196,934
104,997
109,129
02,433
13,831
iW7
2,040
438
12,000
10,725
144,538
81,630
romfam .,.„,..
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54
The Inunigradon CoininissitMi.
AU
offenses.
Offenses against pnbllo polky.
Disor-
conduct.
Gaming.
Vagran-
cy.
Viola-
tion of
oHy ordl-
nanoes.
TotaL
N«w York oourt of general sessions:
Native-
White
100.0
100.0
%9
1.4
&9
Negro
&5
Total
100.0
100.0
2.6
3.5
6.7
Foreijni
9.3
Ghicw) polioe arrests:
Whita.
100.0
100.0
56.5
50.4
6.8
9.0
1.1
.7
0.4
4.1
74.4
Negro
69.4
Total
100.0
loao
55.7
59.5
7.1
4.0
1.0
.4
6.1
ia2
73.8
Foreign
77.8
Tablb 32. — Offerues (wainst public policy compared with all offenses of wkUe and negrQ \
native-born: New York court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests-^Contd.
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
In four of the five series of figures here shown, the native white
percentage is greater than the percentage of the combined group of
white and negro native offenders.
Gaming, the only offense appearing in the data from the New York
court of general sessions, forms 2.6 per cent of the crimes of all native-
born offenders and 2.9 pej cent of those of the white division of this
group..
Disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and the violation of city ordinances
are shown oy the Chicago figures to be relatively more frequent
causes of arrest of native white persons than of native whites and
negroes combined.
Disorderly conduct was the charge upon which 55.7 per cent of
the arrests of all native-bom persons were made and 56.5 per cent of
those of native whites alone.
Vagrancy caused 1 per cent of the arrests of all native-bom persons
and 1.1 per cent of those of the white portion of that group or offen-
ders.
Violation of city ordinances furnished 6.1 per cent of all offenses
of the ag^egate native group and 6.4 per cent of the crimes of the
native wmtes considered as a distinct group.
In none of these cases, however, is the native white percentage
less than the immigrant where the total native percentage is greater
than the latter, nor greater where the percentage of the aggregate
native group is less. And in no case where the total native percent-
age is less tnan the foreign does the native negro exceed the latter.
OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY.
The only crimes singled out of the group of offenses against chastity
are those of prostitution. These appear in sufficient numbers for
satisfactory analysis only in the data nrom the Chicago police depart-
ment.
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Immigration and Crime.
55
Tablb 33. — Offenses against duutUy compared with all offenses of uhite and negro
native-bom: Chicago police arrests,
NUMBER.
AH
offenses.
Offenses against chastity.
Crimes
ofproe-
Utation.
AU
other.
TotaL
ChSouSo police ftrresta:
White
171,120
24,814
7, on
1,625
1,057
253
8,184
Negro
tm
Total
195,934
104,997
8,702
2,441
1,310
993
10,012
Foreien •
8;434
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Qkicuo police arrests:
White
loao
loao
4.1
6.5
4.8
Negro
7.6
Total
100.0
100.0
4.4
2.8
5.1
Foreign T^,,-.-r*»«.
8.8
This table shows that crimes of prostitution occur with slightly less
relative frequency among the oflFenses of the native white than among
those of the total group of the native-bom. They constitute 4.1
per cent of the former and 4.4 per cent of the latter. Their percent-
age of native negro crimes, 6.5, is considerably in excess of that of the
combined white and negro group. As the immigrant percentage is
2.3, it is 'exceeded not only by that of the aggregate native group,
but also by the percentages of the separate native white and negro
groups.
This analysis shows that while the elimination of the negro from the
native group affects slightly some features of the criminality of the
American-bom, it does not materially change the relations of the
aggregate native and immigrant groups.
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Chapter VI.
THE PAREITTAOE FAGTOB IS THE HATIVE OBOXJP.
Int(j the group of native-born oflFenders there majr enter immigrant
ethnic factors, modifying the character of its criminaHty. Man^
of the native-born are doubtless of foreign parentage, and the crimi-
naUty of this group is thus affected by unmigration and falls some-
what short of a true comparative standard by which to measure the
nature of immigrant crime. If these American-bom persons of for-
eign parentage can be separated from those of native parentage,
comparison can be made of the criminality of immigrants, native-
bom children of immigrants, and native-born persons of nonimmi-
grant parentage. Of the 2,206 convictions recorded in the New York
court of general sessions and the 28,320 commitments to Massachu-
setts penal institutions such a separation is possible.
In the following table the crimes of the nativity and parentage
groups of offenders are shown, classified as in preceding sections of
this report.
Table 34. — DistribiUion of crimes y by nativity and parentaae of offender: New York
court of general sessions and Massajchusetts penal institutions.
New York court of general
sessions.
Massachusetts penal institutions.
Offense.
Native-
bom of
native
father.
Native-
bom of
foreign
father.
Total
native-
bora.
Foreign-
bora.
Native-
bora of
native
father.
Native-
born of
foreign
father.
Total
native-
born.*
Foreign-
bom.
Oalnfiil offen?wi ,...
483
560
1,043
589
1,090
1,216
2,361
1,119
Blackmail and extortion
1
140
25
302
15
02
1
182
21
350
6
78
2
322
46
652
21
170
11
146
33
888
11
183
1
171
43
839
36
278
25
959
44
378
1
872
69
1,836
83
667
Burglary
126
Forgery and fraud
43
Larceny and receiving stolen
property
915
Roboery
35
dfenses of personal violence
783
Abduction and kidnaping...
Assault, simple
3
4
48
5
60
6
7
41
8
137
14
11
89
4
139
24
82
; 249
^ If
6
3,596
352
17
8
1
7,835
602
29
19
7
11,493
616
Assauitl violent
125
Homicide
37
Rape
5
Offenses against public policy
10,597
Disorderly conduct
131
2,828
23
231
385
208
232
6,833
23
367
390
198
366
9,698
46
698
785
405
446
Drankenness '
9,083
Gaming i 17
Vagrancy '
17
34
31
32
405
Allother i --
C3I
OfPftnses against chastity
5
4
9
5
360
Crimes of prostitution
41
162
119
33
165
183
74
331
303
82
Allother
278
Unclassified offenses. ............
4
U
15
21
242
Total
632
694
1,326
880
5,288
9,810
15,219
13, 101
a Includes 121 native-bora persons not reporting parentage.
79340**— VOL 36—11 6
67
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By paralleling the comparison made of immigrant and native
criminality in Chapter IV, the eflFect of the children of immigrants
upon the native group may be determined for these two sets oi data.
CLASSES OF CRIME.
The four classes of crime employed in the analysis form the follow-
ing proportions of the criminality of the native-bom of native father,
the native-born of foreign father, the aggregate native-bom, and
the foreign-born:
Tablb 35. — Classes of crimes j hy nativity and parentage of offender: New York court of
general sessions and Massachtisetts penal institutions.
NUMBER.
Total.
Gainful
offenses.
Offenses
of
violence.
Offenses
against
public
policy.
Offenses
against
chasUty.
Unclas-
sified
offenses.
New York ooort of general sessions:
Natlvo-boni of native father
632
604
4S3
560
02
78
48
41
5
4
4
11
TotaJ nEtl TO-bom
1,326
880
1.043
589
170
183
89
82
9
5
16
Total foreiffn-bom
21
Mftssachuaetts penal institutions:
NatiTe-boraofnati\*e father
5.2S8
9,810
1,090
1,216
278
378
3,508
7,835
ao3
198
11»
NatlTe-bom of foreign father
183
Total natiw^bom
15,219
13. 101
2.361
1,110
657
783
11,403
10,597
405
360
303
Total foreinh'bom. .................
242
PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER.
New York court of general sessions:
Native-bom of native father
100.0
100.0
76.4
80.7
14-6
11.2
7.6
5.0
as
.6
Natiye-bom of foreign father...,
Total native-bom ... . »
100.
100.0
78.7
66.9
12,8
20.8
6.7
0.3
.7
.6
Total forpign-bora
*
Massachosetts penal insUtutions:
Native-bom of native father
100.0
100.0
20.6
12.4
5.3
3.9
68.0
79.9
3.8
2.0
Nativie-born of foi\}ign father.
Total nativ<f»-N>m
100.0
100.0
15.5
8.5
4.3
6.0
75.5
8ao
2.7
X7
Total forpign-bom ,
Prom this table it is evident that the criminality of the American-
bom children of immigrants is indeed different in character from that
of the native-born of native father and from that of the foreign-bom.
Yet this difference does not appear to follow a constant law in the
two sets of data shown above.
^ The gainful offenses are shown by the records of convictions in the
New York court of general sessions to form a lai^er proportion of
the crimes of the second generation than of those of the native-bom
of native father, of the former comprisin£: S0.7 per cent and of the
latter 76.4 per cent. The percentage of the latter group is therefore
less than that of the combmed native group, which is 78.7. As the
percentage of the foreign-bom is only 66.9, it is less than either that
of the native-bom of native father or that of the native-bom of
foreign father. ^
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Immigration and Crime. 59
The records of the commitments to Massachusetts penal institu-
tions show the gainful offenses to form a smaller percentage of the
crim^ of the native-bom of foreign father than of those of the native-
bom of native father. Of the fomier they comprise 12.4 per cent and
of the latter 20.6 per cent. Their percentage of the latter is therefore
larger than of the crimes of the aggregate native group, which is 15.5,
while their percentage of the crimes of the native-oom of foreign
father is smaller. Their percentage of the crimes of the foreign-born,
however, being 8.5, is least of all.
The offenses of personal violence form, in both sets of data pre-
sented, a smaller proportion of the crimes of the American -born of
foreign father than of those of any of the other groups. The data
from the New York court of general sessions give the percentage
relation between these offenses and the total crimes of the native-
born of foreign father as 11 2, of those of the native-born of native
father as 14.6; while the data from the penal institutions of Massa-
chusetts rive their percentage of the former as 3.9 and of the latter
as 5.3. The percentage of the aggregate native group is therefore
in each case greater than that of the native-bom of foreign father and
less than that of the native-born of native father, being in the court
of general sessions data 12.8 and in the figures from the Massachu-
setts penal institutions 4.3. As the percentage of the foreign-bom
is in the court of general sessions figures 20.8 and in Massachusetts
figures 6, it is in tne former case greater than that of the combined
native-bom group and of each of the two parentage divisions thereof,
while in the latter it is greater than the percentages of the acjgregate
native-bom and of the native-bom of foreign father, but slightly less
than the percentage of the native-born of native father.
The percentage which offenses against public policy form of the
crimes of the native group of foreign parentage is, in the figures from
the court of general sessions less, being 5.9, than that which they form
of the total onenses of the group of native-bom persons of native parent-
age, which is 7.6. The Massachusetts figures, however, show a reversal
in the relation of these two groups of offenders, the percentage of the
native-bom of foreign father being 79.9, and of the native-bom of
native father 68. Tnis makes the aggregate native percentage in the
court of general sessions records, where it is 6.7, greater than that of
the foreign-parentage division of the native group and less than that
of the native-parentage division.
In the Massachusetts figures the relation of the aggregate native
group, whose percentage is 75.5, to its two component divisions is
reversed. In each of these two sets of data the percentage of the
foreign-bom is greater than that of the total native group and also
greater than the percentage of each of the parentage divisions of the
native group, being in the former case 9.3 and in the latter 80.9.
Offenses against chastity are similarly related to the total crimi-
nality of the native-born of native and foreign father in the two sets
of data. The figures from the court of general sessions give the percent-
age of the native-born of foreign father as 0.6, while that of the native-
bom of native father is 0.8. The former percentage is thusless than that
of the aggregate native group (which is 0.7) while the latter is greater.
Of the crimes of the foreign-oorn, offenses against chastity form 0.6
per cent, or the same percentage that they form of the crimes of the
native-bom of foreign father. The percentage of the native-bom of
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60
The Immigration Commission.
native father and the combined native group are both in excess of
this. The records of the Massachusetts penal institutions also show
offenses against chastity to occur with less relative frequency among
the crimes of the native-bom of foreign father, of whicK they form 2
per cent, than among those of either the native-born of native father,
of which they form 3.8 per cent, or those of the combined group of
native-bom, of which they compose 2.7 per cent. The foreign per-
centage, 2.7, is the same as that of the total native-bom, greater ttian
that of the native^-bom of foreign father, and less than that of the
native-bom of native father.
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
Having considered the four principal crime groups, those specific
offenses belonging to them which have been singled out for analysis
in preceding chapters may now well be examined.
All crimes composing the group of gainful offenses are shown in
the following table:
Table 36. — Gainful offenses compared nith all offenses y hy nativity and parentage of
offender: New York court of general sessions ana Massachusetts penal institutions.
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Gainful offenses.
Black-
mail and
extor-
tion.
Bui^
glary.
Forgery
and
fraud.
Larceny
and re-
ceiving
stolen
property.
Robbery.
TotaL
New York court of general ses-
sions:
Native-bom of native father. .
Native-bom of foreign fatlier. .
C32
604
1
1
140
182
25
21
302
350
15
6
483
560
Total native-bom
1,326
880
2
11
322 1 46
146 1 33
3HS
21
11
1.043
Total foreign-bora
580
1
Maasachusetto penal institutions:
Nalive-bom of native father. .
Native-bora of foreign father..
5,288
9,810
1
171
188
43
25
839
959
36
44
1,090
1,216
Total native-bora
15.219
13, 101
1
372
126
69
43
1,834^.
915
83
35
2,361
Total foreiim-bora
1,119
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
New York court of general ses-
sions:
Native-bora of native father. .
Native-bora of foreign father..
100.0
100.0
a2
.1
22.2
26.2
4.0
3.0
47.8
50.4
2.4
.9
76,4
80.7
Total nativ^bora
100.0
100.0
.2
1.3
24.3
16.6
3.5
3.8
49.2
44.1
1.6
1.3
78.7
Total foreign-bora
66.9
Massachusetts penal institutions:
Native-bora of native father. .
- Native-bora of foreign father. .
100.0
100.0
<".o
3.2
L9
.8
.3
15.9
9.8
.7
.4
20.6
12.4
Total native-bora
100.0
100.0
<ro
2.4
LO
.5
.3
12.1
7.0
.5
.3
15.5
Total foreisn-bora
8.5
• Less thao 0.05 per cent.
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Immigration and Crime, 61
Of these, blackmail and extortion do not occur among the offenses
of the native-born persons of foreign parentage nor among those of
foreign-bom persons appearing in the data of commitments to Mas-
sachusetts prisons. Or convictions in the New York court of general
sessions, 0.2 per cent of those of the native-bom of native father
were for these crimes and onlv 0.1 per cent of those of the native-
bora of foreign father. The foreign-bom have a larger percentage^
1.3, than either of these parentage groups of the native-born, and
thus a larger percentage than the aggregate native group.
Of the crimes of the native-bom or foreign father appearing in the
records of the court of general sessions burglary forms 26.2 per cent,
while of those of the native-born of native father it forms only 22.2 per
cent, and of the total native group 24.3 per cent. All three of these
percentages are larger than that of the foreign-born, which is only
16.6. The records of commitments to Massachusetts penal institu-
tions show burglary to form a lai^er part of the crimes of the native-
bom of native father, 3.2 per cent, than of those of the native-bom
of foreign father, 1.9 per cent. The aggregate native percentage,
which is 2.4, is less than the former and greater than the latter^
while the percentage of the foreign-bom, 1, is least of all.
Forgery and fraud belong, in both sets of data, rather to the
crimes of the native-bom of native father than to those of any other
group of offenders. The figures derived from the court of general
sessions show that convictions for these offenses compose 4 per cent of
the total convictions of this group, while they form out 3 per cent of
those of the native-bom of foreign father and 3.5 per cent of those
of the combined native group. They comprise a larger percentage
of the total convictions of the foreign-bom, 3.8, than of those of
either the combined native group or the native-bom of foreign father.
This foreign percentage, however, is exceeded by that of the native-
bom of native father. In the figures showing commitments to Massa-
chusetts prisons 0.8 per cent of the total commitments of the native-
born of native father were for forgery and fraud, while onlv 0.3 per
cent of those of the native-born of foreign father were for these
crimes, and 0.5 per cent of those of the aggregate native-bom. Such
commitments form 0.3 per cent of the total number of those of
foreign-bom persons, or a smaller percentage than they form of the
total conamitments of the native-bom of native father or of the
aggregate native-bom, although it is slightly larger than that which
they form of the total commitments or the native-bom of foreign
father.
The effect of the foreign-parentage group upon the aggregate
native percentage of larceny and receiving stolen property is to make
it greater than that of the native-born of native father m the data from
the court of general sessions and less in those from the Massachusetts
prisons. The data from both sources show that larceny and the
receiving of stolen propertv form a smaller proportion of the crimes
of the foreign-bom than of those of the aggregate native group or of
either of its parentage divisions.
Robbery occurs with considerably greater relative frequency amon^
the crimes of the native-born of native father than among those oi
the native-born of foreign father. In the figures showing convic-
tions in the court of general sessions it forms 2.4 per cent of the
former and only 0.9 per cent of the latter, while in the figures of
t
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62
The Immigration G>mmission.
commitments to Massachusetts prisons these percentages are, re-
spectively, 0.7 and 0.4. In the case of the court of general sessions,
robbery forms 1.3 per cent of the crimes of the foreign-bom, or a
smaller percentage than of those of the aggregate native group or of
the native parentage division of that group and a larger percentage
than of the crimes of the native-born of foreign father. In the case
of commitments to Massachusetts prisons the foreign percentage of
robbery, which is only 0.3, is not only less than that of the aggregate
native group, but less than the percentage of either of the parentage
divisions of the native-bom.
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
All offenses designated as ''of personal violence'' are shown in the
following table:
Tablb 37. — OffeTises of personal violence compared with all offenses, by nativity and
parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massaehtisetts penal
institutions.
NUMBER.
AU
offenses.
Offenses of personal violence.
Abduc-
tlon and
kidnap-
ing.
Simple
assault.
Violent
assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
TotaL
New York court of general sessions:
Native-born of native father. .
• NaUve-bom of foreign father. .
632
694
3
6
77
60
8
6
4
7
02
78
Total native-born
1,326
880
8
4
137
139
14
24
11
1A
170
Total forelm-bom
183
Massachosetts penal Institutions:
Native-bom of native father . .
5,288
9.810
249
352
12 11
6
1
278
Native-born of foreign father..
17
8
378
Total native-born
]«,219
13,101
602
616
29
125
19
37
7
5
657
Total Ibreign-bom
783
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSEa
New York court of general sessions:
Native-born of native father.. .
Native-born of foreign fiither. .
100.0
100.0
0.6
.7
12.2
8.6
1.3
.9
0.6
1.0
14.6
11.3
Total native-bom
100.0
100.0
.6
.5
10.3
15.8
1.1
2.7
.8
1.8
12.8
Total fdreign-bom
20.8
Massachusetts penal institutions:
Native-born of native father
Native-bom of foreign father . .
loao
loao
.0
.0
4.7
3.6
.23
.17
.21
.08
.11
.01
&3
S.9
Total natlve-bom
100.0
loao
.0
.0
4.0
4.7
.19
.95
.1
.3
.05
.04
4.3
Total foreign-bom
&0
This table shows abduction and kidnaping to be absent from the
crimes of persons committed to Massachusetts prisons. Of the crimes
of offenders convicted in the New York court of general sessions,
abduction and kidnaping form a larger part, 0.7 per cent, of those of
native-bom offenders of foreign father than of tnose of the native-
bom of native father, 0.5 per cent. Their percentage of the crimes
of the foreign-bom, 0.5, is tne same as that of the native-bom of native
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Immigration and Crime. 63
father, and is somewhat exceeded by the percentages of the native-
bom of foreigp father and the ag^egate native group.
No separation of assault into simple and violent assault is made in
the figures shoTOng convictions in the court of general sessions. These
show that assault plays a larger part in the cruninality of native-bom
persons of native rather, of whose crimes it forms 12.2 per cent, than
m that of native-bom persons of foreim father, only 8.6 per cent of
whose convictions were of this crime. Of the total convictions of the
foreign-bom 15.8 per cent were of assault, a larger percentage than that
of the total native-bom group or than that of either of its parentage
divisions.
Simple and violent assault are separately shown in the figures of
cormmtments to Massachusetts prisons. Each of these is less common
among the crimes of the native-bom of foreign father than among
those of the native-bom of native father. Simple assault forms 3.6
per cent of the oflFenses of the former group of oflFenders and 4.7 per
cent of those of the latter. The presence of persons of foreign
parentage in that group renders the percentage wnich simple assault
forms of the crimes of the total native group smaller than the per-
centage which it forms of the offenses of the native group of native
parentage, this latter being, as already stated, 4.7, "vmile that of the
aggregate native group is 4. The percentage of the foreign-bom,
although greater than that of the total native-born, is the same as that
of the native-bom of native father considered as a separate group,
namely, 4.7.
Violent assault caused 0.17 per cent of the commitments of Ameri-
can-bom persons of foreign parentage, and 0.23 per cent of those of
American-bom persons of native parentage. Thus the former have
the same effect upon the percentage of violent assault of the aggregate
native group that they have with respect to the crime of simple
assault. This percentage of violent assault is 0.19. Of the commit-
ments of foreign-bom offenders those for violent assault form 0.95 per
cent, a much greater percentage than that of the native-bom of
native father, tne aggregate native group, or the native-bom of for-
eim father.
The various nativity and parentage groups bear similar relations to
the crime of homicide iH both sets of data under consideration. The
percentage of the native-bom of foreign father is less than that of the
native-bom of native father, while that of the foreign-bom is greater
than either of these and consequently greater than the percentage of
the aggregate native group. The foUowing rearrangement in this
order of the percentages shown in the above table makes this clearer:
Ifftssa-
ohusetts.
NattTe-born of foreign father 0.9 0.06
Native-born of native lather 1.8 .21
Foreign-bom.... 2.7 .3
Total native-bom 1.1 .1
Rape is shown by the records of convictions in the court of general
sessions to form a larger percentage of the crimes of the native-Dom of
foreign father, 1, than of those of the native-bom of native father, 0.6.
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The Immigration Commission.
Of the crimes of the foreim-bom, rape forms 1.8 per cent, or a larger
percentage than that of either of the parentage divisions of the native-
Dom, andtherefore than that of the total native group. The records of
commitments to Massachusetts prisons show a di Terenk state of affairs.
Only 0.01 per cent of the commitments of American-bom persons of for-
eign parentage were for rape, while 0.1 1 per cent of those of American-
bbm persons of native parentage were for this crime. Further-
more, 0.04 per cent of the commitments of the foreign-bom were for
rape, and 0.05 per cent of those of the total native group. The for-
eign percentage while less than that of the native-bom of native
father and that of the aggregate native-bom, is greater than the per-
centage of the native-bom of foreign father.
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
. Inasmuch as onlv four of the offenses composing the group of
offenses against public policy have been subjected to analysis in the
preceding sections of this report, comparison of native-bom offenders
of native and foreign parentage may properly be limited to the same
offenses. These four offenses are shown in the following table:
Table 38. — Offenses against public policy compared uith all offenses, by nativity and
parentaqe of offender: New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal
institutions:
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Offenses against public policy.
Disorder-
ly con-
duct.
1 1
enness. ^*^»nR- cy.
All
other.
TotaL
New York court of general sessions:
Native-born of native father. .
632
694.
17
17
31
24
4S
Nativ^boiu of foreign father. .
.!!!!.*!.*..
4X
Total native-born
1,326
880
34
31
55
51
S9
Total foreign-bom
82
ICa^achusetts penal Institutions:
Native-bom of native father. .
Native-bom of foreign father..
5.288
9,810
131
232
2,828
6.833
23
23
231
357
385
390
3.59»
7,835
Total native-bora
15,219
13,101
366 f^>t
46
32
598
403
785 ' 11 49S
Total foreign-b<mi
446
9,083
531 1 in iut7
'
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
New York court of general sessions:
Native-bora of native father. .
100.0
loao
2.7
2.4
7 6
Native-bora of foreign Dither..
5.9
Total native-bora
100.0
100.0
2.6
3-5
6.7
Total foreign-bora
*^ ••
9 3
Native-bora of native fiither. .
100.0
100.0
2.5
2.4
53.5
69.7
.4
.2
4.4
3.6
68.0
Native-bom of foreign father. .
79.9
Total native-born
100.0
100.0
2.4
3.4
63.7
69.3
.3
.2
3.9
3.1
75.5
Total foreign-bora
B0.9
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Immigration and Crime. 65
Three of these crimes — disorderly conduct, drunkenness, and vag-
rancy — appear only in the records of commitments to Massachusetts
penal institutions. Gaming alone is found in both sets of data.
Disorderly conduct is shown by the above table to form the same
proportion of the total crimes of the aggregate native-bom and of the
division thereof which is of foreign parentage. Of the whole number
of commitments of each of these groups of offenders those for dis-
orderly conduct compose 2.4 per cent. Of the total commitments of
the native-born of native father they compose a slightly larger part,
2.5 per cent. Both of these percentages are less than that of the
foreign-bom, which is 3.4.
Conmiitments to Massachusetts prisons for drunkenness form a
larger part of the total commitments of the native-bom of foreign
father, 69.7 per cent, than they do of those of the native-born of
native father, 53.5 per cent. Their percentage of the commitments
of these combined groups is greater than that of the group com-
posed solely of persons of native parentage, being 63.7. Tne per-
centage of the foreign-bom, which is 69.3, is greater than that of
either of the two latter groups, but slightly less than that of the
native-bom of foreign father.
Gaming forms, in the records both of convictions in the New York
court of general sessions and of commitments to Massachusetts pris-
ons, a slightly smaller percentage of the crimes of native-bom offend-
ers of foreign parentage than of those of native-bom offenders of native
parentage. The figures from the court of general sessions give their
percentage of the former as 2.4 and of the latter as 2.7, while the per-
centage of these two groups shown by the Massachusetts prison
records are respectively 0.2 and 0.4. In each set of data the aggregate
native percentage is slightly greater than that of the division of foreign
parentage and slightly less than that of the division of native parent-
age, being in the court of general sessions figures 2.6 and in those from
the Massachusetts prisons 0.3. In the former set of data the foreign-
bom have a larger percentage than any of the combinations of the
native-bom, convictions for gaming composing 3.5 per cent of the
total convictions of foreign-bom offenders. Commitments to Massa-
chusetts prisons for this crime form the same proportion of the total
commitments of the foreign-born that they do of those of the native-
bom of foreign father, 0.2 per cent. This is a smaller percentage than
such commitments form of the total number of those of the native-
bom of native father or of the aggregate native group.
Vagrancy caused a smaller proportion of the commitments of
native-bom persons of foreign parentage to Massachusetts prisons,
being 3.6 per cent, than of those of native-bom persons or native
parentage, the latter being 4.4 per cent. Of the commitments of
persons ot foreign birth those for this offense form only 3.1 per cent.
This is less than their percentage of the total comimtments of the
aggregate native-bom, which is 3.9, or of either of the parentage
divisions of the native group, whose percentages are given above.
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The Immigration G>mmi88ion.
OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTnT.
Of the oflFenses against chastity, crimes of prostitution alone are
segregated in the comparison of immigrant and native criminaUty.
These crimes of prostitution are not found in the records of convic-
tions in the New York court of general sessions. Of commitments
to Massachusetts prisons, the few which were for such crimes are
shown in the following table:
Table 39. — Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses^ by ruUivity and
parentage of offender: Massoxhusetts penal instilutions,
NUMBER.
AU
offenses.
Offenses acainst chastity.
Crimes
tatton.
AU other.
TotaL
Massachusetts penal institutioiis:
Native-born of native fother
6,288
9,810
41
33
ia2
166
203
Native-born of forelm Cather
196
Total native-born
15,219
13.101
74
82
331
278
405
Total foreign-bo m
360
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Massachusetts penal insUtutions:
Native-born of native fother
100.0
100.0
0.8
.3
3.8
Native-bom of foreign father
2.0
Total native-born
100.0
100.0
.6
.6
2.7
Total foreign-bom
2.7
Considerable difference in the relative amount of this sort of
criminaUty appears among oflFenders of American birth of native and
of foreign parentage. Of the crimes of the latter, those of prostitu-
tion form only 0.3 per cent, while of the crimes of the native-bom
of native father they form 0.8 per cent, or nearly three times as large a
proportion. Because of this comparatively smaller percentage of the
native-born of foreign father, the percentage of the combined native
group is made less than that of the foreign-Dorn, although that of the
native-bom of native parentage is greater.
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Chapter VII.
DIFFEBEKCES DT IKMIOSAirT AHD SECOITD OEITESATIOV
CBIME.
The presence of data showing the parentage of offenders of Ameri-
can birth makes possible a comparison of the criminality of certain
immigrant groups and of the American-bom children of the same
races and nationalities with the criminality of the group native-bom
of native father.
Of the various immigrant races appearing in the records of the New
York court of general sessions five nave been selected for such analy-
sis, together with the five native groups of correg)onding immigrant
parentage. From the statistics of conunitments to Massachusetts penal
mstitutions five nationaUty groups of immigrants and the five corre-
sponding groups of natives have oeen selected. The groups to which
this analysis is limited have been determined by their numerical rep-
resentation among total offenders. No other comparable immigrant
and second generation groups have a sufficient number of cases to
make their inclusion in this comparison feasible.
The chief value of this comparison of immigrant races and nationali-
ties with American-bom persons of corresponding foreign parentage —
tlie *' second generation — lies in the fact that it shows whether the
American-bom children of immigrants become more like the American-
bom children of native parents in the character of their criminaUty.
1. Convictions in New York Court of General Sessions.
The five races of immigrants selected from the data of the New
York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30. 1909, are
the English, German, Hebrew, Irish, and Italian. The nve native
OTOups of foreign parentage are those composed of persons whose
fathers were immigrants belonging to the English, German, Hebrew,
Irish, and ItaUan races. With these is shown the native-white group
of native parentage, which serves as a standard with which the immi-
grant and second generation groups are compared.
67
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68
The Immigration Commission.
Amone; these 1 1 groups of offenders the various crimes are distrib-
uted as follows:
Table 40. — Distribution of crimes, first and second generations compared: Convictions in
New York court of general sessiouSj October i, 1908, to June 30 ^ 1909,
Native
white
of
native
father.
English.
German.
Hebrew.
Irish.
Italian.
Offense.
Im-
mi-
grant.
Sec-
ond
gener-
ation.
Im-
mi-
grant.
Sec-
ond
gener-
ation.
Im-
mi-
grant.
Sec-
ond
gener^
ation.
Ira-
mi-
grant.
Sec-
ond
gener-
aUon.
Im-
mi-
grant.
See-
ond
gener-
ation.
Gainful offenses
333
33
23
94
96
210
86
52
234
103
S»
Burglary
85
1
22
215
10
41
3
6
27
27
66
1
15
126
2
21
22
8
78
28
10
4
56
5
88
32
Extortion
Forgery and fraud
1
29
1
16
10
67
4
65
8
55
1
5
41
3
25
4
149
3
37
Larceny and receiving stolen
DroDerty
26
Robbery
1
Offenses of personal violence
1
4
13
10
14
Abduction
3
33
2
3
37
2
6
1
1
4
1
15
1
4
12
"4*
......
4
1
22
2
3
"'33'
3
1
18
1
64
11
12
40
2
Assault
2
1
1
2
2
10
3
12
10
Homicide
1
Rape
1
Offenses against public policy. . .
8
Gaming
. 15
22
3
4
1
1
3
*'*'2"
9
3
1
5
2
2
2
7
6
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
6
8
10
2
9
11
29
4
3
Another
s
Offenses against chastity
I
Unclassified offenses
Total
418 1 39
29
125
112
247
96
86
300
235
82
CLASSES OF CRIME.
The following table shows the proportion which each class of crime
forms of the total offenses of each rade and parentage group:
Table 41. — Classes of crimes, first and second generations compared: New York court 0/
general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June SO, 1909.
NUMBER.
Race and parentage.
Total.
Gainful
offenses.
Offenses
of per-
sonal
violence.
Offenses
against
public
policy.
Offenses
against
clmility.
Unclassi-
fled
Native white of native father.
English:
Immigrant
Second generation
German:
Immigrant
Second generation
Hebrew:
Inmiigrant
Second generation
Irish:
Immigrant
Second generation
Italian:
Immigrant
Second generation
418
29
125
112
247
96
86
300
236
82
23
210
52
284
41
14
37
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Immigration and Crime.
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Table 41. — Classes ofcrvmeSy first and second generations compared: New York comH of
general sessions. October i, 1908^ to June SO, 1909 — Continued.
PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER.
Race and parentage.
Total.
Gainful
offenses.
O Senses
of per-
sonal
violence.
I
Offenses
against
public
policy.
Offenses < Unolassl-
agalnst fled
chastity, offenses.
Native white pf native father.
English:
Immlnant
Second generation
Oerroan:
Immigrant
Second generation
Hebrew:
Immigrant i
Second generation
Irish:
Immigrant
Secona generation.
Italian:
Immignmt
Second generation
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
79.7
84.6
79.3
76.2
85.7
85.0
6a5
78.0
43.8
72.0
9.8
2.6
13.8
10.4
8.9
&5
5.2
29.1
12.3
37.4
17.1
8.9
5.1
6.9
9.6
3.6
4.9
4.2
3.5
ao
17.0
9.8
0.7
7.7
.0
.4
1.0
.0
1.2
A comparison of these groups of offenders brings out the fact that
in certain cases the character of the criminality of native-born chil-
dren of immigrants tends to swing away from that of immigrants
themselves toward that of the native-born whites of nonimmigrant
parentage.
Thus the above table shows that of the crimes of the English immi-
grant group the ^gainful offenses form 84.6 per cent, while of the
crimes of tne native-bom children of English immigrants they form
79.3 per cent. As these offenses compose 79.7 per cent of the crimes
of native white offenders of native father, the percentage of the
American-bom children of English immigrants differs from that of
the foreign-bom English in the direction of the percentage of the
group native white of native parentage.
In some cases, as that citea above, the percentages of the immi-
grant and corresponding second generation groups stand on either
side of the percentage of the native whites of native father, wliile in
others both are on the same side of it.
But the percentage of the second veneration, in differing from that
of the first, differs in the direction of the white nonimmigrant stand-
ard — the native white of native father. With the exception of the
children of Hebrew immigrants, such is the case with each of the
second generation groups shown above.
The foreign-bom Hebrews, it will be observed, show gainful offenses
amounting to 85 per cent of the total criminalitv of the group, wliile the
percentage of the second generation is 89.6. These, compared with the
percentage of the native whites of native father, which is 79.7, illus-
trate this difference, for while both of the former are greater than
the last, the percentage of the Hebrew second generation differs from
that of the first generation away from the percentage of the native
white of native father instead of toward it. The same is true with
regard to offenses of personal violence, where the immigrant Hebrew
percentage is 8.5 the second generation 5.2, and the native white of
native father 9.8. Here both Hebrew percentages are less than the
native white nonimmigrant standard, but the Hebrew second genera-
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The Immigration G>mmission.
tion percentage, in being least of all three, indicates that the character
of the criminality of this group, so far as offenses of personal violence
are concerned, is not only unlike that of the first generation, but that
the unlikencss is not in the direction of the native white of native
father, but in the opposite direction. Offenses against public poUcy
bear similar relations to the criminality of the first and second genera-
tion Hebrew groups. Their percentage of the former is 4.9 and of the
latter 4.2, wliile of the crimes of the native whites of native father
this class of crime forms 8.9 per cent.
In each of the three cases cited above, illustrating the relation of
the criminality of immigrant Hebrews and native-bom children of
immigrant Hebrews to that of the native whites of native father, it
will be observed that the percentage of the first generation is in each
case nearer that of the native white of native father than is the per-
centage of the second generation. This, however, may be true without
resulting in any deviation of the second-generation criminality away
from that of the American-bom group of native parentage. The
German inunigrant and second generation groups are evidences of this.
This can perhaps be most clearly shown by arranging the percentages
of the foreign-born Germans, the second-generation Germans, and
the native-bom whites of native father in the following manner:
Rft t^ or desoQDti
Offenses.
Oftinful.
Of
personal
violeDoe.
Against
public
policy.
German, inunierant
Native white oTnative father
German, second generation . .
75.2
79.7
86.7
ia4
9.8
8.9
0.6
&9
S.6
In each of these three series of percentages, that of the native white
of native father stands naturally between those of the inunigrant
and second-generation Germans. It is evident from this that the
second -generation percentage, even though in each case further
removed from the native white of native father than that of the
immigrant German group, diffejiip from the latter in the direction of
the percentage of the group native white of native parentage, instead
of away from it.
Comparison of the groups of immigrant English, Irish, and Italians,
and the EngUsh, Irish, and Italian second-generation groups shows
that the percentages of the latter are, with regard to each of the three
classes or crime, respectively nearer those of the native white of native
father than are the percentages of the corresponding immigrant groups.
The second-generation percentage in every case tends toward that of
the group of native whites born of native father rather than toward the
percentage of the immigrant group to which it is alUed. Striking
illustration of this is afforded by the Itahan second-generation group,
in which the relative frequency of the various classes of crime is quite
unlike that of the Italian immigrant group.
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Immigration and Crime.
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The following arrangement of the percentages throws this fact into
sharper definition:
Offenses.
Race or descent.
Gainful.
Of
personal
violence.
Against
public
policy.
Italian:
Immigrant
43.8
72.0
79.7
87.4
17.1
9.8
17.0
SeoonH generation .......••
9 8
Native white, native father
8.9
GAINFUL OFFENSES,
Turning to the specific crimes composing the group of gainful
offenses^ similar comparisons may be made.
Table 42. — Oainful ofenses compared with all offenses, first and second generations comr
pared: New York court of general sessions^ October 1, 1908 ^ to June 30, 1909, •
NUMBER.
AU
offenses.
Gainful offenses.
Burglary.
Extor-
tion.
Forgery
and
fraud.
Larceny
and re-
ceiving
stolen
property,
Robbery.
Total.
Native white of native fMher.
English:
Immimnt
Second generation
German:
Immirrant
Second generation
Hebrew:
Immigrant
Second generation
Irish:
Immigrant
Second generation
Italian:
ImmiCTant ,
Second generation
418
125
112
247
96
86
300
235
82
85
22
32
22
10
216
126
56
41
149
10
23
94
96
210
86
52
234
103
69
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Native white of native father
Engiish:
Immigrant
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.3
7.7
20.7
21.6
24.1
26.7
22.9
9.3
26.0
11.9
89.0
0.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
4.3
.0
6.3
2.6
3.4
8.0
3.6
6.1
8.3
.0
1.3
X.7
.0
6L4
74.4
55.2
45.6
58.0
61.0
67.3
47.7
49.7
23.8
8L7
2.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
LO
8.5
LO
2.1
U2
79.7
84 6
Second generation
79.3
German:
Immigrant.
75 2
Second generation
85 7
Hebrew:
Imminant
85.0
Second generation
89.6
Irish:
ImiTilgmnt ,
CO. 5
78
Italian:
Immfmmt
43.8
72.0
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n
72
The Immigration CommissicHi.
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I
•c
I
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si
1
€
3
o
III
o
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III
III
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9
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O
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IL
Z
<
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1 ^
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1 1 !
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Immigration and Crime. 78
When the method of comparison akeady emploj^ed is applied to
these figures, new results are obtained. Of the pairs of immigrant
and second-generation percentages shown in the preceding table, four
are exceptions to the rule of second-generation deviation in me direction
•of the native white group of native parentaj^e. These four exceptions,
instead of belonging to the same pair of mrst and second-generation
groups as do the exceptions found in Table 41 are distributed among
three pairs. Thus, at some point the second-generation Germans,
Hebrews, and Italians differ in relative frequency of crime from
the inunigrant Germans, Hebrews, and ItaUans, moving in the opposite
direction from that in which the native whites of native parentage
differ from the three specified immigrant groups.
The exception of the German second generation is found in the
crime of burglary, which forms 21.6 per cent of the total crimes of
German immigrants, 20.3 per cent of those of native whites of native
father, and 24.1 per cent of those of second-generation Germans.
The exception of the Hebrew second generation occurs with respect
to forgery and fraud, which compose 6.1 per cent of the crimes of
foreign-bom Hebrews, 5.3 per cent of those of native whites of native
father, and 8.3 per cent or those of the American bom children of
Hebrew immi^ants.
Two exceptions are found in the ItaUan second-g:eneration group.
One concerns the crimes of forgery and fraud, wmch form 1.7 per
cent of the total criminaUtv of the Italian immigrant group, 5.3 per cent
of that of the American-born whites of native father, and which are
entirely absent from the criminaUty of the Italian second generation.
The other occurs in the figures for robbery. Among the convictions
of ItaUan immigrants, 2.1 per cent are for this crime, among those of
the native whites of native father, 2.4 per cent, and among those of
second-generation ItaUans, only 1.2 per cent.
The English and Irish second generations differ from the first in
their percentages of burglary, of forgery and fraud, of larceny and
receivmg stolen property, and of robbery, tending toward those of
the native whites bom of native father, no exceptions being found in
these comparable groups. The same is true of the second-generation
Germans with respect to forgery and fraud and larceny and receiving
stolen property, wnile robbery, occurring among the crimes of neither
the first nor second generations, affords no opportunity for com-
parison. The Hebrew second generation Ukewise foUows the rule in
convictions for burglary, larceny and receiving stolen property, and
robbery. The American-bom children of ItaUan iminigrants show
Uke deviation from the criminaUty of the immigrant generation in the
•crimes of burglary and larceny and receiving stolen property.
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENOB.
The offenses desi^ated as those of '' personal violence" afford other
instances of exceptions to the mle of second-generation deviation in
the direction of tne native white of native fatner. These exceptions
•are four in number, as shown by the table on next page.
78340*— VOL 36— U
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74
The Immigration G>mmis8ion.
Table 43. — Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses^ first and second
generations comparea: Ifew York court of general sessions^ October J, 1908, to June
30, 1909.
NUMBER.
All
oflenses.
Offenses of personal violence.
Abduc-
tion.
Assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
TotaL
Native white of native father
418
39
29
125
112
247
96
86
300
235
82
8
83
2
1
1
8
1
1
8
41
English:
Immigrant
1
Second genenUion
1
10
6
15
4
22
33
64
10
2
4
Oerman:
Immigrant
13
Second generation
2
1
1
4
1
10
Hebrew:
21
Second generation
5
Irish:
Immigrant
1
2
8
11
1
25
Second generation
1
12
1
37
ItaUan:
Immigrant
1
2
88
Second generation
14
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Native white of native father. .
English:
Immigrant
Second generation
German:
Immigrant ,
Second generation
Hebrew:
Immigrant ,
Second generation
Irish:
Immigrant ,
Second generation
ItaUan:
Immigrant ,
Second generation ,
100.0
0.7
7.9
0.6
0.7
100.0
100.0
.0
.0
.0
3.4
2.6
3.4
.0
6.9
100.0
100.0
.0
1.8
8.0
5.4
2.4
.9
.0
.9
100.0
100.0
.4
.0
6.1
4.2
.4
.0
1.6
LO
100.0
100.0
1.2
.0
25.6
11.0
2.3
1.0
.0
.3
100.0
100.0
.4
2.4
27.2
12.2
4.7
L2
6.1
1.2
0.8
3.6
13.8
10.4
8.0
8.5
5.2
29.1
12.8
37.4
17.1
One of these exceptions is of the second-generation English and
three are of the second-generation Hebrews.
The English second-generation exception occurs with respect to
the crime of homicide. Convictions for this offense form 0.5 per cent
of the total convictions of native whites of native father, 2.6 per cent
of those of Endish immigrants, and 3.4 per cent of those or second
generation English.
One of the exceptions of the Hebrew second generation is found
in the figures showing the percentage of convictions for abduction,
one in those for assault, and the third in those for homicide.
The Hebrew second generation has no convictions for abduction,
while one conviction is found among those of immigrant Hebrews,
forming 0.4 per cent of their total convictions. The native whites
of native father have three such convictions, which form 0.7 per cent
of their total number. This shows the alienee of abduction from
the crimes of the second-generation Hebrews to be a difference from
the criminality of the first generation in the opposite direction from
that of the American-born whites of native fatner.
Of assault the percentage of the native whites of native father is
7.9, that of the immigrant Hebrews 6.1, and that of the Amorican-
bom children of immigrant Hebrews 4.2.
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Homicide composes 0.5 per cent of the crimes of the native whites
of native father, 0.4 per cent of those of foreign-bom Hebrews, while
no cases of homicide occur among the crimes of the Hebrew second
generation.
The German, Irish, and ItaUan second-generation groups furnish
no exceptions to the rule stated at the beginning of this chapter.
The relative frequency with which they committed the various crmies
shown in the preceding table diflfers in every case from that of the cor-
responding immigrant group, tending to approximate to that of the
native whites bom of native father. Inmiigrant English offenders
have no convictions for assault or for rape, but as the native whites
bom of native father have convictions for these crimes the fact that
the second-generation English also show convictions for them makes
the second generation more, rather than less, Hke the native whites
bom of native father. The same is true of the German first and sec-
ond generation groups with regard to abduction and rape, and of the
first and second generation Irish with regard to the latter crime.
The second-generation Irish have no convictions for abduction; but
as 1.2 per cent of the convictions of the immigrant Irish are for this
crime, and only 0.7 per cent of those of the native whites bom of
native father, the absence of abduction from the list of second-gen-
eration Irish crimes shows that the criminality of this group varies
from that of the first generation along the same lines as the group of
American-bom persons of native parentage.
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
But one other specific offense found in the data of the court of
general sessions has been subjected to analysis in the preceding
chapters of this report. This is the crime of gaming, foimd in the
group of ** offenses against public policy."
Table 44. — Offenses against 'MJiblic policy compared with all offenses, first and second
generations compared: New York court of general sessions, October i, 1908, to June
SO, 1909.
NUMBER.
AH
offenses.
Offenses against public policy.
Qamlng.
AU
other.
Total.
Native white of native father.
English:
Immigrant
Second generation
German:
Immigrant
Second generation
Hebrew:
Immigrant
Second generation
Irish:
Immigrant
Second generation
ItaUan:
Immigrant
Second generation
418
126
112
247
96
88
aoo
82
22
2
3
12
4
12
4
3
18
40
8
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The Immigration Commission.
Table 44. — Offenses aaainst public policy compared wiih all offenses, first and second
generations compared: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June
SO, i909— Continued.
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
AU
offenses.
Offenses against public policy.
Qamlng.
AU
other.
TotaL
Native white of native father.
English:
Immigrant
Second generation
German:
Immigrant
Second generation.
Hebrew:
Immigrant
Second generation.
Irish:
Immigrant
Seoond generation
Italian:
Immigrant
Second generation.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3.6
2.6
.0
7.2
1.8
2.8
3.1
1.2
2.7
4.7
3.7
8.9
6.1
6.9
9.6
8.6
4.9
4.3
S.5
6.0
17.0
9.8
This table shows that but one of the second-generation groups
deviates from the corresponding first-generation group in a direction
opposite to that in which the native white group of native parentage
deviates. This is the English second generation, among wnose con-
victions none for gaming appear, while of the convictions of immi-
Sant English offenders, 1, or 2.6 per cent, is of this nature, and of
ose of native whites of native father 15, or 3.6 per cent.
The German, Hebrew, Irish, and Italian second-generation groups
all differ in percentage of convictions for gaming from the corre-
sponding first-generation groups in the direction of the American-
bom white of nonimmigrant parentage.
SUMMABT.
While cases are numerous in which the criminality of the second
generation differs from that of the first in the direction of the crim-
mality of the native white of native father, only one of the second-
generation groups employed in this comparison maintains throughout
the entire series of ngures analyzed a constant difference of this
character. Each of the other four second-generation groups proves
at some point an exception to the rule. The group exhibiting this
unchanging relation is the second-generation Irish. Its percentages
of the vanous crimes and classes of crime, together with those of
the immigrant Irish and the American-born whites of native father,
are shown in the following tables for the purpose of bringing out
this fact more clearly.
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Table 45. — Deviation of the Irish second aeneration from the immigrant: New York
court of general sessions, October /, 1908 , to June SO, 1909.
CLASSES OF CRIME.
Oainliil
offenses.
Offenses
of
personal
violence.
Offenses
against
public
policy.
Offenses
against
chastity.
Irish:
Imminant
SeconH generation
KatlTe white of native toiher.
6a5
78.0
79.7
29.1
12.3
9.8
3.5
6.0
&9
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
Bui;Klary.
Forgery
and
fraud.
Larceny
and
receiving
sto len
property.
Robbery:
Irish:
Immigrant
Second generation
Native white of native iiather
9.3
26.0
20.3
ao
1.3
6.3
47.7
49.7
51.4
3.6
1.0
2L4
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
Abduc-
tion.
Assault
Homi-
cide.
Rapa.
Irish:
Immigxant
Second generation
Native white of native father
1.2
.0
.7
25.6
11.0
7.9
2.3
1.0
.5
.S
.7
GAMINO.
Qamlng.
Irish:
TmTnigrant .....,..., w.ax..»a..a
l.J
Second generation I. II""
2.7
Native white of native fiather
3.f
2. Commitments to Massachusetts Penal Institutions.
From the data of commitments to Massachusetts penal institu-
tions," October 1 , 1908, to September 30, 1909, five immigrant and five
second-generation groups have likewise been selected for comparison
with persons native-bom of native father. No separation, however^
of the white and negro constituents of the latter group is possible*
and it is therefore a less accurate standard of comparison than that
afforded by the data of the New York court of general sessions.
FurUiermore, the Massachusetts records do not contain any classi-
fication of the foreign-bom by race, nor of the native-born by race of
father. The classification is, in both cases, by coimtry of births
a Excluding the State farm.
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Thus, in the following discussion the term *' nationality'* is used to
indicate the country of birth of the foreign-bom, and when reference
is made to the *^ second generation" it should be interpreted as
meaning the American-bom children of the designated *' nationality."
For example, by first-generation Canadians are meant persons born
in Canada, while by second-generation Canadians are meant persons
bom in the United States whose fathers were bom in Canada.
The five pairs of immi^ant and second-generation groups employed
in the following analysis are the Canadian, English, German, Irish,
and Scotch.
Only oiie of the five second-generation groups shows, in the data
of commitments to Massachusetts penal institutions, a persistent
deviation in the character of its criminalitjr from the corresponding
immigrant group in the direction of the native-born of native father.
This group is the second-generation Irish.
The percentages upon which tliis conclusion is based are shown, in
an arrangement admitting of ready comparison, in the following
tables:
Table 46. — DiatrifrntUm ofcnrruSf ftrit and second generations compared: CommitmenU
to Massachusetts penal institiUionSf October /, 1908 , to September SO, 1909.
Native
bom
of
native
father.
Canadian.
English.
Qerman.
Irish.
Scotch.
Offense.
Immi-
grant.
Spo-
ond
gener-
ation.
Im-
mi-
grant.
Sec-
ond
gener-
ation.
Im-
mi-
grant.
Sec-
ond
gener-
ation.
Immi-
grant.
Sec-
ond
gener-
ation.
Im-
mi-
grant.
SCO-
ond
gener-
ation.
Oftinfiil offenses
1,090
306
220
78
76
30
36
282
726
37
38
Burglary
171
1
43
839
36
278
35
43
8
17
3
6
26
106
5
Extortion
Forgery and fraud
Larceny and receiving
stolen property
is
253
134
1
171
5
52
2
67
1
65
1
57
1
23
2
24
1
12
1
27
2
8
8
243
5
189
14
687
19
260
1
35
1
12
2
25
Robbery
5
Offenses of personal violence . .
4
Assault, simple
249
12
11
6
3,508
121
5
7
1
2,038
48
3
1
831
51
3
23
11
8
142
45
2
247
8
5
11
1
3
Assault', viofent
1
Homicide
1
Rape
1
848
Offenses against public policy.
400
104
138
6,718
6,074
376
212
Disorderly conduct
Drunkenness
131
2.828
23
231
385
203
126
1,723
1
77
111
134
39
655
1
49
87
43
46 1 11
714 1 320
"■73'
......
20
6
1
102
1
20
14
5
173 1 157
5,234 .'i-472
21
326
8
179
Gamini;
"'45'
43
29
3
37
29
12
3
161
147
70
16
226
203
113
Vagrancy
16
13
8
15
All other
10
Offenses against chastity
9
Crimes of prosti tution
Another
41
162
119
34
100
61
7
36
30
12
17
26
3
1ft
......
4
1
4
13
8
62
92
13
100
1(»
1
7
6
1
g
Unclassified offenses
g
Total
5,:^
2,676
1,176
1,036
529
156
200
6,351 7 !?7«
439
271
'
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Table 47. — Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant: Massachusetts
penal institutions ^ October /, 1908, to September SO, 1909.
CLA88E8 OF CRIME.
Gainful
offenses.
Offenses
of
personal
violence.
Offenses
against
public
policy.
Offenses,
against
chastity.
Irish:
ImTnigTATlt. .... .... . ...X..,»..,X... .X X .X. .XX X XX.
4.4
10.0
20.6
3.0
3.6
5.3
90.0
83.5
66.0
l.l
SeconB generation
1.6
KatiTe-bom of native father
3.8
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
Larceny
Forgery
and re-
Burglary.
and
ceiving
fraud.
stolen
property.
0.4
0.1
3.8
1.5
.2
8.1
3.2
.8
15.9
Robbery.
Irish:
Immigrant
Second generation
Native-bom of native father.
ai
.3
.7
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
Simple
assault.
Violent
assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
Irish:
Immigrant
2,2
3.4
4.7
a 71
.11
.23
ao3
.07
.21
0.00
Second generation
.00
Native-bom of native father
.11
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
Dis-
orderly
conduct.
Drunk-
enness.
Gaming.
Va-
grancy.
Irish:
Immigrant
2.7
2.2
2.5
82.4
75.2
53.5
0.06
.22
.4
2.5
Second generation
3.1
Natl ve-hora of natl«'e father. .................. x . x x . x x .. . . x . . . x
4.4
CRIMES OF PROSTITUTION.
Crimes
of pros-
titution.
Irish:
Immigrant
Second generation
Native-bora of native father,
ai
.2
.8
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CLASSES OF CBIME.
The four general classes of crime occur among the eleven groups of
offenders selected for analysis as follows:
Table 48. — Classes of (rimes , fir U and second gener<Uions compared: MassadiusetU penal
institutions, October /, 1908 y to September SO, 1909.
NUMBER.
Total.
Gainful
offenses.
Oflenaes
of per-
sonal
violenoe.
Offenses
a^inst
public
policy.
Offenses
against
diastity-
Unda88l>
fiedof-
fei
Natiye-bora of native father.
Canadian:
Immigrant
Second generation
English:
Immigrant.
Second generation
German:
Immigrant
Second generation
Irish:
Imminant
Seorad generation
Sootch:
Immlfltmt
Second generation
5.288
2,675
1,176
1,036
529
155
200
6.351
7,278
439
271
1,090
220
30
282
726
278
134
52
189
260
3,598
2,038
831
848
400
104
138
5,718
6,074
376
212
203
134
43
TO
113
Il»
61
IS
4
13
02
106
PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER.
Native-bom of native father
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.6
11.5
18.7
7.5
14.4
19.4
18.0
4.4
10.0
8.4
14.0
6.3
5.0
4.4
5.3
4.3
7.7
4.0
3.0
3.6
2.7
1.6
68.0
76.2
70.7
81.0
76.6
67.1
69.0
90.0
83.5
86.6
78.2
3.8
5.0
8.7
2.8
2.3
3.2
2.6
1.1
1.6
L8
3.3
Canadian'
Immigrant
Second generation ,...
English-
Tmmigrant
Second generation ....••
German:
Immigrant. ,..,,-,....,.
Irish:
Immigrant X . .
Second generation.
Sootch:
Irnrnigrant
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GAINFUL OFFENSES.
The distribution of the crimes composing the group of gainful
offenses is shown in Table 49.
Table 49,— Gainful offenses compared with all offenses^ first and second generations com-
pared: Massachusetts penal institutions^ October ly 1908, to September SO, 1909.
NUMBER.
AU
offenses.
Gainful offenses.
Burglary.
Forgery
and
fraud.
Larceny
and re-
ceiving
stolen
property.
Robbery.
Total.
Native-bom of native father.
Canadian:
Imminant.
Second generation
En^lsh:
Immimnt.
Second generation
Qennan:
Immigrant
Second generation
Irish:
Inuntmnt
Second generation
Scotch:
Immigrant
Second generation
5,288
2,675
1,176
1,016
529
155
200
6,351
7,278
439
271
171
43
26
106
43
253
171
243
587
36
,090
306
220
78
76
30
36
282
726
37
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Native-born of native father
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3.2
L8
3.7
.8
3.2
1.9
3.0
.4
1.6
.0
2.2
0.8
.5
.1
.2
.2
L8
.5
.1
.3
.3
.8
15.0
9.5
14.5
6.5
10.8
15.5
13.5
3.8
8.1
8.0
9.2
0.7
.8
.4
.1
.2
.6
LO
.1
.8
.2
L8
20. ft
Canadian:
Lmmigrant
11.5
Second generation
18.7
English:
Immlgr*nt ,..^,-.»,t.».^
7.5
14.4
German:
Immigrant
19.4
PeconB veneration
18.0
Irish:
Immigrant.. ,
4.4
Becond generation
10.0
Scotch:
Immigrant
8.4
14.0
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The Immigiatioo CommiMoiu
OFFENSES OP FBBSOHAL TIOLEXCE.
The specific offenses of personal violence are shown below:
Table 50. — OfenMaofwnonal vioUnee oompartd uith all offnmt.finX and tecond gen-
erationt compared: MttS9aehu$eUs pemal irutitutions, Odobir 1, 190S, to SepUmber SO,
1909.
KUMBER.
AH
oflcnMt.
Ofleosn of penooal Tioicnce.
Simple
assAoit.
Violent ; eomi. ^
tstrtiili. ode. "-F^
ToUL
NfttiTe-bom of nati re tether
5,288
2.«75
1.176
1,036
529
1S5
2U0
«.351
7,278
439
271
249
121
48
51
23
11
U2
247
12
S
3
11 6
l\ \
278
CMn^Ayut'
134
^S^'^'rm4 fmmth^m . .
S3
En^isb:
Tminirrefft. . , . ^,,,
... • 1
55
ftfraniil fffuntion ^
21
GtnDMo:
Immifnuit , . , ,
1
12
Hfrmw) rmtntkm ..... x .
8
Irish:
45
8
1
2
189
fi'fvma sfnfrtition o.^^
5
260
ocotch:
1
12
BfifotKl gmfratioo ..<.... X
1
4
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Native-born of natire
CMiadUm:
Immigrant
Second generation ,
English:
Immigrant
Second generation.
German:
Immifpmt
8econa generation.
Irish:
Immifltoit
Second generation.
Scotch:
Immigrant
Second geocratlna.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.9
4.3
7.1
4.0
2.2
3.4
2.5
1.1
0.23
.19
.2b
.00
.00
.n
.11
.23
.37
0.21
.26
.09
.65
.00
.07
.00
.00
0.11
.1
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
5.3
5.0
4.4
5.3
4.3
7.7
4.0
3.0
3.6
2.7
1.5
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OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
The offenses against public policy selected for analysis are exhibited
in Table 51.
Table 51. — Offenses aqainsi miblic policy compared loith all offenses y first and second gen-
erations compared: MassaehitseUs penal instUtUions, October 1, 1908 ^ to September 30,
1909,
NUMBER.
AU
offenses.
Offenses against public policy.
Disor-
derly
conduct.
Drunk-
enness.
Gaming.
Vagran-
cy.
AU
other.
Total.
Canadian:
6,288
2,676
1,176
1,030
629
156
200
6,361
7,278
439
271
131
128
39
46
11
2,828
1,723
655
714
820
73
102
6,234
5,472
826
179
23
1
1
231
77
40
45
87
11
20
161
226
16
16
385
111
87
43
20
20
14
147
203
13
10
3,696
2,038
831
Second generation....
En«iish:
TmmljrrftDt. - . . . ..,x^. . ... .
848
SeconB generation....
3
400
Immigrant
104
1
173
157
21
8
1
3
16
138
Irish:
Immigrant
6,718
SeconB generation
6,074
Scotch-
Immigrant ... . .
376
Second generation ............
212
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Native-bom of native father.
Canadian:
Immigrant
Second generation
English:
Immigrant
Second generation
German:
Imminant
Second generation
Irish:
Immiflant
Second generation
Scotch:
Immigrant
Second generation
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.6
4.7
3.3
4.4
2.1
2.7
2.2
4.8
2.9
63.6
64.4
56.7
68.9
60.6
47.1
51.0
82.4
76.2
74.3
66.1
0.4
.00
.60
.06
.22
4.4
2.9
4.2
4.3
7.0
7.1
10.0
2.6
3.1
3.6
6.6
68.0
76.2
70.7
81.9
75.6
67.1
09.0
90.0
83.6
85.6
78.2
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The ImmigFation CommiMoiu
OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITT.
The proportion of offenses against chastity among alT offenses is
presented in the table following:
Table h2.^)ffen$ei against chastity compared with all offen^a, fnt and Meeond genera-
lions compared: Massachusetts penal instittUions, October 1, 1908, to September SO,
1909.
NX7MBER.
Kathre-bom of nattre tether.
Imminaiit.
Sccooa feDostlon. .
InunloBiit.
Seoood cenoatloiL .
Ocmuo:
TitimW rimt.
Seoood ceDcntioD. .
Iriih:
ImminBDt.
Seoood ceDcntkm..
Beotch:
Ixnminaot
Second geDcratkm..
AB
2,«75
1,176
ISS
aoo
6,351
7,278
439
271
Oflenses against dwaUly.
Crimes of
proetitii-
13
AO
oUier.
162
100
36
62
100
ToteL
134
43
12
70
113
PER CENT OP ALL OFFENSES.
Natlvf-bflTn of natlye fathw
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
as
1.3
1.1
1.6
3l8
CanadJan:
ImniiffTaat. . -
&.0
SeoonB ceneratlon.
3.7
English:
Immirrant
2lS
2l3
Oerman:
ImniiffTaat ,-
S.2
SeoonB Eeneration.
2.6
Irish:
ImmigrAnt, . - -
1.1
Second generation.
1.6
Scotch:
ImTnlgrant. - - - .
1.8
3.3
SUMMARY.
In these five tables are shown the relations of second generation to
immigrant groups and to the group of persons native-bom of native
father. Without entering into so aetailed a study as that made of the
data from the New York court of general sessions, the salient facts
brought out by these figures may be briefly summarized.
Those instances in which the second generation follows the rule of
movement toward the native-bom of native father are shown in the
five tables appended.
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Immigration and Crime.
85
Table 53. — Deviation of ike second generation from the immigrant in the direction of the
7wtive-bom of native father: MasMchusetts penal institutions, October i, 1908 , to Sep-
tember SO, 1909.
CLASSES OF CRIME.
Qainful
offenses.
Offensaa
of
personal
violence.
Offenses
against
publk:
policy.
Offenses
against
chastity.
NatiTe bora of native father..
Canadian:
ImnUmnt
Second generation
English:
immigrant
Second generation.
German:
Immlnant
Seeond generation
Irish:
I mmlgrant
Second generation
Scotch:
Immigrant
Second generation.
20.6
11.5
18.7
7.5
14.4
4.4
10.0
8.4
14.0
5.3
(«)
(«)
(•)
7.7
4.0
3.0
3.6
(«)
68.0
76.2
70.7
81.9
75.6
67.1
60.0
90.0
83.5
85.6
78.2
3.8
5.0
3.7
1.1
L6
1.8
8.3
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
ary.
Forgery
and
fraud.
Larceny
and re-
ceiving
stolen
property.
Robbery.
3.2
0.8
15.9
a?
1.3
3.7
9.5
14.5
.8
3.2
.2
.2
6.5
10.8
1 9
3.0
1.3
.5
lio
.4
1.5
.1
.2
3.8
8.1
.0
2.2
.2
.8
8.0
9.2
1.8
Natlve-bom of native (kther.
Canadian:
Inunlgzant
Second generation.
English:
Immiflant.
Second generation.. . . ... .
German:
Imminant ,
Second generation
Irish:
Immigrant.
Second generation
Scotch:
Immlnant
Second generation.
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE
Simple
assault.
Violent
assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
4.7
0.23
a 21
an
lii
.19
.26
.26
.09
^l
4.9
4.3
.29
.00
(b)
lb)
.1
.00
7.1
4.0
^]
.65
.00
^]
2.2
3.4
.71
.11
.03
.07
^]
^l
g]
(b)
(6)
18
Natlve-bom of native father.
Canadian:
Imminant
Second generation
Enidlsh:
Second generation.
German:
Immlnant
Second generation.
Irish:
Immlnant
Second generation.
Scotch:
Immlnint
Second generation.
• Exception to the rale.
h No commitments for this crime of either the immigrant or second generation group-
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Table 53. — Deviation of the second generationjrom the immigrant in the direction of the
native-bom of native father: MassachuseUs penal imtitutionSj October 1, 1908 ^ to Sep-
tember SOy 1905— -Continued.
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
Dtaor-
deriy
conduct.
Drank-
Oftmlng.
Va-
grancy.
I
Kative-bom of oatiTe father
Canadian:
Immioant
Seoona generation
EngUsb:
Imminant
Second generation
Qerman:
Immigrant
Second generation
Irish:
Immigrant
Second generation
Scotch:
Immioant
Second generation
2.5
4.7
3.3
4.4
2.1
2.7
2.2
4.8
2.0
53.5
64.4
65.7
68.0
6a5
47.1
51.0
82.4
75.2
74.8
66.1
a4
.04
.00
.00
.57
.00
.50
.05 !
.22
f^
4.4
2.0
4.2
4.3
7.0
Z5
a.1
S.6
5.5
CRIMES OP PROSTITUTION.
Crimes
of pn»-
tituttoo.
Native-bom of native father
Canadian:
Immigrant
Second generation .'
En^ish:
immimnt '.
Second generation
German:
Imminant
Second generation
Irish:
Immimint
Second generation
Scotch:
Immigrant
Second generation
• Exception to the rule.
k No commitments for thi» crime of either the immigrant or second generation groujK
as
1.3
.6
LI
.6
.0
.6
.1
.2
.2
.4
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Chapter VIII.
ISTEW TOBK CITT Ain) STATE.
The State of New York had in 1900 the largest foreign population,
considered numerically, of any State in the Union. It contained
1,900,425 persons of foreign birth^ or nearly one-fifth (18.17 per
cent) of the total number in the United States. Of the six great
cities of the country New York had the largest proportion of foreign-
born, 37 per cent, or a total of 1,270,080 persons. These facts make
the study of immigrant crime in New York City and State of prime
importance.
Note. — Beyond the comparison of immigrants and natives in the gross lies the
fact of the heterogeneity of the immigrant group. This group is composed of many
races, some few of which, because of excessive numerical representation and the
unique character of their criminality, may perhaps largely determine the relations
which the group as a whole bears to the American-bom . Thus the comparison of these
various immigrant races with the American is highly important.
The data upon which this investigation is based affords but a meager field for the
comparison of races. Onlv 2,206 of the cases obtained from the New York court of
general sessions, and 12,851 of the cases of alfens in penal institutions obtained
from the Bureau of Immigration are by race, and among the latter no American-bom
persons appear. In all other sets of data the classification of offenders is either by
country oi birth or by ** nationality." The latter term is that employed by the
Chicago police department and is a modification of the former, in that gec^raphical
divisions ratlier man political entities are made the basis of classification. For
convenience, "nationality" is used in the discussion of the data in place of "coimtry
of birth," and this interpretation of the term should be made in every case except
that of the Chica^ data, where, as will be more fully explained later, it has a
slightly different significance in certain instances.
Because of the widely different character of the data obtained from the various
sources, it is impossible to combine all cases into a composite group. Each set of
data must be separately analyzed and its purely local significance bome in mind.
Each set is a umt, unrelated to any other, and represents merely a certain definite
number of cases. Each of these sets of data will now be subjected to separate analysis.
They have been arranged in the following order: (1) New York City and State —
(a) Sew York City magistrates' courts, (b) New York City children's courts, (c) New
York court of general sessions, (d) county and supreme courts of New York State;
(2) Chicago — Police arrests; and (3) Massachusetts — Commitments to penal institu-
tions.
The classification of New York's population by principal countries
of birth is shown for 1900 in the tatle following:
Table 54. — Populatum of New York City^ 1900, by country of birth.
Country of birth.
Number.
Country of birth.
Number.
United States:
WMte
2,108,980
68,142
Foreign countries— Continued.
Ireland
275,102
Colored o ;
Italy
145,433
11,387
32,873
Norway •••...
Foreign countries:
71,427
15,055
19,399
2,627
5,621
68,836
14,756
822,343
81,516
Poland
Austria
Russia
155,201
TV>>^«mlft
Scotland
19,836
Canada (En«Ush)
Sweden
28,320
Canada I French )'
other countries
50,449
Denmark
Total native-born
Enidand ............. ..............
2,167,122
1,270,080
France
Total foreign-bom ................
Qermany
Total population .. ..........,,,.
Hungary.
8,437,202
• Persons of negro descent, Chinese, Japanese, and Indians.
87
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88 The Immigration Commission.
To compare these figures with those of crime is not advisable.
Criminal statistics are so much affected by the factors of age and sex
that to make population statistics strictly comparable with them is
impossible without more complete data than the census reports
aflFord. It is therefore well to use the population figures given above
merely as a background for the analysis of the statistics of crime,
without attempting any correlation of the two.
For the study of immigrant criminality in New York Qty and
State, data have been collected from the following sources: (1) New
York City magistrates' courts; (2) New York City children's courts ;
(3) New York City court of gefieral sessions; (4) county and supreme
courts of New York State.
The first three sets of data concern New York City alone; the fourth
concerns the entire State. Three of these sets of data are analyzed
in the following pages, the data from the New York Citv children's
courts alone being presented among the general tables without
analysis.
1. New York City Magistrates' Courts,
compilation of data.
The most comprehensive records of crime m the city of New York
are those of the citv magistrates' or poUce courts. Of these there
are two divisions, the first covering the boroughs of Manhattan and
the Bronx, the second, the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and
Richmond, and each division consisting of several different courts.
A vast number of cases come before these courts each year and cover
the greater part of the city's detected criminality.
The records of both divisions of the courts for the calendar years
from 1901 to 1908, inclusive, have been gathered into a single com-
pilation, thus giving a summary of criminal cases for these eight
vears. * In arra aging the recorcfa for analysis, only those cases have
been used which show the accused person to have been committed to
a reformatory or other institution as guilty of the offense charged, or
held for further trial bj^ a higher court. Thus the tables prepared
include only cases in which guilt was evident or highly probable.
During the eight years under investigation the total number of
such cases disposed of bv these courts was 785,824.* Not all of
these, however, admit or inclusion in the analysis. In 14,154 of
them the crime charged was so vaguely defined that it could not be
classified. These 14,154 cases are therefore excluded from the num-
ber to which analysis is confined. This reduces the total number of
cases covered by the analysis to 771,670.
a The records of the night courts, the courts of special sessions, and the children's
courts have not been included in this compilation.
^This does not include all cases coming before these courts; only those in which
the accused was either committed to a penal institution or held for further trial.
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Immigration and Crime. 89
These 771,670 cases have bee^ classified according to the nature of
the crime charged as follows :
Offenses.
Number
of cases.
Peroent
oftotaL
61,670
31,606
669,263
6,000
4; 087
7.9
fHTeniws of penvonal vidwioe
4.1
Offenses afsainst public policy
86.7
Offen^M Against chMtity . . .'.
.7
Uncliffsifled ofTensfis ._..
.6
Tot«»l
771,670
loao
The largest group of oflFenses is that ill-defmed one ''against public
policy, " which covers so wide a field of forbidden acts that conclusions
regarding it as a group must be made with considerable reservation.
Tne nunioer of cases against public policy may have some effect upon
the computation of the proportions of otner offenses among the
various nationalities, but this is unavoidable, and all that can be
done is to bear in mind that the total of all offenses, upon which
these proportions of specific crimes and classes of crime are based,
may be largely influenced by this one ill-defined group.
tn analyzing these figures only the first four offense groups need
be discussed. This leaves a small residue of unclassi&d offenses,
which are of such a character that they give Uttle indication of their
exact criminal nature. It has been found impossible satisfactorily to
classify them, and the}^ have therefore been omitted from the special
analysis although retained in the total of offenses. This group is
so small, however, among offenders of every nationality, that its
effect upon the relation of other offenses to the total is of practically
no importance.
The records of the city magistrates' courts do not show the race
of the offender; only his country of birth. In the discussion of these
records, therefore, country of birth, or nationaUty, must be the
basis 01 comparison. It should be borne in mind that no reference
to race is made in the treatment of these statistics from the city
magistrates' courts; the term ** nationality" is that most frequently
employed and means no more than nativity, or country of birth.
The failure to separate the group of offenders of American birth
into divisions of whites and negroes and of persons of native and
foreign parentage somewhat lessens the value of this group as a true
nonimmigrant comparative standard. But for purposes of gross com-
parison it must serve, although it is a group into which unmigrant
ethnic factors doubtless largely enter. The second generation — the
children of inunigrants — undoubtedly compose a large part of it, yet
inasmuch as it is constituted entirely of persons of native birth,
comparison of the various inamigrant groups with it is of value.
Or the groups of foreign-born offenders, those from only seven
countries are clearly marked in the records of all the city magistrates'
courts.
79340*— VOL 30—11,2 7
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90
The Immigration Commission.
CLASSES OF CBIME.
The distribution of the several classes of crime among these nation-
ality groups is shown in the following table:
Table 55. — DxstribtUion of classes of crime: New York City magistrates* courts, Jat^
uary 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908.
NUMBER.
Country of birth of offender.
Total.
Gainful
offenses.
Offenses
of per-
sonal
violence.
Offenses
against
public
policy.
Offenses
against
chastity.
Undassi.
fied
offenses.
United States
365,386
36,764
14,292
310,321
2,066
1,943
England
15,445
8,464
52,193
110,085
67,125
57,328
6,476
1,266
363
3,999
4,796
4,312
4784
358
545
139
2,288
4,117
4,873
1,906
171
13,495
7,596
44,968
100,445
56,974
49,811
5,911
78
348
631
166
542
510
18
71
ynniw . ... . r , ^t ,tt ,-,^-
18
Qermany
357
TTftlftn'1 . . ,
Ml
Italy
494
Riusia
310
^cotlan'^
18
Total foreign
402,772
24,635
17,141
365,905
2,960
2,1U
Orand total
768,158
61,399
31,433
666,226
5,046
4,054
PER CENT OP TOTAL NUMBER.
United States.
Engtad..
Fruioe....
Qermany.
Ireland...
Italy.
Scotland
Total foreign.,
Orand total..
loao
loao
loao
100.0
100.0
loao
loao
loao
loao
100.0
lai
8.1
4.8
7.7
4.4
6.4
&3
5.5
6.1
8.0
8.9
3.5
1.6
4.3
3.7
7.3
3.8
2.6
4.3
4.1
84.9
87.4
89.7
86.2
91.2
84.9
86.9
91.8
88.4
86.7
as
.5
.2
.7
.5
.6
.5
.3
.5
^5
From this table it appears that one class of crime plaj^s a larger
part in the criminaUty of American-born persons than in that of
njxj nationality group of immigrants. This is the class of offenses
designated as ^'gainnil.'' Of the total number of offenses com-
mitted by persons born in the United States 10.1 per cent were of
this character. The highest percentage which the gainful offenses
form of the total crimes of any foreign nationaUty is 8.3 per cent,
that being their percentage or the crimes of immigrant offenders
bom in Kussia. The proportion which such offenses form of the
total crimes of fjersons of English birth is nearly as large, being 8.1
per cent. Next in rank is the percentage of persons born m Germany,
7.7, and following this are the percentages of the Italians, 6.4, the
Scotch 5.5, ihe Irish, 4.4, and the French, whose percentage of 4.3
is least of the eight nationaUty groups shown.
Offenses of personal violence, against pubUc poUcy, and against
chastity form larger proportions of the total criminfiility of various
groups of inmiigrant offenders than of that of the Amencan-bom.
Two of the immigrant groups have larger percentages of offenses of
personal violence than the group of persons born in the United States.
These two immigrant nationahties are the ItaUan, of whose crimes
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Immigration and Crime.
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those of personal violence form 7.3 per cent, and the Germans, 4.3
per cent of whose offenses are of this nature. All other immigrant
groups have smaller proportions of such crimes than the native-bom,
of wnose total offenses they form 3.9 per cent. The most striking
thing shown by these figures is the relatively high percentages of
offenses of personal violence found among the Italians; this percent-
age is nearly twice as great as that of the Americans, and over four
and one-half times that of the French, whose percentage of 1.6 is least
of the eight nationality groups shown.
Bdativefreqiwricy of gainful offenses: New York City magistrcUet^ courts^ 1901-1908.
COUNTRY OF BIRTH
UNITED STATES
RUSSIA
ENGLAND
GERMANY
ITALY
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
TRANCE
Of offenses against public policy no nationality has a smaller pro-
portion than the American, 84.9 per cent of whose crimes are of this
character. Witli the exception oi the Italian, whose percentage is the
same as that of the American-bom group, all of the foreign nationali-
ties have larger proportions. The nighest percentage is that of the
Scotch, 91.3 per cent of whose offenses are against pubUc policy.
This, however, is only slightly in excess of that of the Irish, the latter
being 91.2 per cent.
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92
The Immigration Commission.
Four of the seven foreim nationaUties have larger proportions of
oflFenses against chastity than the American. These are the French,
4.1 per cent of whose crimes are against chastity, the Germans, whose
percentage is 1.2, the Russian, of whose total offenses these form 0.9
per cent, and the Italian, 0.8 per cent of whose crimes is composed of
such offenses. The American percentage, 0.6, is only half that of the
Germans and only slightly more than one-seventh that of the French.
The Irish and the Scotch percentages are less than any others, the
former being 0.2 and the latter 0.3. It is noteworthy that the four
English-speaking nationalities, the, American, English, Irish, and
Scotch, are exceeded in relative frequency of offenses against chastity
by each of the four non-English-speaking nationaUties.
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
In the following table are shown the several gainful offenses, their
distribution among the nationalities, and the proportion which each
forms of the total crimes of each nationality:
Table 66. — Gainjul offenus compared with all offenses: New York City magistrattB*
courts, 1901 to 1908.
NUMBER.
AU
offenses.
Gainful offenses.
Country of birth of offender.
Black-
mail
and ex-
tortion.
Bur-
glary.
Forgery
and
fraud.
Larceny
and re*
oeiving
stolen
prop-
erty.
Robbery.
Total.
United States
365.386
102
7,221
413
27.009
2.019
36.754
Knglsnd.. .
15,446
8,464
52,193
110.085
67,125
67,323
6.476
9
7
12
U
116
14
1
161
49
657
759
910
860
32
23
4
75
17
22
42
6
1.020
281
3.120
3.713
2,978
3.685
306
43
22
135
296
286
174
14
1,256
France
363
Qermv^nj ,,..,.-.
3.999
Ireland
4,796
Itaiy
4,312
Russia
4,784
Scotland
358
Total foreign
402.772
185
287
4.180
272
18,795
1.203
24.635
Grand total
768,158
11,401
685 1 45.804
3,222
61,389
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
United States
100.0
ao3
2.0
0.11
7.4
0.6
10.1
England....... . . r. r.--,
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.06
.06
.02
.01
.17
.02
.02
LO
.6
L3
.7
1.4
L5
.5
.15
.06
.14
.02
.03
.07
.09
6.6
3.3
6.0
3.4
4.4
6.4
4.7
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
8-1
France
4.3
Oennany
7.7
Ireland.'.
4.4
Italy..'.
6.4
Russia
8.3
Scotland
5.5
Total foreign ...............
100.0
.05
1.0
.07
4.7
.3
6.1
Grand total
100.0
.04
L6
.09
6.0
.4
8.0
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Immigration and Crime. 93
The number of cases of blackmail and extortion is small compared
with the number of other crimes shown in this table, but it ispossible
to contrast the various nationalities with respect to them. Tne Ital-
ians stand out most prominently in the records of these oflFenses:
although only 0.17 per cent of their crimes consist of blackmail and
extortion, no other nationality has half so large a proportion. The
percentage of the French mosl nearly approaches that of the Italians,
and it is only 0.08. The Italians, French, and English exceed the
Amepcan-bom in relative frequency of these crimes, while the per-
centage of the latter, which is 0.03, is greater than that of the four
remaining foreign groups. The German, Russian, and Scotch groups
have each 0.02 per cent, while the Irish J)ercentage, 0.01, is least of
the eight shown in the table.
Burglary occurs in largest proportion among the crimes of the
American-bom, forming 2 per cent of their oiBFenses. The Russians
are next in rank, 1.5 per cent of their crimes consisting of burglary.
Only sUghtly smaller than the Russian percentage is the Italian,
which is 1.4, and the German, which is 1.3. Three nationalities have
less than 1 per cent, the Irish, with 0.7 per cent, the French, with 0.6
per cent, and the Scotch, with 0.5 per cent, the latter having the
smallest percentage of any of the eignt nationalities.
Forgery and fraud form very small proportions of the criminality
of the several nationalities. Of these proportions the group of
English- bom persons has the largest, or 0.15 per cent. Next in rank
is wie proportion belonging to tne Germans, which is 0.14 per cent.
These are the only inamigrant groups whose percentages or forgery
and fraud are more than the percentage found in the American-bom
group, which is 0.11. With the exception of the English, German,
and American nationahties no group of offenders has as larffe a pro-
portion of these crimes as one-tentn of 1 per cent, while tne Irish,
whose proportion is smallest of all the nationalities, has only 0.02
per cent.
Larceny and receiving stolen property form a larger proportion,
7.4 per cent, of the crimes of American-bom offenders than of those
of any immigrant group. The English percentage, which is 6.6, is
next m rank, while the Russian percentage is only slightly smaller
than the EngUsh, being 6.4. Two of the immigrant groups have
percentages that are less than half that of the American-bom. These
two groups are the Irish, of whose crimes larceny and receiving stolen
property form 3.4 per cent, and the French, of whose total crimes
they form 3.3 per cent, or a less proportion than that found in any
other group.
Robbery, like burglary and larceny and receiving stolen property,
occurs in larger proportion among the crimes of Americans than
among those of any immigrant nationahty group. Of the total
number of American cases shown in these records, 0.6 per cent con-
sists of robbery. The highest percentage of this offense found in any
immigrant group is the ItaUan, whicn is 0.4. The percentage of
each of the other foreign nationalities, except the Scotca, is half that
of the American-b^m, or 0.3, while the Scotch percentage, which is
least of all, is only 0.2, or one-third the American percentage.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
94
The Immigration Commission.
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
The distribution of the several offenses of personal violence among
the various nationalities is shown in the following table, together
with the proportion which each forms of the total crimes of each
nationality:
Table 57. — OffeToes of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York City
magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908,
NUMBER. •
All
offenses.
Offenses of personal violenoe.
Country of birth of offender.
Abduc-
tion and
kidnap-
ping.
Assault,
simple.
Assault,
violent.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
Totd.
United States
365.386
145
8,864
3,063
1,738
482
14,2tt
En^nd
15,445
8,464
52,193
110,085
67.125
57,323
6,476
3
4
20
6
104
48
1
345
82
1,402
2,666
1,982
1,218
108
92
37
480
874
2,102
427
40
82
14
257
543
452
164
15
23
2
70
28
233
51
7
545
France
139
Oermany
2,2»
4,117
4,873
1,908
171
Ireland
Italy
Russia
Scotland
A{!fl,m
248
9,720
4,806
1,856
511
17,141
Grand total
768,158
393
18,584
7,869
3,504
903
31,433
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
United States
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.04
.02
.05
.04
.08
.02
2.4
2.2
1.0
2.7
2.4
3.0
2.1
1.7
0.8
3!l
0.5
.5
.2
.6
.5
.7
.3
.2
0.13
3.9
Enslaiid
.15
.02
.13
.03
.35
.00
.11
3.5
France
1 6
Oermany
4.3
Ireland
3.7
Italy
7-3
Ru^ia V
3.3
Scotland
2.6
Total foreign
100.0
.06
2.4
1.2
.5
.13
4.3
Grand total.... XX x.xx
100.0
2.4
1.0
.5
.13
4.1
a Less than 0.01 per cent
Although only 393 cases of abduction and kidnaping are shown
by these records, the relatively large number of them belonging to
Italian offenders is striking. One hundred and four of these 393
cases are those of Italians. These 104 cases form 0.15 per cent of all
Italian crimes; a very small proportion, but much in excess of that
of any other nationality, being nearly twice the Russian percentage,
which is 0.08, and three times the French percentage, which is 0.05.
These three nationaUties, the Italian, Russian, and French, exceed the
American in percentage of abduction and kidnaping; the German
percentage is the same as the American, which is 0.04: while the
English, Irish, and Scotch percentages are less than the American.
The smallest proportion of these crimes is found among the Irish,
whose six cases of abduction and kidnaping form less than five one-
hundredths of 1 per cent of their total crimes.
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The Italian percentage of simple assault; like that of abduction
and kidnaping, is greater than the percentage of any other nationaUtv.
Of the total number of Italian crmies, 3 per cent consist of simple
assault. Next in rank to the Italian is the German percentage. This
is 2.7. These two nationalities are the only .ones naving larger pro-
portions of simple assault than the American, 2.4 per cent or whose
criminality is composed of this oflfense. The Irish percentage is the
same as the American, but the English, French, Russian, and Scotch
EeUxHve frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York City maglstraUt^ courts^
1901-1908,
COUNTRY OF BIRTH
5 10
1
ITALY
■I
GERMANY
■
UNITED STATES ■!
IRELAND ^m
ENGLAND Wlk
RUSSIA H
'
SCOTLAND ■
FRANCE 1
percentages are all smaller. Of the crimes of the French, simple
assaiilt forms the smallest proportion, 1 per cent.
In the classification of crimes employed here, ''violent assault"
includes only the oflfenses of felonious assault and maiming. It is
therefore a much more serious crime than ''simple assault."
In the case of every nationality except one violent assaidt forms
less than 1 per cent of the total cruninahty. This unique nationality
is the Italian, of whose total offenses violent assault forms 3.1 per
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96 The Immigration Commission.
cent. The percentage next in rank, that of the German group, is
less than one-thkd as large, being 0.9. The Italian and German are
the only nationalities having larger percentages than the American,
of whose total crimes violent assault forms 0.8 j>er cent. The Irish
percentage, however, is the same as the American. The smallest
proportion of violent assault is found among the French, only 0.4
per cent of whose crimes consist of this oflfense.
Homicide, also, forms a larger proportion of Italian crimes than of
the crimes of any other nationality, 0.7 per cent of the offenses of
Italians consisting of homicide. No other nationalitv has a larger
percentage of this crime than the American, althougn the English,
German, and Irish percentages are each the same as the American.
The French and Scotch have smaller percentages (each being 0.2) than
any other nationalities. These two nationalities and the Russian
are the only ones whose proportion of honucide is less than that ci
the American-born.
Rape^ like the other offenses of personal violence, appears in largest
proportion among the Italians. Of the total number of Italian cases
recorded in the city magistrates' courts, 0.35 per cent are cases of
rape. This percentage, smaU though it appears, is more than twice
that of the English (0.15). which stands second in rank. The Italian
and English are the onljr nationalities whose percentage of rape
exceeds that of the American, the latter being 0.13. The German
percentage, however, is the same as the American. The relatively
small proportion of rape appearing in the criminality of the French
is striking., Only two cases of rape, or 0.02 per cent of their total
crimes, are attributed to French offenders.
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
Certain offenses have been selected from the group of "offenses
against public policy" for further analysis. These are offenses which
occur in relatively large numbers and which are clearly defined enough
to make their part in the criminality of the various nationalities of
importance. The offenses thus selected are shown in the following
table with the proportions which they form of the total crimes of
each nationality group of offenders.
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
Inunigration and Crime.
97
Table 68. — Offenses against pvhlic policy compared with all offenses: New York City
magistrates' cowrts, 1901 to 1908.
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Offenses against public policy.
Country of birtb.
Dis-
orderly
conduct.
Intoxicik
tion.
Vagran-
cy, tru-
ancy, and
incorrigi-
bility.
Violation
of corpo-
ration or-
dinances.
Violation
of sani-
tary law.
Other
offenses
against
pubUc
poUcy.
Total.
United States
365,386
123,809
123,680
17,549
28,976
6,064
15,263
310,321
Fngtirnd . . . , ,_
15,445
8,464
52,193
110.065
67,125
57,323
6,476
3,650
5005
14,741
26,330
15,126
18,388
1,092
7,318
1308
15,462
60,074
6,303
2,028
3,913
1,002
235
3,262
6,993
1,071
763
373
757
306
3,869
2,629
26,693
18,496
304
224
127
3,069
1,078
8,681
6,183
90
544
616
4,565
3,341
4,200
3 961
139
13,496
7696
44,968
100,446
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
66,974
RlMfflA
49,811
6,911
Pwtlftnd ... . .
Total foreign
402,772
102,742
110,097
15,680
87,615
18,277
21,494
855,906
Grand toUl
708,158
226,551
233,777
33,229
111,591
24,331
36,747
666,226
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
United States
100.0
33.9
33.8
4.8
6.6
1.7
4.2
84.9
England
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
28.6
69.1
28.2
23.9
22.6
32.1
16.9
47.4
15.5
29.6
64.6
9.4
3.5
60.4
6.6
2.8
6w2
6.4
1.6
1.3
6.8
4.9
3.6
7.4
2.4
39.6
32.3
4.7
1.6
1.6
6.9
1.0
5.6
10.8
1.4
3.6
7.3
8.7
3.0
6.3
6.9
2.1
87.4
France
89.7
nermany
86.2
Irplftnd . .
91.2
Italy
84.9
Rtwsia
86.9
8cotlfind X . X .
91.3
Total foreign
100.0
26.6
27.3
3.9
21.8
4.6
5.3
88.4
Grand total
loao
29.6
30.4
4.3
14.5
3.2
4.8
86.7
Of these offenses not one forms so large a proportion of American
crime as of the criminality of one or more immigrant groups.
The largest proportion of disorderly conduct is that of the French,
of whose crimes it forms 59.1 per cent. This is a much larger per-
centage than that foimd in any other group of offenders, for while
disorderly conduct composes a good deal more than half of all offenses
committed by persons of French birth, it comprises less than one-third
of the crimes of each of the other nationalities except the American.
Of the crimes of Americans, disorderly conduct forms only 33.9 per
cent, or slightly more than one-third of the total. The French is
the only immigrant group whose percentage of this offense exceeds
the American. The percentages of the other foreign nationalities
range from 32.1, which is that of the Russians, to 16.9, which is that
of the Scotch. The Russian percentfage is thus only slightly less
than the American, while the ocotch percentage is only one-half as
large as the American.
Three of the immigrant groups have la^er proportions of intoxica-
tion cases than the American bom. These three groups are the
Scotch, 60.4 per cent of whose crimes consist of intoxication, the
Irish, 54.6 per cent of whose crimes are of like character, ana the
English, of whose total offenses intoxication forms 47.4 per cent. The
American percentage is 33.8. The four nationalities enumerated
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98
The Inunigration Commissioii.
are the only ones more than one-third of whose crimes consist of intoxi-
cation; while two of the nationalities shown in the preceding table
have less than 10 per cent. These two nationalities are the Italian,
with 9.4 per cent, and the Russian^ with only 3.5 per cent. One of the
most striking things shown by this table is the fact that all of the
English-speaking nationalities have larger proportions of intoxication
cases than the non-English-speaking.
VaCTancy, truancy, and incorri^bility. which are grouped together,
form larger proportions of the cnmes of the English, Irish, German,
and Scotch than of the crimes of Americans. The percentages of
these nationalities are, in descending order:
Engliflh 6.5
Iridi 6.4
Gennan 6. 2
Scotch 5. 8
American 4. 8
Edative frequency of intoxication: New York City magittnUet^ courts 1901^1909.
The next percentage in rank is that of the French, being 2.8. This
is followed by the Italian, which is 1.6. and the Russian, which is 1.3,
or only one-nf th as great as the Englisn percentage and less than one-
third the American.
Two nationalities stand oiit prominently in the figures showing
violations of corporation ordinances. Nearly two-fifths of all the
crimes of ItaUans and nearly one-third of those of Russians are of this
character, the ItaUan percentage being 39.6 and the Russian per-
centage 32.3. The highest proportion of such oflfenses found among
the six remaining nationalities is only 7.4, which is that of the Grer-
mans. Next in rank is the percentage of the American-bom group,
which is 6.6. Three immigrant groups therefore have larger propor-
tions of violations of corporation ordinances than the native-bom,
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99
while four have smaller proportions. These oflfenses form the smallest
percentage of the crimes of the Irish, oiJ^ 2.4 per cent of whose total
offenses belong in this category. The difference in the character of the
criminaUty of different nationalities is strikingly shown here, the
Italian percentage of violations of corporation ordinances oeing
16i times the Irish percentage. Unfortunately it is impossible satis-
factorily to determine the criminal significance of such offenses;
they may consist of so manv acts that are not inherently criminal; but
are so only because forbidden, that it is impossible to tell when they
spring from mnorance and when from willful disregard of authority.
Another offense which possibly springs from the same causes as the
violation of corporation ordinances, and yet which is of great impor-
tance to the immediate welfare of the community, is the violation of
the sanitary laws. While not necessarily crimmal in nature, such
RdaHvefreqvimcyofviolaJLionofc^ New York City magistrate^ courts,
1901-1908,
violations are distinctly injurious to society, in that they may jeop-
ardize the public health. Three foreign nationaUties prove to be rel-
atively more frequent violators of the sanitary laws than the American —
the Russian, of whose total offenses these form 10.8 per cent, the Ger-
mans, 5.9 per cent of whose total offenses are of this nature, and the
ItaUan, whose percentage of these offenses is 5.5. Each of these per-
centages is much in excess of the American, which is only 1.7. It is
noteworthy that these three immigrant groups are the three whose
proportions of violations of corporation ordinances are greater than
the American. It is also notable that the nationality having the
smallest percentage of violations of corporation ordinances likewise
has the smallest percentage of violations of the sanitary laws. This
nationality is the Irish.
Digitized by VjOO^IC
100
The Immigration Commission.
OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY.
An examination of the various offenses ''against chastity" reveals
the fact that those connected with disordeny houses are the most
common.
While it is possible for a person keeping an office for the sale of pas-
sage tickets on vessels and raiboads in violation of the provisions
governing such sale to be convicted of keeping a ' 'disorderly house," •
such convictions (or arrests for such offenses) are not frequent in New
York City, and a "disorderly house" usuall^p' means a nouse of ill-
fame or assignation, or a place for persons to visit for unlawful sexual
intercourse, or a "stale-beer dive," ^ and the great majority of
"disorderly house" cases coming before the New York criminal
courts are connected with the keeping, residence in, or use of, such
E laces. The number of cases wnere prosecution is brought for
eeping an office for xmlawfully dealing in passage tickets under
the charge of keeping a "disorderly house" is so very slight in com-,
parison with those where the "disorderly house" is one which is
made to serve the ends of prostitution that it is negligible, and no
hesitancy has been had in placing all cases of "disorderly house"
under the heading of offenses against chastity and considering them
' 'crimes of prostitution. "
Table 59. — Offenses against chastity compared ivith all offenses: New York City magis-
trates'^ courts, 1901 to 1908.
NUMBER.
AU
offenses.
Offenses against chastity.
Country of birth.
Dis-
orderly
house
cases.
AU other.
TotaL
United States
365,386
1,356
710
2,066
England
16,445
8,464
52,193
110,086
67,125
57,323
6,476
48
304
472
98
354
389
9-
30
44
159
68
188
121
9
78
France
348
Germany
631
Ireland
166
Italy
5fi
Russia
510
Scotland
18
Total foreign
402,772
2,15fi
824
2.980
Grand total
768,168
3,512
1,534
5.016
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
United States
100.0
a4
a2
ae
England
100.0
loao
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.3
8.6
.9
.1
.5
.7
.1
.2
.5
.3
.06
.3
.2
.1
.5
Frwice
ii
Qennany....
1.2
Ireland
.2
Italy
.8
Runla
.9
Rcotlanil , ,
.3
Total foreign
100.0
.6
.3
.7
Grand total
100.0
.5
.2
.7
• New York Penal Code, section 621.
» New York Peod Code, section 322.
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One nationality, the French, stands out in these figures as remark-
ably unlike all others. Not only has no other group of offenders so
large a proportion of disorderly house cases as the French, but the
percentage of such cases most nearly approaching the French is only
one-fourm as large. This nationahty standing second in rank is the
German, whose disorderlj house cases compose ouly 0.9 per cent of
its total cases; of the cnmes of the French, 3.6 per cent are of this
character. In addition to the French and German, there are two
nationalities having larger percentages of these crimes than the
American group: 'Hie Russian, with 0.7 per cent, and the Italian,
with 0.5 per cent; the American percentage being 0.4. Tab smallest
four percentages appearing in this table are therefore those of the
four English-speakmg nationalities: The American, English, Irish,
and Scotch, the latter two of which have each only one-tenth of 1 per
cent of their crimes consisting of disorderly house cases.
SUMMARY.
The results of this analysis may best be sunmiarized by presenting
a rearrangement of the tables upon which it is based, so that the nation-
alities appear in descending order of their proportions of each crime
and class of crime.
Although the gainful offenses as a whole are more in evidence
among the crimes of Americans, as shown in these records, than among
the cnmes of any immigrant nationality, there are four nationalities
which have larger percentages than the American of individual
gainful offenses. In the following summary table these stand out
clearly:
Table 60. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York City magistrates* courts^
1901 to 1908.
Country of birth.
AU gainfui ogennt.
UdHmI Stutcs ..................
Ruasia
EnglADd
Oermany
Italy
Scotland
Ireland
France
BUekmail and ertortUm
Italy
Prance
England
United Stotes
Germany
Russia
Scotland
Ireland.
Burgiaiy.
United SUtet
Russia
Germany
Italy
Eoffland
Irerand
France
Scotland
Percent.
10.1
8.3
8.1
7.7
6.4
5.5
4.4
4.3
a 17
.06
.06
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
3.0
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.0
.7
.6
.5
Country of birth.
Forgery and fraud.
England ,
Oermany
United States ,
Scotland
Russia
Franoe ,
luly
Ireland
Larceny and receiving stolen property.
United States
England
Ruasia ,
GermaoT
Scotland
Italy
Ireland
France ,
Robbery.
United Stotes ,
Italy
England
France
Germany
Ireland
Russia
Scotland
Per cent
0.15
.14
.11
.09
.07
.05
.03
.02
7.4
6.6
6.4
6.0
4.7
4.4
3.4
3.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
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102
The Immigration Commission.
This table shows that while burglary, larceny and receiving stolen
property, and robbery are more common among the crimes of
Americans than among those of immigrants, blaclonail and extortion
and forgery and fraud occurred in greater proportion among the
offenses of certain immigrant nationalities. Of blackmail and extor-
tion, the Italian, French, and English inmaigrant offenders have larger
percentages than the American, and of forgery and fraud, the English
and German.
Five of the seven immigrant groups exceed the American in per-
centage of one or more of the offenses of personal violence.
Table 61. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York Oily magis-
trates^ couTtSy 1901 to 1908.
Country of birth.
Percent
Coontry of birth.
Percent
AU oferuei of pergonal violence.
Italy
Qerinany
United States
Ireland
England
RoBsia
Scotland
France
AbduetUm and kidnapinff.
Italy
RoBsia
Prance
United States
Qennanv
England
Scotland
Ireland
Simple atitt^Ut.
Italy
Oennanj
United States
Ireland
England
Russia
Scotland
France
7.3
4.3
3.9
3.7
3.5
3.3
2.0
i.e
a 16
.08
.05
.04
.04
.02
.02
(•)
S.0
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.7
1.0
Violent aemtau
Italy
Oermany
United States
Ireland
Russia
England
Scotland
France
Homicide.
Italy
United States
England
Germany
Ireland
Russia
France
Scotland
Rape.
Italy
England
United States
Oermanv
Scotland
Russia
Ireland
France
8.1
.9
.8
.8
.7
.6
.6
a7
.5
.5
.5
.5
.3
.2
.2
0.S5
.15
.13
.13
.11
.09
.03
.02
• Less than 0.01 per cent
Moreover^ as is shown by the above table, the American offenders
have a smaller percentage of every offense of personal violence thaa
some group of immigrant offenders. The nve immigrant groups
which exceed the American in percentage of one or more offenses are
the English, French, German, ItaUan, and Russian. Of these tiie
Italian exceeds not only the American, but all other nationalities in
percentage of every offense of personal violence.
Of some one or more offenses against public poUcy every immigrant
group has a larger percentage than the American. Of these offenses
m the aggregate every nationality except the Italian exceeds the
American in percentage. These facts are shown in detail in the
table next submitted.
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Immigration and Crime.
103
Table 62. — Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York City magii-
trates^ courts, 1901 to 1908.
Country of birth.
Percent
Country of birtb.
Percent.
AU ofennt agakat pmblie poliqf,
Scotland
Ireland
Fiance
England
Russia
Germany
United Slates
Italy
Ditorderlf conduct.
France
United States
Rossia
Germany
Ireland
England
ItaKTT.
Scotland
Intoxieathn.
Scotland
Ireland
England
United States
Germany
France
Italy
Russia
91.3
91.2
89.7
87.4
86.9
86.2
84.9
84.9
59.1
33.9
32.1
28.2
23.9
23.6
22.5
16.0
60.4
54.6
47.4
33.8
29.6
15.5
9.4
3.5
Vagrancf, truancpt ^nd incorrigibilitif.
England
Ireland
Qeimany
Scotland
United States
France
Italy
Russia
ViolatUm of corporatUm ordinances.
Italy
Russia
Germany
United States
England
Scotland
France
Ireland.
Violation cfsanitarp laws.
Rossia
Germany
Italy
United States
England
France
Scotland
Ireland
6.5
6.4
6.2
5.8
4.8
2.8
1.6
L3
39.6
32.3
7.4
6.6
4.9
4.7
8.6
2.4
las
5.9
&5
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.0
Offenses against chastity in the aggregate and the special offenses
connected with disorderly houses are shown by Table 63 to have
been more prevalent among the crimes of offenders of French, Ger-
man, Russian, and Italian birth than among those of offenders bom
in tJhe United States. Among the crimes of English, Irish, and
Scotch offenders, however, they were less prevalent.
Table 63. — Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: New York City magistrates*
courts, 1901 to 1908.
Country of birth.
Percent
Country of birth.
Percent
AU offenses againtt c^astitf.
France
Germany
Russia
Italy
United States
England
Scotland
Ireland
4.1
1.2
.9
.8
.6
.5
.3
.2
Ditorderlf house.
France
Germany
Russia
Italy
United States
England
Ireland
Scotland
3.6
.9
.7
.6
.4
.8
.1
.1
THE GREEKS IN MANHATTAN AND THE BRONX.
In addition to the nationalities shown in the foregoinj^ tables there
is one which appears only in the reports of the first division of the city
ma^trates' courts. This is the Greek. Its absence from the list of
nationalities shown by the reports of the second division of the city
magistrates' courts makes its mclusion in the tables already analyzed
impossible, but the large number of cases accredited to it in the reports
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104
The Immigration Commission.
of the first division makes it worth while briefly to examine the
character of its criminaUty.
The first division of the city magistrates' courts includes all such
courts in the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. During the
eight years from 1901 to 1908, inclusive, there came before these
courts 26,431 criminal cases in which the defendant was of Greek
birth." These cases are shown by principal offenses in the following
table:
Table 64. — Persons bom in Greece held for trial or committed to reforvuitory or other
institution, city maaistrates^ courts, Manhattan and the Bronx, January 1, 1901, to
December SI, 1908, by offense.
Offense.
Offenses against chastity
Offenses aialnst public policy:
Disorderly conduct
Intoxication
Offenses of dishonesty
Vagrancy and truancy
Violation corporation ordinances
Violation sanitary law
All other
Total
Offenses against the person:
Assault ( felony)
Assault (misdemeanor)
Cruelty to ctiildren
Homicide
Rape
Robbery
Total
Number.
15
2,110
180
103
22
22,649
610
160
25.834
167
4
7
6
25
Offense.
Offenses against property:
Blackmail and extortion
Burglary
Forgery
Laroeny and receiving stolen prop-
erty
Malicious mischief
Total
Total defined offenses
Offenses not defined ,
Otand total
Nomber.
2
23
2
173
5
205
26,322
109
26,431
Excluding the 109 cases in which the offense was insufficiently
defined, a reclassification of the crimes results as follows:
Table 65. — Distribution of crimes of Greeks, city magistrates* courts, Manhattan and the
Bronx, 1901 to 1908.
Offenses.
Number
of cases.
Per cent
of total.
Gainful offenses , ,
225
239
25,834
15
9
0.0
Offenses of personsU violence
.9
Offenses ag^alnst public policy
96.1
Offenses against chastity
.1
Unclassified
(«)
Total
26.322
100.0
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
The large proportion of offenses against public policy is striking.
Such offenses constitute 98.1 per cent of the total number of crimes.
In Table 55 it was shown that offenses against public policy com-
pose only 86.7 per cent of the total specific crimes recorded or the
city magistrates courts of all five boroughs of Greater New York,
and that the largest proportion of such offenses found among the
o Only those cases la which the defendant was committed to a penal institution
or held for further trial are included.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 105
crimes of any nationality was 91.3 per cent. While the criminality
of the Greeks in Manhattan and the Bronx can not properly be com-
gared with that of the nationalities whose crimes in all boroughs of
rreater New York are analyzed in the preceding pages, the large pro-
portion of Greek oflfenses against pubhc policy snown by the figures
IS none the less not^able.
Inauiry into the parts played in Greek criminality by various
specinc offenses brings out the fact that 96.3 per cent of the 26,322
cases shown above consist of only three sorts of crime, namely:
Perotnt
1 . Violation of corporation ordinances 86.
2. Disorderly conduct 8.
3. Violation of sanitary la-ws 2. 3
96.3
No other offense composes so much as 1 per cent of the total
criminaUty.
The most striking thing revealed b^ these figures is that 86 per cent
of Greek crimes consisted of violations of corporation ordmances.
This becomes more remarkable When reference is made to Table 58,
in which is shown the proportion which such offenses form of the
total crimes of each nationality recorded in the courts of all boroughs
of the city. This shows the largest proportion to be 39.6 per cent
(that of the Italians). This is less tnan half the Greek percentage
for Manhattan and the Bronx given above.
2. New Yobk Crrr Coubt of ^General Sessions.
In order to obtain some statistics of crime which would clearly show
the race of offenders, arrangements were made for the attendance at
the New York court of general sessions of an agent of the Commission,
whose business it was to learn the race of each person convicted, as well
as his nativity. Race was thus made a part or the record of each case
in which conviction was secured. For a period of nine months — ^from
October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 — this work was carried on.
During this period there were 2,262 convictions in the court of
general sessions. In 22 of these the offense was insufficiently defined
in the reports to permit of classification. The remaining 2,240 cases
have been classined as follows:
Offenses.
Per cent
of total.
Gainful offenses
Offenses of personal violence . . .
Offenses against public policy .
Offenses a^dnst chastity
Unclassified offenses
Total
In all but 34 of these 2,240 cases the fact of native or foreign birth
was discovered, and in all but 71 the race or parentage of the con-
victed person was learned. In these statistics three general divisions
79340*— VOL 36—11 8
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
106 The Immigration Commission.
of convicted persons are made from the standpoint of nativity and
parentage: (1) Native-bom of native father; (2) native-bom of for-
eign father; (3) foreign-bom. The native-bom of native father are
classified as white, negrO;^ and Indian. The native-bom of foreign-
father are grouped according to the race of the father. The foreign-
bom are separated into races.
It thus becomes possible to compare not only natives with immi-
grants, but also the children of natives (native-Som of native father)
with the American-bom children of immiCTants (native-bom of for-
eign father). It is likewise possible (and this has an important bear-
ing upon the question of the assimilation of the immigrant races) to
observe the difference in criminality between race groups of immi-
grants and native-born persons of corresponding immigrant parentage.
In 34 cases of clearly defined offenses the nativity of the offender
is not reported. This reduces the number of cases to which analysis
must be confined to 2,206.
• Many of the race groups of the foreign-bom and the descent groups
of the native-bom are represented in these statistics by so few cases
that any attempt to compare them with the more numerous groups
would be fruitless. ^ Therefore divisions of race or parenta^ having
less than 20 convictions have been discarded from the list or race and
parentage groups employed in the percent^e tables, although
retained in the nativity totals of these tables. This leaves, however,
in addition to the native white and negro of native parentage, foreign-
bom English, (jerman^ Hebrew, Irish, and Italian race groups, and
American-bom groups of corresponding parentage.
Among the several nativity, parentage, and race groups, convic-
tions for known crimes are distributed as follows:
Native-bom of native father:
White 418
Negro 213
IndLan 1
Total 032
Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father:
English 29
Geraian 112
Hebrew 96
Irish 300
Italian 82
Others 48
Race of father not reported 27
Total 694
Foreign-bom, by race:
English 39
German 125
Hebrew 247
Irish 86
Italian 236
Other races 139
Race not reported 9
Total 880
Nativity not reported 34
Grand total 2,240
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
107
In Chapter VII comparison has already been made of the five immi-
grant races and the corresponding second generations or groups of
American-bom children or immigrants. Beyond a restatement of
its general results, no repetition of this comparison need be made here.
The only material added to that upon which such comparison was
based consists of the %ures for the American ne^o group of native
Sarentage and the total %ures for the general nativity ana parentage
ivisions. The analysis made of this material in the following pages
is, however, of a different nature. In Chapter VII the object of
inquiry was the relation of second generation crime to the crime of
immigrants and American-bom children of native parents. In the
present diapter attention is chiefly confined to the differences in the
criminality of immigrant races and the native-bom of native par-
entage. In the former the second-generation groups were the pomts
of focus; in the latter the native wnite group of native parentage is
the most important group.
CLASSES OF GBIMB.
The distribution of the four definite classes of crime among these
nativity, parentage, and race groups is shown in the following table;
Table W.— Distribution of classes of crime: New York court of general semionSf
October i, 1908, to June SO, 1909,
NUMBER.
Gcaoenl nattvlty and race.
TotaL
Oalnful
offenses.
Offenses
of per-
sonal
vlolenoe.
Offenses
against
pablto
policy.
Offenses
against
chastity.
Uadassl-
fled
ofinses.
WUte
418
213
29
112
96
300
82
39
126
247
86
235
333
149
23
96
86
234
50
38
94
210
52
103
41
51
4
10
5
87
14
1
13
21
25
88
87
U
2
4
4
18
8
2
12
12
3
40
8
2
4
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
tettier:
Kn£Wi?>»
OtnoBD
2
Hebrew
1
2
1
8
1
1
blsh
9
Italian ,
^cUah
German
5
Hebrew
8
Irteh
6
TtoHan..
4
Grand total
2,206
1,632
353
171
14
36
NatlTfy>lM)m of forelifn fathpr
694
1,326
880
560
• 1,043
580
78
170
183
41
80
83
4
9
6
11
Total native-born, t r - t r r r .
16
y«vign-born,^
21
• Includes 1 Indian.
Digitized by
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108
The Immigration Commission.
Table 66. — DistribtUUm of elas$e$ of crime: New York court of
October /, 1908, to June SO, /909— Continued.
•esftOfM,
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSB&
QentraJ natlTtty tnd noe.
Total.
Gainful
ofleoaas.
Offenses
of per-
yioleooe.
Oflentas
against
public
policy.
against
ohasUty.
fled
Natlye-born of native tatber:
White
Negro
Native-born of foreigQ father, by race of
fiAber
English
German.
Hebrew
WA
Fordgn-bom:
^tglish...
German..
Hebrew...
Irish
Italian...
loao
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.7
70.0
7I».3
86.7
80.6
78.0
72.0
84.6
7&2
86.0
60.6
43.8
0.8
28.9
13.8
&0
&2
12.3
17.1
3.6
10.4
8.6
20.1
37.4
&9
6.2
6.9
3.6
4.2
&0
9k8
&1
9.6
4.9
3.6
17.0
a7
.0
LO
.7
L2
7,7
.8
.4
Grand total.
100.0
74.0
16.0
7.8
.6
Natlvi»4)om of toaifln h^her .
Total native-born
Foreifpi-bom.
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.7
• 78.7
66.9
U.2
12.8
29.»
5.9
6.7
9i3
• Inoludet 1 IndlaD.
It is shown by these figures that each class of crime forms a larger
proportion of the total crimes of some immigrant race than of those
of native white persons of native parentage.
Convictions for the gainful offenses occur in larger proportion in
two of the immigrant groups than in the native white group of native
father. These two immigrant races are the Hebrew and the English.
Of the crimes of the former the gainful offenses compose 85 per cent;
of those of the latter, 84.6 per cent. Of the crimes of American whites
of native father they compose 79.7 per cent. There are, however,
two other groups of persons having^larger proportions than the
American whites of native father. These are Ajnerican-bom per-
sons of Hebrew and German parentage. In each of these groups
the proportion of convictions of gainf m offenses is not only greater
than in the native white group of native parentage, but greater than
in any race group of immigrants. The largest proportion foimd in
any group occurs in the group consisting of American-bom persons
of Hebrew parentage, which is 89.6 per cent, or almost nine-tenths of
the total crimes of that group. The second proportion in rank is
that of the American-bom of German parentage, or 85.7 per cent.
Further than this, it is striking that each group of American-bom
persons of immigrant parentage, except that of English parentage,
exceeds the corresponding race group of immigrants m proportion of
convictions of gainful offenses.
Of the severd groups shown in the foregoing table only one has less
than half its crimes consisting of the gainful offenses. The Italian
immigrant group is this exception; its proportion of these offenses is
43.8 per cent, or less than half that or the American-bom group of
Hebrew parentage, whose proportion is greatest of all groups.
The Italian proportion, however, of offenses of personal violence
is greater than that of any other group, 37.4 per cent of all convic-
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 109
tions of Italians being of these offenses. The proportion of the Irish
immigrant group is second in rank, or 29.1 per cent. The third is
that of the German immigrant group, or 10.4 per cent. In addition
to these three groups, tne American-bom of English, Irish, and
Italian parentage exceed the American-bom of native parentage in
proportion of offenses of personal violence. Each of these three
American-bom groups of foreim parentage, however, is exceeded in
proportion by the Irish and Itauan immigrant groups. The American
negro group of native parentage, having a proportion of 23.9 per cent,
exceecb all other groups of American birth and the English, German,
and Hebrew foreign groups. The smallest proportion is that of the
foreign-bom English, which is 2.6 per cent.
In comparing inmi^ant and native groups with respect to offenses
of personal violence, it is of interest to note that each immigrant race,
except the English, has a larger proportion than the American-bom
group of corresponding parentage. It is also striking that the largest
proportion found in tne foreign-bom groups is that of the Italians^
while the largest proportion occurring in the native-bom groups is
that of the cmldren of Italians.
Offenses against public policy play a larger part in the criminality
of only two of the five immigrant groups (the German and Italian)
than in that of native whites of native parentage. Of the five Ameri-
can-bom groups of immigrant parentage, that of Italian parentage is
the only one having a larger proportion than the American whites of
native father. The largest proportion is that of the foreign-bom
Italians, which is 17 per cent, while the second in rank belongs to the
American-born of Italian parentage, being 9.8 per cent. The per-
centage of the foreign-bom Germans (9.6) is third in rank, and that
of the native-bom of native father, which is 8.9, is fourth. The
American-born negroes of native father are exceeded in percentage
of offenses against public policy by six groups — the native-bom of
native father, the native-bom of English, Insh^ and Italian father,
and the fore^-bom Germans and Italians, while the percentage of
the foreign English ecjuals that of the American negroes of native
parentage. The foreign-bom Irish have the smal&t proportion
found in any group, 3.5 per cent, although that of the American-bom
of German parentage is only slightly greater, being 3.6 per cent.
Only 14 convictions of offenses against chastity appear in these
records. American-bom persons of English and German parentage
and foreign-bom persons of the Irish and Italian races have no
convictions of this character. By far the largest proportion of them
found in any of the other groups is that occurring m the group of
foreign-bom English, whose three convictions of offenses agamst
chastity compose 7.7 per cent of the total conviction of the group.
The second proportion in rank is that of the American bom of Italian
father, or 1.2 per cent, while the third is found in the group of Ameri-
can bom of Hebrew father, or 1 per cent. In addition to those groups
having no convictions of offenses against chastity the foreign Hebrew
is the only one having a smaller proportion than the American whites
of native parentage, although tne second generation Irish have no
larger proportion, both of these latter two being 0.7 per cent.
As was pointed out in Chapter VII, second generation crime tends to
swing away from immigrant crime in its character and take the
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
110
The Immigratioo Commission.
directioii followed by the criminality of the American-bom of non-
immigrani parentage. Thus, in the foregoing table it will be observed
that each second generation group has of each of the four classes of
crime subjected to analysis a percentage whidi differs from the per-
centage found in the corresponding inmiigrant group, and that this
difference is in each second g^ieration group, except the Hebrew, in
the direction of the percentage of the American white group of native
parentage.
Other exceptions than the Hebrew second gen^tttipn will be found
when this method of comparison is appUed to the various crimes
composing the four general classes of crune, and it will be observed
that the Hebrew second generation in some offenses differs from the
Hebrew immigrant group m the direction of the native white of native
father. As detailed comparison of the immigrant and second gener-
ation groups appearing m the records of tiie New York court of
generalsessions luis been made in Chapter VH, no further reference to
it need be made in the following pages.
Examination may now be made of various specific crimes included
in these crime groups.
Offenses against chastity are found in such small numbers (only 14
cases being recorded) that this examination must be confined to the
other three groups alone.
OAINFUL OFFENSES.
Conviction of the several gainful offenses, which together comprise
over three-fourths of the total numbers of convictions, are distributed
among the nativity, parentage, and race groups as follows:
Table ^7,— Gainful oferms compared with ali ofenau: New York eourt of gerund
$e$$um», October i, 1908, to June SO, 2909.
NUMBER.
AH
Qvmnl natiTitj and IMS.
E2tor>
tioo.
Laroeny
and
receiving
stotaDT
proper^.
Robbery.
Fomry
and
tend.
Total
MtttTe4M)cn of natiye father
Whlt«
418
2U
»
m
06
300
82
39
125
247
86
235
86
54
6
27
22
78
S2
3
27
66
8
28
1
22
3
1
4
8
4
215
87
16
66
55
149
26
29
67
126
41
56
10
5
333
140
neeofiftUier:
23
QvnOMXk
96
Hebrew.......
1
3
1
86
Iilah
234
Ttft|fft>i
69
Foralgii-bonir
FngHfif r ,
1
10
15
83
QvnOMXk
04
Hebrew
1
2
3
5
210
Trteh ,.
53
TtfklfM
10
4
103
Orand total
2,206
468
13
79
1,040
32
1,632
Total natlTe-bom
1,326
694
880
822
183
146
2
1
11
46
21
S3
6S2
350
388
21
6
U
• 1,043
NatlTe-born of fdreign bther
Fonlfii-born
660
689
• Indudee 1 Indian.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
Ill
Table 67. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York court of general
sessions, October i, 1908 to June SO, iP09— CJontinued.
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
AU
offenses.
Geoeral oaUvity tpd nm.
Burglary.
Extor-
tion.
Forwry
and
fraud.
Larceny
and
receiving
stolen
property.
Robbery.
TotaL
Native-bom of oatiye fithen
White
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
20.8
25.4
2a7
24.1
22.0
26.0
39.0
7.7
21.6
26.7
9.3
11.9
a2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
4.8
6.3
L4
8.4
3.6
8.3
1.3
.0
2.6
8.0
6.1
.0
1.7
51.4
40.8
55.2
58.0
57.3
49.7
31.7
74.4
45.6
51.0
47.7
23.8
2.4
2.3
.0
.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
.0
.0
.8
3.5
2.1
79.7
Negro
7ao
Nativ^bora of foreign bther, by
noeoffather:
English
Q^rnian..
79.8
85.7
Hebrew
89l0
Irlah ,....
7&0
Ttftliftn
72.0
Foreign-bom:
English
84.0
Qflnnan....
76.2
Hebrew
8&0
Irlffh..
60.5
Ttalian
48.8
Grand total
100.0
21.2
.6
8.6
47.1
1.5
74.0
Native-bom of foreign fiither
Total nativfrbom
100.0
100.0
loao
26.2
24.8
16.6
.1
.2
1.3
3.0
3.5
3.8
5a4
40.2
44.1
.9
1.6
1.3
80.7
a7&7
Foreign-bom
66.0
•I
nolodes 1 1
[ndian.
While all of the groups of American-bom persons of immigrant
parentage exceed the native white of native parentage in proportion
of burglary convictions, only two of the immigrant ^oups — the
Hebrew and German — have larger percentages. The Itdian second
generation has the largest proportion — 39 per cent. The next in rimk
IS that of the foreign-Bom Hebrews, 26.7 per cent, although the Irish
second generation has almost as large a percentage (26). In the
immigrant English group the smallest proportion appears — 7.7 per
cent. This group and the immigrant Irish are the oniy ones having
less than 10 per cent of their cnmes composed of burglary, the pro-
' portion of the latter group being 9.3 per cent.
Although every American-bom group of immigrant parentage and
two of the five foreign-bom groups exceed the American white of
native father in proportion of burglary, only two of the former
groups and one of tne latter thus exceed the American negro of
native parentage. These groups are the Irish and Italian second
generation and the foreign-oom Hebrew.
Only 13 cases of extortion appear in these records. Of these, 2
are found among the convictions of the American-bom, 1 being that
of a white person of native parentage and the other the case of a
person of foreign parentage, but of unknown race. Among the foreign
groups 11 cases are found; 1 is that of a Hebrew and 10 are cases of
Italians. It is striking that out of a total of 13 convictions 11 should
be those of immi^ants and that in 10 of these the convicted person
should be an Itahan.
Forgery and fraud are crimes for which 79 convictions are found;
46 of natives and 33 of immigrants. Of the 46 natives convicted, 22
are whites of native father and 8 are persons of Hebrew parentage.
Digitized by
Google
112 The Immigration Commission.
The 22 convictions of native whites of native father form 5.3 per cent
of the total convictions of that group. The 8 Hebrew second genera-
tion cases compose 8.3 per cent of the total number belonging to that
group. Thus, of the native-bom, the group of Hebrew parentage has
the largest proportion of convictions of forgery and fraud. A further
examination of the figures shows that no immigrant group has so
large a proportion, the greatest being that of the Gennans, which is
8 per cent. Two of the mmiigrant groups, however, exceed the native
whites of native father in percentage — the German and the Hebrew,
the latter having 6.1 per cent. These two groups and the Hef)rew
second generation are tne only ones having larger proportions than the
white .^erican group of native parentage.
Among two groups no convictions of forgery and fraud are found —
the Italian second generation and the foreign-bom Irish. Of the
remaining groups all except the Irish second generation have larger
proportions than the American negro of native father, 1.4 per cent of
whose convictions are of these crimes.
The crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property compose 51.4
per cent of all offenses of which native white persons of native parent-
age were convicted. Fo'ur groups of offenders have larger proportions
of these crimes. But of these four groups only one is composed of
persons of foreign origin — the English. The other three consist of
American-bom persons of English, Hebrew, and German parentage.
The EngUsh immigrant group has by far the largest proportion;
almost three-fourths (74.4 per cent) of the total number of English
convictions were convictions of larceny and receiving stolen property.
In no other group do such convictions form more than 58 per cent of
the total number, this being the proportion found in the German
immigrant group. The third proportion in rank is that of the Eng-
lish second generation^ which is 55.2 per cent, or less than two-thirds
the proportion of the immigrant English.
In sharp contrast to their large proportions of the crimes of all
other groups of persons is the relatively small proportion of larceny
and receiving stolen property found in the group of Italian immi-
grants. They form only 23.8 per cent of the total crimes of this
froup, or less than one-third the English percentage, less than one-
alf the percentage of the Hebrew, white American of native parent-*
age, and Irish groups, and less than one-half the percentages found in
all second generation groups except the Italian.^ These crimes are
even considerably less common among the offenses of the immigrant
ItaUans than among those of the American-bom children of immi-
grant Italians, composing 23.8 per cent of the former and 31.7 per
cent of the latter. Of the groups of American birth, however, the
Itahan second generation has tne smallest proportion, and of all
groups only the foreign-bom Italian has a smaller proportion.
The place of the American negro group with respect to larceny and
receiving stolen property is interesting. Of the 1 1 other groups only
2 have smaller proportions of these crimes — the Italian immigrant
and second-generation groups.
Of the 32 convictions of robbery 21 are found among the native-
born, 10 of them appearing in the white group of native father and
forming 2.4 per cent of the total convictions of that group. Among
the foreign-bom 11 convictions appear. While 5 of these are ox
Italians and 3 of Irish, the proportion of the latter group is greater.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
113
being 3.5 per cent as compared with 2.1 per cent of the former. No
group other than the three just enumerated having a larger propor-
tion than 1.2 per cent, the percentage of the immigrant Insh exceeds
all others, while it alone is greater than that of the American white
group of native parentage. The American negro group, of native
parentage, like the Amencan white of natiare parentage, nas a larger
proportion than any immigrant group except the Irish and a larger
proportion than anv of the native groups composed of children of
immigrants. The English and German immigrant and second genera-
tion groups have no convictions of robbery.
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
Of the 2,206 convictions for known offenses of persons reporting
nativity, 353, or 16 per cent, were for offenses of personal violence.
These convictions are shown by crime, nativity, parentage, and race
in the following table:
Table 68. — Offennes of personal violence compared wUh aU offenses: New York court
of general sessions^ October 1, 1908, to June SO, 1909,
NUMBER.
General nativity and race.
All of-
fenses.
Offenses of personal violence.
Abduc-
tion and
kid-
naping.
Assault
Homir
cide.
Rape.
Total.
Native-bom of native father:
White
Nem
Native-bom of foreign father, by race of
father:
English
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian
Foreign-bora:
English.,
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian
418
213
29
112
96
300
82
125
247
235
Grand total.
2.206
12
276
41
61
4
10
6
37
14
1
13
21
25
353
Native-born of foreign father.
Total native-bom
Foreign-bom
694
6
60
1,326
8
137
880
4
139
7
78
11
170
16
183
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Native-bom of native fathen
White
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.7
.0
.0
1.8
.0
.0
2.4
.0
.0
.4
L2
.4
7.9
20.7
3.4
5.4
4.2
11.0
12.2
.0
8.0
6.1
25.6
27.2
0.5
2.8
3.4
.9
.0
1.0
L2
2.6
2.4
.4
2.3
4.7
0.7
.5
6.9
.9
1.0
.3
1.2
.0
.0
1.6
.0
5.1
9.8
N^fro
23 9
Native-bom of foreign father, by race of
father:
English
13 8
German
8.9
Hebrew
5 2
Irish
12.3
Italian
17.1
Foreign-bom:
English
2.6
Oer»nan. ........ . .. ... ..
10.4
Hebrew
8.5
Irish
29.1
Italian
37.4
G ran d to tal .*
100.0
.5
12.5
1.7
1.2
16.0
Native-bom of foreign father
100.0
100.0
100.0
.7
.6
.6
8.6
10.3
15.8
i1
2.7
1.0
.8
1.8
11.2
Total native-bom
12 8
Foreign-bom
20.8
Digitized by
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114 The Immigratioii Commission.
Both the American white and negro groups of native parentage are
exceeded in proportion of convictions of each of these crimes by
some immigrant group.
Only six of the twelve groups have any convictions of abduction.
Of these the American-bom or ItaUan father has the largest propor-
tion, 2.4 per cent. Th^ American-bom of German father stands
second witJi 1.8 per cent, and the foreign-bom Irish third, with 1.2
per cent. These are the only groups exceeding the native white
group of native parentage in proportion, the latter group having 0.7
per cent.
The crime of assault is that offense of personal violence of which
the greatest number of persons were convicted, 276 having be^i
adjudged guilty of this crime. Three immigrant groups and two
native groups of immigrant parentage have larger proportions of
such convictions than the native white of native rather. The immi-
grant groups are the Italian, 27.2 per cent; Irish, 25.6 per cent; Ger-
man, 8 per cent. The second generation groups are the Italian, 12.2
per cent; Irish, 11 per cent.
The American negro group of native parentage also excecKls the
American white of native parentage in percentage of convictions of
assault, the former having 20.7 per cent and the latter 7.9 per cent.
Thus, while three immigrant and two second generation CToups have
larger proportions than the American white of native father, only
two of these (the immigrant ItaUan and the immigrant Irish) exceed
the American negro in proportion.
But one group of offenders has no convictions of assault. This is
the immigrant English, which is also without convictions of abduc-
tion or rape, homicide being the only offense of personal violence
found in its list of crimes.
Convictions of homicide, like those of assault, are found in largest
proportion in the immigrant ItaUan group. Of the total convictions
of tnis group, 4.7 per cent were for homicide. Four of the five immi-
grant groups and four of the five second generation groups have
larger proportions of homicide convictions than the American white
of native father. The immigrant groups are these: ItaUan, 4.7 per
cent; English, 2.6 per cent; German, 2.4 per cent; Irish, 2.3 per cent.
The second generation groups are these: English, 3.4 per cent;
ItaUan, 1.2 per cent; Irisn, 1 per cent; German, 0.9 per cent. The
proportion found in the American white group of native parentage
is 0.5 per cent. As 2.8 per cent of the convictions of American
negroes of native parentage are convictions of homicide, the only
groups in whose criminaUty this offense plays a smaUer part than it
does in that of the native white group of native parentage are the
Hebrew immigrant and second generation groups. In the Hebrew
immigrant group only 1 conviction of homicide is found, forming
0.4 per cent of the total convictions for all crimes. In the Hebrew
second generation group no convictions of homicide occur. This
latter group is the only one in whose criminaUty homicide does not
appear.
While the native whites of native father are thus exceeded in pro-
portion of homicide convictions by eight groups of foreign birth or
parentage, the American negroes of native father are exceeded in
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
115
proportion of such convictions only by the immigrant Italian group
and the English second generation.
The foreign-bom of the English, German, and Irish races have no
convictions of the crime of rape. Of the remaining groups, each of
which has one or more such convictions, the Irish second generation
.and the American negro of native father are the only ones whose
percentages of these convictions are less than the percentage found
m the native white group of native parentage. Of the total convic-
tions of the latter group tnose of rape form 0.7 per cent; the American
n^ro percentage is 0.5, and the Irish second generation 0.3. The
largest piroportion is found in the English second generation group,
whose 2 convictions of rape form 6.9 per cent of its total number,
Next iit rank is the proportion of the mimigrant ItaUan group, 5.1
per cent. With these two exceptions rape does not form more than
1.6 per cent of the total crime of any group, the latter percentage
b^ng that of tJie immigrant Hebrews.
OFFENSES AOAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
Of the crimes grouped under the caption of ''Offenses against
public policy" but two divisions appear in numbers sufficiantly large
to attract attention. These are !' gaming'' or crimes connected with
gambling, and ''crimes against pubUc health and safety." The
distribution of convictions of these offenses among the various
nativity, parentage, and race groups is shown in the following table:
Tablb 69. — Offenses againsi jmblicjoolicy compared wUh all offenses: New York court oj
general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June SO, 1909.
NUMBER.
An
olbnses.
Oenenl oftttTlty and raoab
Qamlnf.
Crtmes
against
pobUc
health
and
safety.
An
other.
TotaL
Natf Te-bora of oatlye fithen
White
418
218
»
113
98
800
83
88
136
247
88
235
18
3
18
8
3
3
1
8
8
4
1
37
N«cn>
11
Knrlbih
2
Gfifnum
11
4
Hebrew.....
4
Irish
1
3
I
2
2
1
18
Ttfillfttf
g
Forelgn-bom:
^Iglfffh, ..„.
2
OermaD
1
8
1
29
12
Hebrew
12
Irish
3
ItAlfan.....
40
Grand total
2,206
65
85
21
171
Natl've4x>ni of fDrelsn father
604
1,326
880
17
34
81
18
44
41
6
11
10
41
Total oatiTe-bom.
89
Foireign«boni
83
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116
The Immigration Commission.
Table 69. — Offenses against public poUof compared with all offenses: New York court of
general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909— Continued.
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSEa
An
offenses.
Offenses against public policy.
Ocneral nativity and ra«e.
GAming.
Crimes
against
public
health
and
safety.
AU
other.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
loao
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3.6
.9
.0
1.8
8.1
2.7
3.7
2.6
7.2
2.8
1.2
4.7
4.8
3.8
6.9
1.8
1.0
3.0
8.7
.0
.8
1.2
1.2
12.3
/
8.9
Negro ... .
5.3
Native-Dom of foreign father, by race of father:
English
6.9
German .
a.6
Hebrew...
4.2
Irish
&0
Italian
9.8
Foreign-bom:
English
5.1
Qerman
a6
Hebrew
4.9
Irish
3.5
Italian
17-0
Grand total
100.0
2.9
3.9
7-8
Native-bom of foreign father
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.4
2.6
3.5
2jr
3.3
4-7
5.9
Total native-bora
a7
ForeJgn-bora
• 9.3
Each of these forms a larger proportion of the total crimes of
some immigrant group than of those of American whites of native
parentage.
Gaming includes the offenses of gambling and of possessing policy
slips. The immigrant German and ItaUan races nave larger pro-
portions of convictions of these crimes than the native whites of native
father, the German percentage beii^ 7.2, the ItaUan 4.7, and the
native white of native father 3.6. The largest proportion found in
the immigrant groups is that of the Germans (7.2 per cent); the
largest appearing in the second-generation grou^ is that of the
American-bom children of ItaUans (3.7 per cent). With the exception
of the Italian, all second-generation groups have smaller proportions
of gaming than the white American group of nonimmigrant parentage,
Oruy one group has no convictions of gaming — ^the English second
generation. Of the remaining groups, all exceed the native negro of
native father in percentage of such convictions.
Crimes against pubUc health and safety include such offenses as
the imlawful carrying of weapons and the unlawful sale of cocaine.
They form a larger proportion of the total offenses of the immigrant
Itahan and of the Enghsh second-generation groups than of those of
the native white group of native parentage. Of tne crimes of immi-
grant ItaUans, 12.3 per cent are of this character; of those of Amer-
ican-bom persons or English parentage, 6.9 per cent; and of those
of native whites of native fatner, 4.3 per cent. The native negro
froup of native parentage is exceeded in .proportion of these crimes
y tne three groups just enumerated, its proportion being 3.8 per
cent. One group — the foreign-bom English — nas no convictions of
crimes against pubUc health and safety.
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Immigratioa and Crime.
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SUMMABY.
In the following table if^ shown a summary of the relations' of the
various groups of offenders to the gainful offenses:
Tab LB 70. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York court of general sessions^
October 1, 1908, to June SO, 1909.
General natlTity and
nee.
AUgahiftil
offenses.
Burglary.
Extortion.
F„^.„d
Larceny and
receiving
stolen prop-
erty.
Robbery.
Rank.
Per
cent.
Rank.
Per
cent.
Rank.
Per
cent.
Rank.
Per
cent.
Rank.
Per
cent.
Rank.
Per
cent
NatiTe-bom of native
father:
v\'hlte
6
10
2
1
7
4
8
3
11
12
79.7
7ao
79.3
85.7
89.6
78.0
72.0
84.6
76.2
85.0
60.6
43.8
9
4
8
6
6
3
1
12
7
2
11
10
20.3
25.4
20.7
24.1
22 9
2G.0
39.0
7.7
21.6
26.7
9.3
U 9
3
2*
i'
0.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
4.3
4
9
6
6
1
10
7
2
3
8*
5.3
1.4
3.4
3.6
8.3
1.3
.0
2.6
8.0
6.1
.0
1.7
6
10
11
6
8
12
51.4
40.8
55l2
68.0
57.3
49.7
31.7
74.4
4&6
51.0
47.7
23.8
2
3
6*
5
7*
1
4
2.4
Negro
2.3
Native^m of for-
eign father, by lace
of father:
English
.0
o^nnan
.0
Hebrew
1.0
Irish
1
Italian
1 2
Foreiipi-bora:
Eni5lish
Oi«rnian
.0
Hebrew
g
Irish
3 5
Italian
2.1
American-bom offenders of native father are exceeded in percentage
of each of the gainful offenses by one or more race groups of immi-
grant offenders. Moreover, each of the five groups or -Aonerican-
bom offenders of immigrant parentage exceeds the native-bom of
native father in percentage of convictions of burglary, one of them in
percentage of convictions of forgery and fraud, and three in per-
centage of convictions of larceny and receiving stolen goods.
Eacn of the offenses of personal violence, Uke those of gain, caused
a larger proportion of the convictions of some immigrant group of
offenders than of the native-bom of native father. (See Table 71.)
Each of these offenses also occurred with greater relative frequency
among the offenses of American-bom persons of immigrant parentage
than among the offenses of the native-bom of native father. Of the
several groups of offenders shown in the table the immigrant ItaUan is
strikingly differentiated from the others by the prominence of assault
and homicide among its crimes, having larger percentages of con-
victions of these offenaes than any other group of oJenders.
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118
The Immigration Commission.
Table 71. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York court of gen-
eral sessions, October 1, 1908, to June SO, 1909.
General natiTtty and noe.
Ail offenses
of
personal
▼Meooe.
Abduction
and kid-
naping.
Assault
Homicide.
R^»e.
•
Rank.
Per
oent
Rank.
Per
cent
Rank.
Per
oent.
Rank.
Per
cent.
Rank.
Par
cent.
Nattre-bora of native fother:
White
8
3
5
9
11
6
4
13
7
10
2
1
9.8
23.9
13.8
8.9
5.2
12.3
17.1
2.6
10.4
a5
20.1
37.4
4
2'
i*
s"
3
6
a7
.0
.0
1.8
.0
.0
Z4
.0
.0
.4
1.2
.4
7
3
11
9
10
5
4
6"
8
2
1
7.9
2a7
S.4
5.4
4.2
11.0
12L2
.0
8.0
6.1
2&6
27.2
10
8
2
9
8*
7
4
6
11
6
1
0.5
2.8
8.4
.9
.0
1.0
1.2
2.6
2L4
.4
13
4.7
7
8
1
6
5
9
4
3'
2*
a7
Negro
.5
Natiye^m of foreign father, by
noe of father:
Rngifqh
6.9
Oerinan
9
Hebrew
1.0
Irish
.3
Italian
1.2
Foreign-bom:
English
.0
Oennan
.0
Hebrew
1.6
Irish
.0
Italian
5tl
Of the offenses against public policy, gaming and crimes against
public health and sc^ety are the only ones of wmch a sufficient num-
oer of persons were convicted to make tJie presentation of their dis-
tribution among the crimes of the seyeral nativity and race groups of
value.
Table 72. — Relative frequency of offenses against puJblic policy: New York court ofgm*
eral sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909,
General nativity and race.
AUoflenses against
pablio policy.
Gaming.
Crimes agahistpab-
lic health and
safety.
Rank.
Percent
Rank.
Percent
Rank.
Percent.
Native-bom of native foth^r
White
4
7
5
11
10
6
2
8
3
9
12
1
8.9
5.2
6.9
3.6
4.2
6.0
9.8
Al
9.6
4.9
3,6
17.0
4
11
8.6
.9
.0
1.8
8.1
2.7
8.7
2.6
7.2
2.8
1.2
4.7
3
4
2
7
9
6
5
4.S
Neno
3.8
Native-bom of foreign father, by race of
father:
Fngllsh , _..
6.9
OflT!«an a. x..^^
9
5
7
3
8
1
6
10
2
1.8
Hebrew
1.0
Irish
3-0
Italian
3.7
Foieign-bom:
English
.0
Q^$rman r ,
10
8
8
1
.8
Hebrew
1-2
Irish
1.2
Italian
12.3
Gaming forms a larger percentage of the offenses of two immigrant
groups and one second-generation group than of the offenses o? the
American bom of native parentage. Crimes against public health
and safety form a larger percentage of the offenses of one inunigrant
and one second-generation group than of the offenses of tiiie native-
bom of native parentage. Of tne groups of offenders shown in the
table, the inunigrant Italian is unique in that it exceeds the American
group of native parentage in percentage of convictions of both
gammg and crimes against public health and safety. Its position is
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Immigration and Crime.
119
further striking in that in percentage of convictions of crimes against
public health and safety it exceeds all other groups of offenders, and in
percentage of convictions of gaming it is exceeded by only one group of
offenders.
3. County and Supreme Coubts op the State op New York.
The preceding seta of data have been concerned with the crimi-
nality of New York Gty alone. In order at least roughly to survey
crime in the entire State, the records of the various coimty and
supreme courts of the State have been employed. From them sta-
tistics of crime during the'two calendar years of 1907 and 1908 have
been compiled.
The total number of convictions for all crimes during this two-
year period is 12,897. Excluding 1,255 cases in which the offense
was insufficiently defined to admit of classification, and 3 in which a
corporation was the offender, these convictions have been classified
as follows:
Offenses.
Convio-
tions.
Per cent of
total con-
Ylctions.
Qtlnftil
Offrinww of personal violence. .
Offenses against pablic policy
Offenses against chastity
UnclasBifled offenses
Total
8,282
1,787
1,154
223
243
7a7
15.4
9.9
1.9
2.1
11,639
loao
The records of the county and supreme courts do not show the
races of offenders, but only the countries of their birth. Therefore
the analysis must be of nationaUty (or country of birth) groups.
Because of the small number of convicted persons belonging to some
of these nationality groups, a further elimmation may well be made,
and the actual aniuysis confined to those nationalities represented by
fifty or more cases each. These nationaUties are nine in number:
American, Austro-Hungarian, Canadian, EngUsh, German, Irish,
Italian, Polish, and Russian.
The total number of convictions for definitely known offenses is
shown by covmtry of birth in Table 73.
Table 73. — Convictions in New York county and tujpreme courts^ Jixnuary i, 1907 ^ to
December SI, 1908 ^ by country ofhvrth of offender.
Country of birth.
Convfcy
tlons.
United states
7,288
3,879
419
Foreign ooantrles
Amtrla-Hffnirarv
Oaoada
124
letifT^ivl
161
Ocrmany
514
Iwtond.'.
278
Italy
1,183
96
Poland
R^mria
646
Other ooantrles -
468
r
474
Total
11,639
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120
The ImmigradoD Commtsaioa.
To compare these nationalities on the basis of total convictions is
evidently impossible, inasmuch as their representation in the popula-
tion of the State is not known. All that can be done, therefore, is to
observe the forms which the criminaUty of these convicted persons
has taken, by comparing the relative frequency of the commission of
the various ofiFenses and classes of offenses among them. In this
comparison the 474 cases in which the nativity of the offenders was
not reported must be excluded from the figures. This reduces the
number oi convictions shown in the text tables to 11,165.
CLASSES OF cnncE.
In the following table these convictions have been grouped by
class of crime and nativity of offenders:
Table 74. — DistnbtUian o/da$$e$ of crime: New York countff tmd iupreme couiUy 1907
and 1908,
NUMBER.
Country of birth.
Total.
Oatnftil
offenses.
Offenses
of per-
sonal
Tlolenoe.
Offenses
against
public
policy.
Offenses
against
chasUty.
Unclas-
sified
offenses.
United States
7.286
5,666
855
500
135
122
419
124
161
514
278
1,183
96
646
280
85
115
300
197
445
63
498
78
16
13
67
46
465
17
84
31
14
17
54
24
244
11
35
10
1
11
13
3
13
2
12
20
Cann^ft ". .'
Rn^l^Mid r ,
Germany
20
IrPlAnd , ,
Italy
16
Poland
H^iffffia ,
17
Total foreljm
3.879
2,345
873
485
72
104
Grand total
11,165
8,010
1,728
994 207
226
PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER.
United States | loao
Austria-Hungary 100.0
Canada 100.0
England 100.0
Germany 100.0
Ireland 100.0
Italy 100.0
Poland 100.0
Russia 100.
Total foreign .
Grand total . .
100.0
77.8
66.8
68.5
71.4
70.0
70.9
37.6
65.6
77.1
60.5
tTt"
11.7
18.6
12.9
8.1
13.0
16.5
39.3
17.7
13.0
22.6
15.5
7.0
7.4
11.3
10.6
10.5
8.6
20.6
11.6
5.4
12.5
IT
1.9
2.4
.8
6.8
2.5
1.1
1.1
2.1
1.9
1.9
The gainful offenses are those for which the largest number of con-
victions is found, such convictions comprising nearly three-fourths
of the total number. This table shows that the gainful offenses occur
with greatest relative frequency among the crimes of the native-bom.
Yet the difference between their percentage of American and of Rus-
sian crimes is slight — only seven-tenths of one per cent — their per-
centage of the former being 77.8 and of the latter 77.1. In each nation-
aUty group except the Italian the gainful offenses compose over six-
tenths of all crimes. Of the total offenses of the Italians, however,
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
121
they form only 37.6 per cent, a proportion so much less than that
found in any other nationaUty group as strikingly to differentiate
Italian crimmaUty with respect Uy the gainful offenses.
It is notable that of the lour nationaUties haying the largest per-
centages of these crimes, three a^e Englishnspeaking — ^the -American,
English, and Irish. It is also noteworthy that this is the only class
of crime which forms a larger proportion of the total offenses of the
American bom than of those of any inmiigrant group.
Of the eight immigrant nationalities represented m the foregoing
table seven nave higher percentages of convictions of the oflfenses
RdcUive frequency of gainful offenses: New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908.
COUNTRY or BIRTH
20
40
60
80
UNITCD STATES
fttJSSIA
CN6LAN0
IRELANO
GERMANY
CANADA
AUSTRIA-HUNGAWl'
POLAND
ITALY
^^^^^^
^^H
■
1
1
HHHI
[■III
I
1
1
w^^^
^MM
r-p
' 1
i^HH
IBH
1
rn— 1
HHlH
(■H
' ' 1 ' '
1
IHHH
HHi
' j '
p-j
BHMI
jHJH
1
\
BHHJII
(■mi
T
bbmb
■
f
of personal violence than the noninunigrant group. These seven
immigrant groups are, in the order of then* percentages, those from —
Poroent.
Italy 39.3
Austria-Hungary 18. 6
Poland 17.7
Ireland 16. 5
Germany 13.
Russia 13.0
Canada 12.9
The percentage of nonimmigrant group (persons bom in the United
States) is 11.7, or considerably less than one-third that of the ItaUan
group. The only group of foreign-bom persona having a smaller
percentage of convictions for offenses of personal violence than the
native-bom is that coming from England, whose percentage is only
8.1, or only a little more than one-mth tnat of tne Italian group of
79340'*— VOL 3^—11 ^9
Digitized by
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122
The Inunigration Commission.
immigraiit offenders. The most striking thing shown by the figures
is the high percentage which these offenses form of Italian cnmes.
It is not only more than three times the percentage which they form
of American crimes, but is more than twice the Austro-Hungarian
percentage, which is higher than that of any group except the Italian,
and neany five times the English percentage. While convictions
of these offenses comprise less than one-fifth of the total convictions
of every other nationality, they compose almost two-fifths of the
whole number of Italian convictions, a difference as remarkable as
that appearing in the figures of the gainful offenses, which are as
strikingly less conunon among Italian crimes than among those of
all other nationalities, as the offenses of personal violence are more
common.
HekUive freqiiency of offenses of personal violence: New York county and supreme courts^
1907 and 1908,
Offenses against public policy, as well as those of personal violence,
occur in largest proportion"^ among Italian crimes, forming 20.6 per
cent of the total number. This proportion is nearly twice that of
the Poles, whose percentage is second in rank, being 11.5. Offenses
against public policy, like those of personal violence, form a larger
proportion of the cnmes of every immigrant group except one than
of the crimes of the native-bom. In the case of offenses ajgainst
personal violence, the exception is the English group; in that of
offenses against public policy it is the Russian.
Four immigrant groups exceed the native-born in percentage of
offenses against chastity — the English, German, Austro-Hungarian,
and Polish. Of the several percentages, the English is much the
greater, being 6.8, while the second in rank (the German) is only 2.5,
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
123
The Russian and American groups have Uke proportions of these
offenses, 1.9 per cent. The Canadian, Irish, ana Italian percentages
are less than the American, the Canadian, which is 0.8, being tne
smallest percentage found among the nine nationality groups shown
in the table.
An analysis of some of the specific offenses composing these crime
CToups may well be made. Only the first three classes of crime are
found in sufficient numbers in these records to make an analysis of
specific offenses feasible; offenses against chastity are too few in
number to render such analysis of them valuable.
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
The several offenses designated as "gainful" are shown in the
following table, together with the proportion each forms of the total
crimes of each nationaUty:
Table 76. — Oain/ul offenses compared toith all offenses: New York county and supreme
courts, 1907 and 1908,
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Gainful offenses.
V Country of birth.
Burglary.
Kxtor-
Uon.
Forgery
and
fraud.
Larcany
and
receiving
stolen
property.
Robbery.
Total.
United States
7,286
2.181
16
221
8,009
238
6,666
Anftria-HungAry
419
124
161
5U
278
1,183
96
646
72
24
30
133
60
125
27
156
2
17
17
191
52
78
202
128
238
31
813
6
4
2
7
3
80
4
11
280
Cuiadn
86
Kn^lftnti, r T ^ „ ^ ^ , , -
116
Oflfinany
1
3
86
360
Irelaod/.
197
Italy
445
Poland
63
Hi»!fi»
1
496
Total foreign
3,879
n8
63
76
1,414
84
2,346
Grand total
11,165
2,899
60
297
4,423
822
8,010
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
United States
100.0
29.9
0.22
3.03
41.3
3.3
77.8
A ngtrfauHnmrnrv
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
17.2
19.4
18.6
25.9
21.6
10.6
28.1
24.1
.48
.00
.00
.19
1.08
3.05
.00
.15
2.15
4.03
3.U
3.31
1.08
.59
1.04
2.63
45.6
41.9
48.4
39.3
46.0
20.1
32.3
48.5
1.4
3.2
1.2
1.4
1.1
8.3
4.2
1.7
66.8
Canada
68.5
Engl ATid „,.,,, ,, ^
71.4
Gennftny
70.0
Ireland/.
70.9
Italy
37.6
Poland
65.6
Russia
77.1
Total foreign
100.0
18.5
1.4
1.96
2.7
36.6
39.6
2.2
60.5
Grand total
100.0
26.0
.62
2.9
71.7
Burglary is the only gainful offense which forms a larger propor-
tion of the crimes of the native bom than of those of any loreign-
bom group. Of the 7,286 persons bom in the United States convicted
of alf crimes, 2,181, or 29.9 per cent, were convicted of bui^lary.
Of the several immigrant groups the Polish has the largest propor-
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124
The Immigration Commission.
tion of this crime, or 28.1 per cent, while the Italian has the smallest,
or 10.6 per cent.
Extortion forms less than one-half of 1 per cent of the crimes of
all the nationaUties except the Irish and Italian. The largest pro-
{ortion is that of the Italian group, which is 3.05 per cent. The
rish proportion, which is second in rank, is only slightly more than
one-third as great as this, being 1.08 per cent. Three of the immi-
grant groups — the Italian, Irish, and Austro-Hungarian — ^have larger
proportions of extortion than the American-bom, whose percentage
IS 0.22. This is less than half the Austro-Hungarian percenta^
(0.48), slightiy more than one-fifth the Irish (1^08), and approxi-
mately one-fourteenth the Italian (3.05). Three nationalities — the
Canaoian, English, and Polish — have no cases of extortion recorded
against them, while the German and Scotch group have only one
case each.
BekUiveJrequenq/ of burglary: New York county and tupreme courU^ 1907 and 1908.
COUNTBY or BIRTH
40
60
80
NATIVE
FOREIGN
POLAND
GERMANY
RUSSIA
IRELi^NQ
CANi^OA
ENGLAND
AJJSTOlA-HUNGARir
l1?a.Y
Among the convicted persons of three nationalities forgery and
fraud form larger proportions of the total crimes than among those
of American birth. These three nationaUties are, in the order of
the greatest relative frequency of these offenses among them.
Canadian, German and EngUsh. Of Canadian crimes forgerv and
fraud form 4.03 per cent, of German, 3.31, of English, 3.11, while of
the offenses of Americans they compose 3.03 per cent. Least of all
is the proportion of forgery and fraud among tne ItaUans, whose per-
centage of these offenses is 0.59, or approximately one-seventh uiat
of the Canadians, and less than one-fif tn that of the Germans, English,
and Americans.
From the preceding table it appears that a greater number of con-
victions were for larceny and receiving stolen property than for any
other crime. Only three groups of foreign-bom persons have
smaller percentages of these offenses than the native-bom. Five of
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 125
the eight immigrant groups appearing in the table have larger
proportions of convictions lor larceny and receiving stolen property
than the American. These five groups are those from Russia, Eng-
land, Ireland, Austria-Hungary, and Canada. Of the total con-
victions of only three nationauties — the Canadian, Polish, and It^an —
do those for larceny and receiving stolen property form less than 40
per cent, and these three nationalities are the only ones having
smaller percentages of these crimes than the American.
Larceny and receiving stolen property are most common among
the crimes of Russians, of which they form 48.5 per cent. They are,
however, almost as conunon among the crimes of ,peraons of English
birth, composing 48.4 per cent. The unknown racial composition
of the Russian group of convicts renders it impossible properly to
compare it with any of the others. It is not likely, however, that
many persons of the true Russian race are included in it, and the
presence of a distinct group of persons coming from Poland suggests
the improbabiUty of its contaimng many Poles.
The relativelv small proportion of persons from Italy committing
the offenses of larceny and receiving stolen property is notable,
being only 20.1 per cent. It is only half that of persons bom in the
United States, whose percentage of these crimes is 41.3, and con-
siderably smaller than that of ftie group of persons having the next
smallest proportion (the Germans), while tne proportion foimd in
the Russian group, which exceeds all others, is nearly two and one-
half times that of the Italians.
The small number of persons of each nationaUty group convicted
of robbery is striking. But one immigrant group ediibits a greater
relative frequency of this crime than the Amencan. This is the Polish,
whose percentage of convictions for robbery is 4.2, while that of tJbe
American is 3.3. Of Italian crimes, however, robbery forms the
same percentage as of American. With the exception of the Polish
and Italian, all foreign-bom groups have smaUer percentages than
the native-bom. The least proportion is found in the Irish group,
only 1.1 per cent of its crimes consisting of robbery. The English
percentage, however, is only slightly greater than this, being 1.2.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
126
The Inunigration Commission.
OFFBNSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
The several offenses of personal violence and their distribution
among the various nationalities are shown in the following table:
Table 76,— Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York cotmty
and supreme courtSi 1907 and 1908,
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Offenses of personal violenoe.
Country of birth.
Abduc-
tion and
kidnap-
ing.
Assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
Total
United States
7,286
37
681
72
115
856
Austria-Honffary
419
124
161
514
278
1,183
96
646
2
68
15
8
47
38
342
14
73
7
6
1
2
11
2
25
1
3
78
Canada
16
Enirlfuid . , , . ,
1
1
2
8
6
74
2
5
13
Germany..
67
Ireland
46
Italy
24
465
Poland
17
Russia
3
84
Total fbreign
3,879
36
664
110
63
873
Grand total
11,165
78
1,295
182
178
1,728
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
United States
100.0
0.5
8.7
1.0
1.6
1L7
Austrif^Hunffarv
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.47
.00
.62
.19
.00
2.03
.00
.46
15.0
12.1
5.0
9.1
13.7
28.9
14.6
11.3
1.7
.0
1.2
1.6
2.2
6.3
2.1
.8
L4
.8
L2
2.1
.7
2.1
LO
.5
18.6
Canada .x*.. . ....
12.9
Eneland
8.1
Germany.....
13.0
Ireland..
1&5
Italy
39.3
Poland
17.7
Rossia
13.0
Total foreign
100.0
.9
17.1
2.8
L6
22.5
Grand total
100.0
.7
11.6
L6
L6
15.5
None of these offenses of personal violence forms so large a propor-
tion of the crimes of the native-bom as of those of some immigrant
group.
Abduction and kidnaping occupy a much larger place in the
criminahty of the ItaUan group than in that of any other group of
offenders. This is strikingly shown by the fact that while the
ItaUans compose only a little more than one-tenth of the total num-
ber of persons convicted of all crimes, 24 of the 73 cases of abduction
and kidnaping, or approximately one-third, are ItaUan cases. Of
Che total number of Italian convictions, these 24 of abduction and kid-
naping form 2.03 per cent. Next in rank is the English proportion,
which is 0.62 per cent. All other immigrant groups have smaller
proportions than the American, 0.5 per cent of whose crimes consist
of abduction and kidnaping. It is notable that three foreign nation-
ahty groups — the Canadian, Irish, and Pohsh — have no convictions
of abduction and kidnaping, while the English and German have
only one each, the Austro-Hungarian two, and the Russian three.
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Immigration and Crime.
127
* Of convictions for the specific offenses of personal violence, those
for assault occur in largest numbers. Assault, like abduction and
kidnaping, forms a larger proportion of the criminaUty of ItaUans than
of that of any other nationality. The Italian proportion of assault,
which is 28.9 per cent^ is nearly twice that of any or the other groups,
the second in rank bemg that of the Austro-Himgarians, which is 15
Ser cent. The Polish percentage is nearly as large as the Austro-
[\mgarian, being 14.6. In addition to these three immigrant
groups there are four others having larger proportions of assault
than the native-bom, whose percentage is 8.7. Thus only one forei^
nationality has a smaller proportion than the American. This is
the English, of whose total crimes assault forms 5 per cent.
I Six of the eight inmiigrant CToups have larger proportions of homi-
cide than the native-bom. Of these, the Kalian stands out most
prominently, 6.3 per cent of its convictions being convictions of
Edalive frequency ofawmU: New York county cmd tupreme courU, 1907 and 1908.
COUNTRY or BIRTH
20 ^0 60 60 1
FORCIGN
NATIVE
ITALY
AUSTRIA-HUNS(^RY
POLAND
IRELAND
CANADA
RUSaA
GERMANY
ENGLAND
homicide. Next in rank is the Irish percentage, which is 2.2, or only
slightly more than one-third the Italian.
These six immigrant groups having larger proportions of homicide
than the native-bom are, in the order of tneir percentages, those
from —
Per oent.
Italy 6.3
Ireland 2.2
Poland 2.1
Austria-Hungary *. 1.7
Germany 1-6
England 12
Among American offenders convictions of homicide compose only
1 per cent of all convictions. The only nationaUties of whose total
cnndnality homicide forms a smaller j)art than of that of the
American are the Russian and the Canadian. Of the 646 convictions
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128
The Immigration Commission.
of all crimes of the Russians, only 5, or 0.8 per cent, were of homi-
cide, while of the 124 convictions of Canadians not one was of this
crime.
Two of the groups of foreim-bom persons have larger proportions
of convictions of rape than the native-bom, whose percentage is 1.6.
These two nationalities are the German and ItaUan. Of the total crim-
inality of each, rape forms 2.1 per cent. Two nationalities have each
only 1 conviction of rape— the Canadian and the Polish — while the
English and the Irish have but 2 convictions each. The smaU^t
proportion, however, appears in the Russian group, of whose 646
convictions of all crimes only 3, or less than one-half of 1 per cent, are
of this crime. Although the German percentage equals the Italian,
the fact that no nationalitv exceeds the latter in percentage adds
something to the other evidence of the prevalence of crimes of per-
sonal violence among the Italians.
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
Offenses of three kinds have been selected for analysis from those
against pubUc poUcy. These are shown, with their proportions of
the total crimes of each nationaUty, in the following table:
Table 77.^)ffen9es against public policy compared tvith all offenses: New York county
and supreme courts^ 1907 and 1908,
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Offenses against public policy.
Country of birth.
Crimes
against
public
health
and
safety.
Gaming.
Violation
of excise
laws, etc.
AH
other.
TotaL
T7nited States
7,286
80
127
263
39
609
Austria-Hungary
419
124
161
614
278
1,183
96
646
15
1
3
13
3
163
5
15
2
10
13
10
27
15
68
8
9
4
31
C^ada
14
England
4
11
3
12
1
4
17
Germany
3
3
11
2
7
54
Ireland
24
Italy
244
Poland
11
Russia
35
Total foreign
3.879
229
49
168
39
486
Grand total
11,165
309
. ^^
431
TB
994
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
United States
100.0
1.1
1.7
3.6
7.0
Austria-Hungary
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
3.6
.8
1.9
2.5
1.1
13.8
5.2
2.3
.5
.0
2.6
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.6
2.4
10 5
•6.2
6.3
6.4
4.9
3.1
1.4
7.4
Canada
11 3
England
10 6
Germany...
10.5
Ireland..
8 6
Italy
20.6
Poland
11.5
5.4
Total foreign
100
6.9
1.3
4.3
12.5
Grand total
100.0
2.8
1.6
a9
8l9
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 129
Under crimes against public health and safety are grouped the.
unlawful carrying of weapons, having narcotics with intent to
administer, oDstructing health ofl&cer in discharge of his duties,
willful violation of health laws, selling impure milk, and the unlawful
sale of cocaine. While some of these offenses involve pecuniary dis-
honesty (such as the sale of impure milk and the unlawful sale of
cocaine) most of them are suggestive rather of crimes of violence.
It is therefore notable, when comparison is made with the group of
offenses of personal violence, that the Italians should have a larger
proportion of convictions of these crimes against public health and
safety than any other nationaUty, and that this proportion, which ia
13.8 per cent of all Italian crimes, should be more than twice as
great as that of any other nationality group and more than twelve
times that of the Americans, whose percentage is only 1.1. Six of
the eight immigrant groups exceed tne native-bom in relative fre-
Juency of these crimes. These are the groups coming from Italy,
oland, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia. Omy the group
from Canada has a smaller percentage than the native-bom, for that
of the Irish immigrants is the same as the American percentage.
Of the 124 Canadian convictions, only 1, or 0.8 per cent, is for a
crime against public health and safety.
Gaming, or gambling, forms a larger proportion of the crimes of
English and German offenders than of those of offenders bom in the
United States, the proportion of this crime in the English group
being 2.5 per cent, in the German, 2.1 per cent, and in the American,
1.7 per cent. Of the crimes of the Canadians none are of this char-
acter, and of the total offenses of persons bom in Austria-Hungary,
the number is onlv 2, or 0.5 per cent. The Poles have only one such
conviction, but this forms 1 per cent of their total convictions, as
do the 3 convictions of the Irish, while the 4 convictions of the Rus-
sians constitute 0.6 per cent of the total number belonging to this
group.
The offenses grouped as violations of excise laws, etc., while of
considerable variety, are chiefly offenses involving pecimiary dis-
honesty. Convictions of these offenses form larger proportions of
the total convictions of five immigrant groups than the v do of the
total convictions of the native-born. These nve foreign-bom groups
are those coming from Canada, England, Ireland, Germany, and Italy.
The liurgest percentage of convictions of these offenses is f oimd in the
Canadian group. Of all Canadian crimes these form 10.5 per cent,
while of American they compose onlv 3.6 per cent. Even the percent-
ile next in rank to the Canadian (that of the English) is only 6.2'per
cent. The smallest percentage of all is that of the Russian group, of
whose 646 convictions only 9, or 1.4 per cent, were for violations of the
excise and similar laws.
SUMMARY.
Burglary is the only gainful offense which caused a larger percentage
of the convictions of persons bom in the United States tnan of the
convictions of persons bom in any foreign country. As is shown by
the table following, extortion was the crime of a larger percentage of
the Italian, Irish, and Austro-IIungarian offenders, forgery and fraud
of the Canadian, German, and English, larceny and receiving stolen
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
130
The Immigration Commission.
property of the Russian, English, Irish. Anstro-Hungarian, and
Canadian, and robbery of the rolish and Italian.
Table 78. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York county and supreme courts^
1907 and 1908.
Country of birth.
Percent
Country ol birth.
Per cent
AUgaif^uloffentti.
United States
77.8
77.1
71.4
70.9
70.0
68.5
66.8
65.6
37.6
29.9
28.1
25.9
24.1
21.6
19.4
18.6
17.2
ia6
8.06
1.08
.48
.22
.19
.15
.00
.00
.00
Forgery arid fraud.
Canada
4.03
Bussia
3.31
Knrland ................ x ....*... ^ ... ^
Englan'f ...^ ...^ *,.... ...
3.11
Ireland
United States
3.03
OfflTTlftDy.
Russia
2.63
Canada
Austria-Hungary
2.15
Anstria-Hungary
Ireland
1.06
Poland.
Poland
1.04
Italy
Italy
.59
Burglary.
United states
Lmteny and receiving stolen property.
Russia
48.S
Poland
England
48.4
Ofrmany
Ireland
46.0
Bussia !
Austria-Hungary
45.6
Ireland
Canada T..!
4L9
United States
41. 3
England
Qermany
39.3
Austria-Huneary
Poland
32.3
SSy
Italy
20.1
Extortion.
Italy
Robbery.
Poland
4.2
Ireland.
Italy
3.3
Austria*Hungary
United States
3.3
United states
Oann^A
3.2
Germany. .
Russia ,
1.7
Russia. I
Austrift-Hnngnry. ..!....................
1.4
Canada.
OenTiany....Txx'x x......
L4
England
England
L2
Poland
irefind.... .;;;:;;:::;;;:;;;;.. :.::.
LI
Every offense of personal violence occurs with p*cater relative
frequency among the crimes of some group of immigrant offenders
than among the crimes of the American bom. As Table 79 shows,
the Italians have the largest percentage of convictions of three of
these offenses — abduction ana kidnaping, assault, and homicide —
and share with the Germans the highest percentage of convictions of
the fourth offense — i ape.
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Immigration and Crime.
131
Table 79. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York county and
supreme courts^ 1907 and 1908.
Country of birth.
Peroeat
Country of birth.
Percent
AU offtMa ofpemmal vMenc*.
Italy
Austria-Hungary
Poland
Ireland
Germany
Hussia '.
Canada
United States
Bngland
AliiMetUm QMd kidmapin§.
Italj
UnSed States!!!!!!;;!!;!!;!!!!.*!!!
Austria-Hungary
Russia
Germany
Canada
Ireland...
Poland
AfMVll.
Italy
Austria-Hungary
Poland
Ireland
Canada
39.3
1&6
17.7
1&5
lao
13.0
12.9
1L7
8.1
2.03
.62
.fiO
.47
.46
.19
.00
.00
.00
28.9
l&O
14.6
ia7
12.1
il Mait^— Continued.
Russia
Germany
United States
England
Homicide.
Italy
Ireland
Poland
Austria-Himgary
Germany
Encjand
United States ,
Russia ,
Canada ,
Rape. .
Germany
Italy
United States
Austria-Hungary
England
Poland
Canada
Ireland ,
Russia ,
11.3
9.1
8.7
&0
&3
2.2
2.1
1.7
1.6
1.2
LO
.8
.0
2.1
2.1
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
.8
.7
.6
Of each of the three kinds of offenses against public policy shown
in the Table 80, some immigrant group of offenders nas a larger
percentage of convictions than the native (or American) group. TVo
of the nationaUties of foreign-bom offenders are especialTy prominent
because of their lai^e percentage of convictions of certain offenses.
These are the Italian and the Canadian, the former having a much
larger percentage of convictions of crimes against the pubuc health
and safety than any other nationaUty and the latter a much larger
percentage of convictions of violations of excise and similar laws.
Tabls 80. — Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York county and
supreme courts, 1907 and 1908.
Country of birth.
AU offentes against ptMic poUep.
Italy
Poland
Canada
England
Germany
Inland
Austria-Hungary
United States
Russia
Crimes against the public health and safety.
Italy
Poland
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Russia
En^and
United States
Irdand
Canada
Percent
2a6
11.6
11.3
lae
ia5
8.6
7.4
7.0
5.4
13,8
5.2
3.6
2.5
2.3
1.9
1.1
l.l
.8
Country of birth.
Oaming.
England
Germany
United States
Ireland
Italy
Poland
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Canada
Violation of erase laws. etc.
Canada
England
Ireland
Germany
Italy
United States
Poland
Austria-Hungary
Russia
Percent
2.6
2.1
1.7
1.1
1.0
1.0
.6
.6
.0
ia5
&2
5.4
&3
4.9
3.6
3.1
2.4
1.4
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Chapteb IX.
THE CITT OF CHICAGO.
Police Arrests.
Of the police reports obtained from the principal cities of the
United States, only those of Chicago contained records of arrests
admitting of the statistical analysis of the relations of immigrants to
crime. No reports ^owed arrests by race and crime, and only those
of Chicago correlated nationaUty and crime. The reports of the
Chicago poUce department for the 10 years from 1897 to 1908 were
obtained; but it was found that only those for the four years from
1905 to 1908 contained tabular statements of arrests by crime and
nationaUty. The records for these four years were therefore combined
and retabulated. These figures form the material on which this
chapter is based.
It is fortunate that such statistics could be obtained from this
city for, next to New York, Chicago had in 1900 the largest number
of foreign-bom persons of any city in the United States, and of the
six chief cities of the country Chicago ranked third in proportion of
foreign-bom population, its 587,112 persons of foreign birtn forming
34.6 per cent of its total population.
During the four years under consideration the total numbw of
arrests made by the Chicago police was 307,479. In 6,548 cases,
however, the offense chai^M is so vaguely defined as to render its
inclusion among anv of the definitely stated offenses impossible.
These 6,548 arrests have therefore been elim'mated from the figures
upon wruch analysis is based, leaving the total number of arrests
considered 300,931.
As in the preceding sections of this report, offenses have been
divided into four groups of rather definite meaning. This leaves an
unclassified remainder, which, because of the impossibiUtv of satis-
factorily determining its criminal character, can not be analyzed. In
the case of Chicago, this unclassified remainder amounts to but 1.6
per cent of the total criminaUty. As in other cases, however, it has
been retained in the total of offenses, upon which percentages of
specific crimes and classes of crime are computed for the dinerent
nationaUties.
A summary of the various classes of crime appearing in the Chicago
police reports during the four years under consideration is as follows:
Offenses.
Number
of arrests.
Percent
of arrests.
Oalnfal offenses
Offenses of personal violence ...
Offtaises against public policy .
Offenses against chastity
Unclassified offenses ,
Total
39,390
16,824
226,164
13.440
5.107
18.1
5.6
75.2
4.5
1.6
300.931
100.0
133
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
134
The Immigration Commission.
Offenses against public policy form the major part of the case^
composing 75.2 per cent. Here is exhibited the effect of metropolitan
conditions upon criminality — ^its chief form becomes the conmiission
of acts frequently not in themselves of a serious criminal nature, but
indicating rather a disregard for. or an igijorance of, the law.
The records of the Chicago police do not show the races of arrested
persons, nor is there any classification by countries of birth. The
classification emplojed lies between these two, in that under the
designation of ** nationality" there appears a division of persons bom
in certain countries into groups which are evidently racial. Thus,
there is a separation of Bohemians, of Folanders, and of Slavonians.
The meaning of Bohemians is clear (persons born in Bohemia).
Polanders are persons bom in Russian, (jerman, or Austrian Poland,
and the term roUsh is therefore appUed in the following pages to this
* 'nationality." By Slavonians are meant persons bom m the Hun-
garian provinces of Croatia and Slavonia. In the discussion of the
Chicago figures *'nationaUt3r" is therefore employed to indicate the
geographical divisions in which the various groups of arrested persons
were bom.
Of the 23 nationality groups appearing in the reports, 3 have been
omitted from the comparative analysis: Hollanders and Swiss,
because of too slight representation m the total criminaUty, the
former having but 469 arrests for specific offenses, and the latter but
308, and the group desi^ated **Owier nationaUties," because of the
impossibility of distinguishing its composition. The figures for theso
groups have, however, been retained in the total figures for the
foreign-bom.
The American, or native-bom, group is divided into whites and
negroes. A more accurate standard of comparison is thus secured
than that appearing in the records of the New York City magistrates'
courts oir in tnose of the county and supreme courts of New York State.
In the treatment of the Chicago statistics the white American group
is that with which the various immigrant groups are primarily com-
pared.
Among the nationaUty and color groups arrests for known offenses
are distributed as follows:
Table Sl.—DistribiUum of arreits, Chicago y 1905 to 1908, xndunvet by nationalUy of
offender.
Nationality. .
Number
of arrests.
NationaUty
Number
ofarrests*
Native-born:
White
171,120
24,814
3,897
4,531
2,126
2,339
1,137
2329
913
19,347
4,821
10,743
7,366
ForelffQ-bom— Continued .
Lithuanian
2,582
Negro . ...•••....
Norwegian
2^401
Foreign-bom;
A iistrlan .,
Polish
19,57S
Russian.
9.240
Bohemian.
Scotch
1.073
C^n^ Ian
Slavonian
1,051
Chinese
Swedish
5,44&
Danish
Other ibreign
4,091
English
Grand total
French
300.931
Of^nnan
Total native-bom
Greek
195,934
Irish
Total foreign-born
104,997
Italian
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
135
CLASSES OP OBIME.
The several classes of crime are distributed among these national-
ities as is shown in Table 82.
Table S2, --Distribution of classes of crime: Chicago police arrests^ 1905 to 1908.
NUMBER.
NationaUty.
Total.
Galnftil
offenses.
Offenses
of per-
sonal
Tiolence.
Offenses
against
pubUc
policy.
Offenses
against
chastity.
UnoUasl-
fledol^
fensea.
Native-born:
White ^
171,120
24,814
3,897
4,631
2,126
2,339
1,137
2,329
913
19,347
4,821
10,743
7,355
2,582
2,401
19,576
9,240
1,073
1,061
5,446
25,244
3,830
358
451
260
44
109
249
96
2,145
367
603
836
279
206
2,097
1,160
71
100
407
7,609
1,695
303
370
118
38
49
116
44
1,277
449
606
776
313
118
1,831
593
63
121
234
127,313
17,215
3,012
3,497
1,698
2,153
935
1,839
653
14,903
3,891
9,201
6,444
1,881
1,979
14,931
6,432
914
787
4,664
8,134
1,878
181
95
86
102
24
76
106
659
90
147
224
66
59
420
830
19
31
140
2,920
296
Negro
Foreign-bom:
Austrian
43
■Rohemlan. .... .... . . x * .^ ^x
118
Canadian . . . . ^ . ^ . .
66
Chtnww ......
2
20
English
49
'FT**nch... ......... XX a*4,*
14
German.
463
Greek
24
Irish
187
Italian
76
I4thnanian x x x . x
64
"Karyr^gUm x x . . . x .
40
poushT!^::::;::::::;::::::::;;::::::
296
Russian.
235
Scotch
16
13
Swfl<ll«h _, _,
101
Grand total
300,931
39,390
16,824"
226,164
13,446
6,107
Total natiye-bom :
195,934
104,997
29,074
10,316
9,104
7,720
144,528
81,636
10,012
3,434
3,216
Total foreign-bom
1,891
PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER.
Native-born:
White
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.8
. 16.4
9.2
10.0
12.2
1.9
9.6
10.7
10.6
11.1
7.6
6.6
11.4
10.8
8.5
10.7
12.4
6.6
9.6
7.5
4.4
6.4
7.8
8.2
6.6
1.6
4.3
6.0
4.8
6.6
9.3
6.6
10.6
12.1
4.9
9.4
6.4
4.9
11.6
4.3
74.4
69.4
77.3
77.2
75.2
92.0
82.2
79.0
71.5
77.0
80.7
85.6
74.0
72.9
82.4
76.3
60.6
85.2
74.9
83.8
4.8
7.6
4.6
2.1
4.0
4.4
2.1
3.3
11.6
2.9
1.9
1.4
3.0
2.1
2.5
2.1
9.0
1.8
2.9
2.6
Fordgn-bom:
Austrian
*
Bob^mni^m x ......
Canadian. . .
Chinese
Danish.
ISngliiih
French
German
Greek
Irish
Italian
I4thuanian x x . . . x . .
NnrwegiAn x x .
Polish
Kosi»kin X ... X X X XXX
Scotch
Slavonian
Swedish
Orand total
100.0
13.1
6.6
75.2
4.5
•
Total nativp-bom ............x.
100.0
100.0
14.8
9.8
4.0
7.4
73.8
77.8
5.1
3.3
Tot^l foreign-born
From this table it appears that the gainful offenses are the only-
ones which form a larger proportion of the crimes of white Americans
than of those of any group of foreign-bom persons. The largest
proportion of the gainful offenses, however, ia found in the grojup of
Digitized by
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136
The Immigration Commission.
American negroes, of whose total crimes they form 15.4 per cent.
Next in rank is their proportion of the crimes of American whites,
which is 14.8 per cent. The percentage occurring in every immi-
grant group is less than this, the greatest being foimd in the Russian
group, which is 12.4. The Canadian percentage, however, is only
3jghtly less than the Russian, being 12.2. Of the 20 groups of
of^nders shown in this table the Chinese has the smallest proportion
of the gainful oflFenses, or 1.9 per cent.
The fibres showing arrests for offenses of personal violence bring
out the fact that these offenses are relatively more frequent among
arrested persons of all foreign nationalities except the Danish,
lUUUivefrequmcy of gainful offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1906-1908.
NAtlONAUTV
S ID 15
AMERICA NjNCGRO
1
AMERICAN^WHITC
RUSSIAN
CANADIAN
ITALIAN
GERMAN
UTHUANIAN
ENGLISH
GREEK [BBMWpBBI
SWEDISH pBBBHpBBi
SCOTCH pMMWpBi
IRI9H pHHHpi
CHINESE 1
■i
Swedish, and Chinese than they are among American white offenders.
It is also shown by these figures that offenses of personal violwice
are relatively most frequent among the crimes of immigrants coming
from eastern and southern Europe — the Lithuanians, Slavonians,
Italians^ Poles, Greeks, Bohemians, and Austrians. The largest
{proportion is found in the Lithuanian group, of whose total crimes
hose of personal violence form 12.1 per cent. Next in rank is the
proportion occurring in the Slavonian group, 11.5 per cent, while
the ItaUan percentage, which is 10.6, ran^ third. It is of interest io
note the groups having larger proportions than the American whites.
The descending order of percentage is shown on the page following.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
137
Peroent
Lithuanian 12. 1
Slavonian 11. 5
Italian 10.6
Polish 9.4
Greek 9.3
Bohemian 8. 2
Austrian 7.8
German 6.6
Peroent.
American negro 6.4
Russian 6. 4
Canadian 5. 6
Irish 5. 6
English 5.0
Scotch 4. 9
Norwegian 4. 9
French 4.8
Rdalixe frequency of offemes ofper9onal violence: Chicago police arreate, 1905-1908.
NATIONALITY S 10 IS
jMHpMHpl
€1 Avn^alAN ^^^HgH^
ITALl AN P"
POUISH ^fl
GREEK ^^^
BOHEMIAN N"
AUSTRIAN F"'
GERMAN HIH
AMERI C AN^ NEGRO ^I^H
■
RUSSIAN |HHi
■
L
CANADIAN r^^
\
IRISH jIHii
1
ENGLISH ^1
SCOTCH 1—
NORWEGIAN ^Wi
FRENCH PIW
AMERICAN, WHITE ^^M
DANISH P—
SWEDISH P"
CHINESE pi
Aside from the greater prevalence of crimes of personal violence
among offenders of all but tliree of the foreign nationaUty groups than
among the American white, the remarkably small proportion of
79340**— VOL 36—11-
-10
Digitized by
Google
138 The Immigration Commission.
these crimes among the Chinese is of chief interest. But 1.6 per cent
of all Chinese arrests are for these crimes, while among the American
whites they form 4.4 per cent, and among the Danes and Swedes
4.3 per cent.
Of the several classes of crime, offenses against public policy are
the most common. More than three-fourths of all arrests made
during the period under consideration were for such offenses. In a
large city like Chicago offenses against public poUcy may indicate
anything from ignorance to dangerous criminality. In general,
however, these onenses are of minpr import and probably do not
indicate any such criminal intent as the commission of the gainful
offenses or most of the offenses of personal violence. They may
spring from a disregard for the law, an attitude in itself dangerous to
society, but in many cases they may be merely the result of thought-
lessness or even ignorance.
It might be anticipated that foreign peoples, coming from envi-
ronments and acceptmg customs and rules of conduct frequently
different from those of the people of the United States, would be more
frequently offenders against **pubUc poUcy'^ than native-born per-
sons — committers of acts frequently not in themselves of a criminal
nature, but so because forbidden.
The foregoing table shows this to be the case. With four excep-
tions (French, ItaUan, Lithuanian, and Russian) the immigrant
groups have larger proportions of offenses against public policv
than the group of Ainerican whites, while no group has so small
a proportion as the American negroes. The large proportion found
in the Chinese group is especially noticeable, being 92 per cent.
This is considerably greater than the proportion found in any
other group, the next in rank being that of the Irish, which is 85.6
per cent. Including the Chinese and Irish there are fourteen foreign
nationalities which exceed in proportion of offenses against pubUc
poUcy the American white group, 74.4 per cent of whose arrests were
for such offenses.
Offenses against chastity form a larger proportion of the crimes of
only two of the immigrant groups than of the crimes of American
white offenders. These two groups are the French and the Russian.
Of the crimes of the former, offenses against chastity compose 11.6
per cent and of the latter 9 per cent, wmle of the crimes of American
whites they comprise 4.8 per cent. The American negro group has
a larger proportion of such offenses, 7.6 per cent, than the American
white. Of the twenty groups of offenders the Irish has the smallest
proportion, only 1.4 per cent of its crimes being ** against chastity."
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
139
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
The distribution of arrests for the several gainful offenses among
the various nationality groups is shown in the following table:
Table 83. — Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905
to 1908,
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Gainful offenses.
Nationality.
Burglary.
Extor-
tion.
Forgery
and
firaud.
Larceny
and
receiving
stolen
property.
Robbery.
Total.
NaUve-bom:
White
171,120
24,814
3,897
4,531
2,126
2,339
1,137
2,329
913
19,347
4.821
10.743
7,356
2,582
2,401
19,676
9,240
1,073
1,051
6,446
5,038
705
40
7b
37
2
13
30
7
338
42
55
90
23
26
284
93
12
11
27
25
1
3,399
206
66
47
35
3
23
35
10
313
60
74
151
37
30
138
139
6
8
72
13,736
2,643
211
271
166
37
65
158
71
1,342
237
395
516
181
114
1,391
846
45
72
271
S,047
376
86
. 67
22
2
8
26
8
150
38
78
74
38
36
283
67
8
9
87
26,244
3,830
N^ro
Foreign-borxL'
368
BohemlATi
451
Cunft/ltflTi ^
260
ChiDese
44
nftnVih
109
English
349
French
96
O^^rman
2
2,146
367
Greek
Irish
i
6
603
Tbdii^Ti
836
I/tt^iianian
279
tSin^mUin.,
205
Poihh.,_
1
6
2,097
1,160
71
RlUMlAf^ , .
Sootdi !
Slavonian
lOD
flvudhh
407
Grand total....
300,931
6,974
41
4,924
23,029
4,422
39 ^0
Tff tal natlvfr-hom ^ . ,
196,934
104,997
6,743
1,231
26
15
3,605
1,319
16,278
6,751
3,422
1,000
29,074
Total forrtgn-bom . ,
10,316
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Native-bom:
White
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.9
2.8
L2
1.7
1.7
.1
1.1
L3
.8
1.7
.9
.5
1.2
.9
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.0
.6
0.015
.004
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.010
.000
.009
.008
.000
.000
.005
.054
.000
.000
.000
2.0
.8
1.7
1.0
1.6
.1
2.0
1.5
1.1
1.6
1.0
.7
2.1
1.4
':?
1.5
.6
.8
1.3
8.0
10.2
6.4
6.0
7.8
1.6
5.7
6.8
7.8
6.9
4.9
3.7
7.0
7.0
4.7
7.1
9.2
4.2
6.9
6.0
1.8
L6
.9
1.3
1.0
.1
.7
1.1
.9
.8
.8
.7
' 1.0
1.6
1.6
1.4
.7
.7
.9
.7
14 8
Negro
16.4
9 2
Foreign-bom:
Austrian
Bohemian
10
Canadian
12.2
1 9
Chinese
Danish
9 6
English
10 7
French
10.5
11 1
Greek
7.6
5.6
11 4
Irish
Italian
T.lthiiftTiffttl . X ..... .
10 8
8 5
Polish
10.7
"Russian
12.4
Scotch
6.6
9.5
7 6
Slavonian
Swedish
Grand total
100.0
2.3
.014
1.6
7.7
1.4
13 1
Total nativ^bom ,
100.0
100.0
2.9
1.2
.013
.014
1.8
1.3
8.3
0.4
1.7
1.0
14.8
9.8
Total foreign-bom
Digitized by
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140 The Immigration Ommiission.
Burglary, while not comprising a lar^ part of the criminality of
any nationality group, is oi importance oecause of its gravity; 6,974
arrests were made for this crime in Chicago during the years from
1905 to 1908. Of such arrests. 6,038 were of American whites,
, forming 2.9 per cent of the total arrests of that group, or a larger
pa*oportion than that found in any immigrant group. The propor-
tion of such arrests is nearly as large in the American ncjgro group,
being 2.8 per cent. The relatively large proportion which burglary
forms of tne crimes of Bohemians (1.7 per cent) is also noticeable-
ten groups of persons have larger percentages of the total gainful
offenses, but tne American whites and ncCToes alone have larger
proportions of burglary. It is true that the Bohemian percentage of
burglary is the same as the Canadian and the German, but ooth
of tnese latter nationaUties have higher percentages of the total
gainful offenses and of the specific crunes of forgery and fraud, and
of larceny and receiving stolen property. The Chinese have the
smallest proportion of arrests for burglary of any of the groups
shown in the table. Only two of their arrests, or 0.1 per cent^ were
for this crime. This is only one-fifth the percentage foimd m the
Irish and Swedish groups, which have, next to the Chinese, the
smallest proportions of burglary, and only one twenty-ninth that of
the American whites.
For the crime of extortion only 41 arrests were made in Chicago
during the four years from 1905 to 1908. Of these 41 arrests, 25
were those of wmte Americans, forming 0.015 per cent of all white
American arrests, 5 were arrests of Italians, forming 0.068 per cent
of ItaUan arrests, while 5 were cases of Russians, composing 0.054
per cent of Russian arrests. No other nationality has more than 2
arrests (the German), while three groups of offenders (the American
negro, the Irish, and the Polish) have only 1 each, and thirteen groups
have no arrests for this crime. The largest proportion of arrests for
extortion is therefore found in the ItaUan group, and the second in
rank in the Russian group. These two nationaUties are the only
ones whose percentages exceed that of the American whites.
Forgery and fraud are the offenses for which 4,924 of the 300,931
arrests of the four-year period under consideration were made.
Although no group of foreign-born persons has a larger percentage
of arrests for the total gainful offenses than the American whit^,
one such group exceeds tnem in proportion of arrests for forgery and
fraud. This is the ItaUan, whose proportion of forgery and fraud
is 2.1 per cent, as compared with the American white proportion of
2 per cent. It is also noteworthv that the Danes, who are exceeded
in proportion of the total gainful offenses by 11 nationaUties, have a
percentage of forgery and fraud equal to that of the white Ameri-
cans, which is exceeded only by that of the Italians. Another strik-
ing difference between the relations of various nationalities to the
total gainful offenses and to the selected ones of forgery and fraud
is shown in the proportion of the latter offenses among the Austrians.
The Austrian percentage of the total gainful offenses is less than
that of 13 other groups of persons; the Austrian percentage of forgery
and fraud is exceedea only by that of the Italians, American whites,
and Danes. The Chinese, who have the smallest group percentage
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
Immigraticm and Crime. 141
of the total gainful offenses, likewise have the smallest proportion
of the offenses of forgery and fraud, or 0.1 per cent.
Turning to the crimes of larcency and receiving stolen property,
which are here grouped together, another immigrant group is founa
to have a larger proportion of arrests than the American white group.
This is the Russian, whose proportion of arrests for larceny and receiv-
ing stolen property is 9.2 per cent, as compared with the white
American proportion of 8 per cent. Although the Russian percentage!
exceeds that of the white Americans, it is not the greatest appearing
in the above table. That of the American negro group exceeds it,
being 10.2. All groups, however, except the Russian and the Ameri-
can negro, have smaller proportions than the American whites. The
smallest is that found in the Chinese group, 1.6 per cent of whose
arrests were for larceny and receiving stolen property. This is less
than half that of any other group, the Irish percentage, which most
nearly approaches it, being 3.7.
Robbery is the offense for which 4,422 arrests were made in Chicago
during the four years under consideration. Of these 4,422 arrests,
3,047 were arrests of American white offenders, while among no other
nationality or color group of persons was the number of arrests for
this crime more than 375 (the number of American negroes arrested).
Of the total crimes of native-born white persons, robbery forms a
larger proportion than of the crimes of any other group, its percentage
of me offenses of American whites, which is 1.8, not only bemg greater
than that of the offenses of any foreign-bom nationaUty, but greater
than that of the crimes of the American negroes, which is 1 .5. Among
two of the foreign-bom groups robbery forms as large a percentage
of all crimes as it does among the American negroes. Theee two
immigrant ^oups are the Lithuanian and the Norwegian. Of
arrests of Chmese for the gainful offenses, only two were for robbery.
Thus, as in the case of the total gainful offenses, and of the specific
crimes of burglary, forgery, and fraud, larceny and receiving stolen
property, and robbery, the Chinese perc^itase is less than that of any
other group of persons, being in the case of robbery one-tenth of 1
Eer cent, or only one-seventh that of the nationality (the Scotch)
avin^ the next lowest percentage, and only one-eighteentli that of
the white Americans*
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
142
The Immigration Commission.
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
The distribution of arrests for the offenses of personal violence
among the nationality and color groups is shown in Table 103.
Table 84.— O/inuet of perianal violence compared with all offerua: Chicago police
arreiU, 1905 to 1908.
NUICBER.
All
offenses.
Oflteises of personal violence.
NationaUtf.
Abduc-
tion and
kid-
naping.
Simple
assault.
Violent
assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape,
Total.
Native-born:
White
171, 1»
24,814
3,807
4,531
2,1M
2,339
1,137
2,329
913
19,347
4 821
10,743
7,866
2,682
2,401
19,675
9,240
1,073
1,051
6,446
76
6
8
8,881
460
129
212
70
13
20
60
19
097
216
843
228
144
67
868
366
29
63
146
1,721
566
96
99
26
9
8
27
14
804
117
139
267
114
84
697
142
12
49
47
1,816
600
61
46
13
12
13
19
8
206
76
96
381
60
19
288
60
9
18
26
616
84
14
18
8
4
2
8
3
68
81
28
46
4
8
78
31
8
1
13
7,601
Negro
1,506
3QS
Foreign-bom:
Austrian
Bohemian
370
Canadian
1
118
CbiTM^
38
T>ftnUh .....
49
Fffgll^h
2
116
French
44
Qtfman
7
10
1,277
4#
Oreek
Irish
005
TtftfHF^
14
1
776
Lithuanian
818
Norwegian
118
Poli<ihr
6
6
1,831
608
Russian
Sootoh
Sg
Slavonian
121
8w«diffh
2
234
Grand total
800,931
136
8,148
4,464
8,106
968
16,821
Total native-bom
196,934
104,997
82
64
4,331
3,817
2,276
2;i88
1,816
1,208
600
868
0,104
7,73B
Total foieign-bo™
PER CBNT OP ALL OFFENSES.
Katlve4>om:
White
loao
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
a044
.024
.077
.000
.047
.000
.000
.066
.000
.036
.207
.000
.190
.039
.000
.026
.054
.000
.000
.037
2.3
1.8
3.8
4.7
8.3
.6
2.3
2.6
2.1
3.6
4.6
3.2
3.1
6.6
2.4
4.4
4.0
2.7
6.0
2.7
1.0
2.2
2.5
2.2
1.2
.4
.7
1.2
1.6
1.6
2.4
1.3
3.6
4.4
1.4
3.0
1.6
1.1
4.7
.9
a8
10
1.6
1.0
.6
.6
1.1
.8
.9
1.1
1.6
.9
3.1
1.9
.8
1.6
.6
.8
L7
.6
aso
.34
.36
.29
.38
.17
.18
.84
.829
.826
.64
.26
.68
.16
.38
.40
.84
.28
.10
.24
4.4
Negro
6.4
Foreign-bom:
Austrian
7 8
Bohei^ian
&2
Canadian
5.6
Chinese
1.6
Danish
4.8
English
5uO
French x ^ . * * ^ ^
4.8
6.6
Oieek
9.3
Irish
5.6
Tti^lifin
10.6
I/ithuanian
12.1
Norwegian ,
4.9
Polish
9 4
Russian..........
6.4
Scotch
4.9
Slavonian
11.6
Swedish
4.3
Grand total
100.0
.046
2.7
1.6
1.0
.82
5.6
Total native-born
loao
loao
.042
.061
2.2
8.6
1.2
2.1
.9
L2
.31
.36
4.6
Total foreign-bom
7.4
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 143
Arrests for each of these offenses form a lai^er proportion of the
total arrests of several of the immigrant groups than of those of the
white American group.
Although only 136 arrests for abduction and kidnaping were
recorded during the four years imder investigation, the seriousness
of these crimes makes it advisable to observe among which nation-
alities they occur. More than half of these arrests (76) were of white
Americans, but of the total arrests of this group of persons they form
a smaller proportion (0.044 per cent) than do arrests for the same
crime of the total arrests of Austrians, Canadians, EngUsh, Greeks,
Italians, and Russians. The largest proportion is that of ]bhe Greeks,
which is 0.207 per cent, while the proportion found in the ItaUan
group is only sfightly smaller, being 0.190 per cent. Among eight
nationaUties — Bohemian, Chinese, Danish, French, Irish, Norwegian,
Slavonian, and Scotch — no arrests for abduction and kidnaping were
made.
Simple assault, as shown b^ the preceding table, is more frequently
an offense of most of the immigrant groups than of the native whites.
Only the Danes, French, and Chinese (in addition to the American
negroes) have smaller percentages of this crime than the white Ameri-
cans. As in the case of the total offenses of personal violence, the
highest percentage is found among the Ldthuanians and Slavonians, the
former naving 5.6 per cent and the latter 5 per cent. The Italians,
however, whose percentage of the total offenses of personal violence
is next in rank to that of the Slavonians, have a smaller percentage
of arrests for simple assault (3.1) than ten other nationahty groups.
The greater proportion of simple assault among the crimes of peo-
ples from eastern and southern Europe, as of tne total offenses of
E»nal violence, is apparent. The nationaUties having the six
»t percentages are the Lithuanian, Slavonian, Bohemian, Greek,
h, and Russian. Of the south and east European peoples, only
the Austrians and the ItaUans are exceeded in percentage of simple
assault by any other peoples, and of these other peoples, only the
Germans have a larger [)ercentage than the Austrians, and the Cana-
dians, Germans, and Irish, than the ItaUans. Among ^e Scandi-
navian peoples, among those from the British Isles (with the excep-
tion of the Irish), among the French, and among both the white and
negro Americans, the relative frequency of sinaple assault is less than
amone the groups from the east and south of Europe.
Violent assault includes aU aggravated forms or assault, such as
the use of a weapon, mayhem, etc. It is, therefore, a much more
serious crime than simple assault. It is notable that in spite of this
difference in the gravity of the two kinds of assault, both should be
relatively more frequent amoi^ the crimes of the Lithuanians and
Slavonians than among those of anv other peoples. The largest per-
centage of arrests for violent assault is that or the Slavonians, wnile
the second in rank is that of the Lithuanians; of arrests for simple
assaiilt the Lithuanian percentage is greatest and the Slavonian sec-
ond in rank. The position of the ItaUan group, however, is quite
different with regard to the two kinds of assamt, its percentage of
siinple assault being less than the percentages of ten other groups,
while its percentagcf of violent assault is exceeded only by the Sla-
vonian and Lithuanian percentages.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
144
The Immigration Commission.
All but three of the nationaUty groups (the Swedish, Danish, and
Chinese) have larger percentages of violent assault than the American
whites. These three nationalities are the same three which alone
have smaller percentages of the total offenses of personal violence
than the white Americans.
Violent assault, Uke the total of the offenses of personal violence
and Uke simple assault, forms a lai^er proportion of the crimes of the
people from Southern and Eastern Europe than of any other with
these two exceptions: The American negroes and the Germans have
higher percentages than the Russians, and the American n^roes
than the Bohemians. The six nationality groups having the largest
six percentages of violent assault are, however, the Slavonian, Lath-
uaman, Italian, Polish, Austrian, and Greek.
Gravest of all crimes of personal violence is homicide. Of the
300,931 arrests for clearly denned offenses in Chicago during the four
years under investigation, 3,108 were for homicide, accomplished or
attempted.* Although 1,315 of these were the arrests of American
whites, homicide forms a smaller part of white American crime than
of the criminaUty of eleven foreign nationaUty groups and of the
American negro.
Homicide Forms 3.1 per cent of all offenses for which Italians were
arrested. Of no other group of persons does it form more than 2
per cent of the total cnmes, and this group of whose arrests 2 per
cent were for homicide is the American negro. The Italians, Lith-
uanians, Slavonians, Austrians, Greeks, and Poles all exceed in rel-
ative frequency of homicide the peoples of northern and western
Europe and the peoples of North Ainerica with the exception of the
American n^roes. Of the nationaUties from the south and east of
Europe only the Bohemians and the Russians have smaller percent-
age of homicide than anjr nationality from northern and western
Europe. Among the Russians this percentage is remarkably small,
no group having a less percentage, although that of the Swedes and
the Chinese is tne same (0.5 per cent).
Because of the gravity of this offense it is worth while to enumer-
ate those groups of offenders having larger proportions of arrests for
homicide than the white Americans. Tney are the following:
Italian 8.1
American, negro 2.0
Lithuanian 1. 9
Slavonian 1. 7
Austrian 1. 6
Greek 1.6
Poliah 1.5
Daniflh 1.1
German 1. 1
Bohemian 1.Q
French 9
Irish 9
The proportion of such arrests in the white American group is 0.8
per cent.
Ten immigrant groups have larger proportions of arrests for the
crime of rape than the American wmte. These ten immigrant groups
are the Austrian, Canadian, English, French, German, Greek, Italian,
Norwegian, Polish, and Russian. Five of these have larger proper-
a Homicide, as used in these statistics, includes murder, manslaughter, attempted
homicide, and a few cases of ''accessory to murder.'!
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
145
lions than the American negroes. The Greek croup has the lai^est
proportion of all, or 0.64 per cent, while the Italian group has nearly
as large a proportion, 0.63 per cent. Both of these percentages are
ReUdxoe frequency ofhomidde: Chicago police arrests^ 1906-1908,
NATIONALITY
ITALIAN
AMERICAN, NEGRO
LITHUANIAN
SLAVONIAN
AUSTRIAN
GRCCK
POLISH
DANISH
GERMAN
BOHEMIAN
FRCtMCH
IRI SH
AMERICAN, WHITE
ENGLISH
NORWEGIAN
SCOTCH
CANADIAN
CHINESE
RUSSIAN
SWEDISH
more than twice that of the American white group, which is 0.3 per
cent. The smallest proportion is found in the Slavonian group, only
0.1 per cent of whose arrests were for rape.
Digitized by
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146
The Immigratioa Commission.
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
From the group of offenses against public policy, the following
have been selected for special analysis:
Table 85. — Offema agaxmt public policy compared with all offemeK Chicago poUe$
arreits, 1905 io 1908.
NUMBER.
All
offensei.
Offenses against public poUoj.
NattonaUtf.
Dis-
orderly
conduct.
Offenses
of
violence.
Va-
grancy.
Viola.
tionof
city ordi-
nances.
An
other.
TotaL
Native-born:
White
171,120
24,814
8,897
4,631
2,120
2,330
1,137
2,829
913
19,347
4,821
10,748
7 865
2,682
2,401
19,576
9,240
1,073
1,051
5,446
96,614
12,515
2,279
2^806
200
702
1,582
616
11,869
1,607
8,224
8;553
1,565
11728
12,806
4,084
800
667
3,808
11,608
2,233
181
50
64
1,560
44
49
16
352
686
68
200
65
25
165
418
10
15
161
''Si
706
158
125
82
12
25
46
14
466
118
203
602
106
58
691
140
15
45
113
1,867
183
21
17
10
20
6
24
3
62
12
64
84
1
12
48
60
10
3
26
10,974
1,026
822
875
150
188
149
148
94
2,008
1,487
606
094
148
144
1,169
>.«J
64
441
2,806
650
61
34
36
118
9
30
10
146
81
49
61
7
12
82
99
6
3
26
127,318
Negro
17,216
Hweign-bom:
Aiistriao
8.012
BohemiftJi. .........
£407
Canadian
036
Chinese......
Danish
English
1.839
Froudi
658
Oenpan...x........
14,908
Greek
tm
Irish
0^201
IfftHftn
6,444
I/lthnanlan.........
1.8S1
>7orwf«lAri , . . ,
r,m
Polish
14,931
K'isslan.. . . .
6w428
Bootch
014
BlaTonlan .........
787
RwfrtUh
4,664
Grand total
300,931
171,562
17,988
7,181
2,478
22,726
4,230
226,164
Total natiTe-bom
Total foreign-bom
195,934
104,997
109,129
62,433
13,831
4,157
4,062
3,099
^«s
12,000
10,726
3,446
784
144,628
81.636
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
liative-bom:
White
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
56.6
50.4
58.5
63.9
61.0
11.1
61.7
66.6
56.5
61.8
33.3
76.6
48.3
60.6
72.0
65.4
44.2
74.6
63.5
69.9
6.8
9.0
4.6
1.1
2.6
66.7
3.9
2.1
1.8
1.8
13.2
.6
2.7
2.1
1.0
.8
4.5
.9
1.4
2.8
2.0
2.9
4.1
2.8
1.5
.6
2.2
2.0
1.6
2.4
2.4
1.9
8.2
4.1
2.4
8.5
1.6
1.4
4.3
2.1
1.1
i!o
6.4
4.1
8.8
8.8
7.1
8.0
13.1
6.4
10.3
10.4
30.8
5.7
13.5
5.7
6.0
6.0
17.7
6.9
5.1
8.1
74.4
Negro
00.4
VlQfeign-bom:
Austrian...........
77.8
Bohemian... ^..i...
77.2
Canadian
75.2
Chinese
02.0
Danish
82.2
English
70.0
French
1.6
German......... .
77.6
Greek
80.7
Irish ^
85.6
Italian
74.0
l/ithnanlan........
72.9
82.4
PoUsh.".
76.8
Knsirian.. .x. ..
60.6
Scotch
85.2
Slavonian
74.9
flw^l^fh, . . .
83.8
Grand total
100.0
67.0
6.0
2.4
.8
7.6
76.2
TaCal natiTe-bom
100.0
100.0
55.7
69.6
7.1
4.0
2.1
8.0
1.0
.4
6.1
10.2
73.8
IMal foreign-bom
77.8
• Lett than 0.05 per o«Qt.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 147
But one of these (vagrancy) fonns a larger proportion of the total
crimes of American whites than those of any immigrant group. Dis-
onderly conduct, gaming, oflfenses of violence, and violations of city
ordinances occur m larger proportions in the criminality of various
immigrant groups than in the cnminaUty of the white American group.
Nearly three-nfths ( 57 per cent) of all arrests for known offenses
were for disorderly conduct, the number of such arrests being 171,562.
"Disorderly conduct'* may stand for so many minor violations of the
law, and probably includes so lar^e a proportion of cases of drunken-
ness,« that it reveals little. In observing the distribution of arrests
for such offenses among the various nationalities, practically all that
can be assumed is that these arrests represent a minor sort of crimi-
nality. Thirteen of the foreign groups have larger proportions of such
arrests than the American whites, of whose total arrests they com-
pose 56.5 per cent. Of the total number of Irish immigrants arrested,
76.6 per cent were charged with disorderly conduct, a larger propor-
tion than that found in any other group. The Scotch are second in
rank, with 74.6 per cent; the Norwegians third, with 72 per cent; the
Sweaes fourth, with 69.9 per cent, and the English fifth, with 66.6 per
cent. In addition to these nationaUties, the Polish, Bohemian, Sla-
vonian, Canadian, Danish, German, Lithuanian, and Austrian all
exceed the American white group in percentage of arrests for disor-
derly conduct. Of all the groups shown in the table only one has less
than one-third of its arrests of this character. This group is the
Chinese, whose proportion of arrests for disorderly conauct is only
11.1 per cent.
While the Chinese percentage of disorderly conduct is less than that
of all other groups, its proportions of arrests for gaming, or gambling,
is much greater than tnat of any other group. Of the 2,339 Chinese
arrested for all crimes, 1,560, or 66.7 per cent were charged with
gaming. This percentage is so much in excess of that of any other
group as to make the Chmese stand out prominently in respect to this
offense. The percentage next in rank is only 13.2 (tnat of the
Greeks), or one-fifth the Chinese percentage. The Chinese and Gh*eek,
however, are the only immigrant groups exceeding the American
white in proportion of arrest for gaming, although the American
n^roes, in addition to the Chinese and Greeks, have a larger propor-
tion than the American whites. The American negro proportion
is 9 per cent and the American white 6.8 per cent. Thus, sixteen of the
eighteen foreign nationaUties have smaller proportions of arrests of
this character than each of the American groups. The smallest pro-
portion is that of the Irish group, or 0.6 per cent.
Offenses of violence against pubUc policy consist of carrying con-
cealed weapons, resisting an officer, and riot. They thus are similar
in character to offenses of personal violence, and certain nationali-
ties which stand out prominently with respect to offenses of personal
violence ^ occupv similar positions with respect to offenses of vio-
lence against public poUcy. While the comparative relations of the
various nationaUties is not the same, the three groups having the
largest percentages of offenses of personal violence are exceeded in
<* The Chicago police reports contain no statement of arrests for drunkenness.
» See Table 84.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
148
The ImmigraticHi Commisekm.
percent«^e of offenses of violence against public policj by no nation-
ality, "niese hitter offenses f onn 8.2 per cent of all crimes of Italians,
4.3 per cent of those of Slavonians, and 4.1 per cent of those or
Lithuanians. With the exception of the Austrians, whose percentage
is the same as that of tJie Lithuanians (4.1), no group of persons has
Relative frequency of qffente* of violence agamil pubUe ptiiey: Odeago police arrette,
1906-1908.
NATIONALITY
2 4 6 8 10
ITALIAN
SLAVONIAN
AUSTRIAN
LITHUANIAN
POLISH
AMERICAN, Ne6R0
BOHEMIAN
GERMAN
GREEK
NORWEGIAN
DANISH
SWEDISH
AMERICAN, WHITE
ENGLISH
IRISH
CANADIAN
FRENCH
RU S SI AN
SCOTCH
CHINESE
a higher percentage than 3.5. The relation of the Chinese to other
nationalities is the same with regard to offenses of violence against
public policy as with regard to offenses of personal violence; a smaller
percentage of their crimes than of the total crimes of any other group
of persons is made up of these two classes of crime.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 149
Among eleven, or more than half, of the groups of foreign birth,
and among the American negroes, tnese offenses are relatively more
frequent than amon^ the American whites. Among the Irish, Cana-
dians, French, Russians, Scotch, and Chinese they form a smaller
proportion of the total criminality, while their pro{>ortion of English
crimes is the same as that of the crimes of the white Americans, or
2iper cent.
Vagrancy forms less than 1 per cent of the total offenses of every
group except the American white and the English. The former group
as the largest proportion, 1.1 per cent, and the latter the second in
rank, 1 per cent. Thus every immigrant group is exceeded in per-
centage of arrests for vagrancv by the American white. Two immi-
grant groups, however^ave larger proportions of such arrests than
the American negro. These are the Chinese and the Scotch, each of
which has 0.9 per cent, while the American negro group has 0.7 per
cent. Of the various groups shown in this table the Lithuanian nas
the smallest proportion, only 1 of its arrests, or less than five one-
hundredths or 1 per cent, being for vagrancy.
While violatiojis of city ormnances are not essentially a valuable
index of the character of criminality, the prevalence of such offenses
among the nationaUties is of interest. The large percentage of these
offenses among the Greeks (30.8 per cent), more than twice that of
any nationaUtv except the Russian, is striking. The Greek percent-
age is nearly five times that of the American whites (6.4) and more
than seven times that of the American negroes (4.1). It is notable
that twelve of the eighteen foreign nationidities have larger percent-
ages of violations of citv ordinances than the American smites. The
English, Norwegian, Pohsh, Irish, Lithuanian, and Slavonian (in
admtion to the American negro) are the ^oups having smaller pro-
portions of arrests than the American white group, the smallest pro-
portion, 5.1 per cent, being that of the Slavonians.
OFFENSES AGAINST OHASTITT.
There remains the group of offenses against chastity. Of the
various crimes constituting this group, omy those of prostitution
have been selected for further survey.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
150 The Immigration Commission.
t
I
•f
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
151
Table 86.— O/erwet Offomit cha$tUy compared with all offmnt: Chicago poUee arresU^
1906 to 1908.
NUMBER.
AUof.
isnaea.
Offenses against chastity.
NatkmaUty.
Crimes of
prostita-
tion.
AU others.
TotaL
Natiye-bom:
White
171,120
24,814
7,077
1,625
1,057
258
8,134
Negro
1,878
Foreign-boin:
Austrian .....•••.....
8,8»7
4,681
2,126
2,339
1,137
2,829
913
19,347
4,821
10,743
7,355
2,582
2,401
19,575
9,240
1,073
1,051
5,446
186
46
72
101
20
64
94
899
48
114
172
16
46
161
788
15
9
81
45
49
18
1
4
12
12
160
47
83
52
89
18
250
97
4
22
50
181
Bobflin Ian
95
Canadian . ..a.. •
8i
Chinese....
108
Danish
M
EnglWi
7t
Fruich
106
Qennan
669
Greek
90
Irish
147
Italian.. .
2M
5(
Nww-gim
m
Polishr.
428
Rtunian
880
Sootch
U
Slavonian
81
RWfKlf«Fh ,.,,
140
Grand total
800,931
11,148
2,803
18,446
Total native-bom
195,934
104,997
8,702
2,441
1,810
993
10,012
Total fofeign-bom
8,434
PBR CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Native-born:
White
100.0
100.0
4.1
6.6
4.8
Negro
7.6
Foreign-bom:
Anstrlsn
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
8.6
1.0
8.4
4.8
1.8
2.7
10.8
2.1
.9
1.1
2.3
.6
1.9
.8
7.9
1.4
.9
1.5
4.6
Bohemian ....
2.1
Canadian
4.0
ChtncBo ,,,. . ,.,,
4.4
Danish.
2,1
TCfigihh,
3.8
French
11.6
German , » ^ ^
2.9
Greek
1.9
Irish
1.4
Italian
3.0
Lithuanian . .....x
2.1
Norwegian '.,.
2.6
Poliiih '\ , ,
2.1
Rtiffftian x u .....*. x . *
9.0
Scotch
1.8
Slavonian x..x.xx.x..^ ^
2.9
Swedish
2.6
Grand total ..*x. ».x*. *x**
100.0
8.7
4.6
Total native-bom
100.0
100.0
4.4
2.3
5.2
Total foreign-bom
8.8
It here appears that practically the same relation of the nation-
alities exists as in the figures grouping all offenses against chastity
together.^ The French show the largest proportion of crimes of
prostitution, or 10.3 per cent — almost two and a half times that
of the white Americans — while the Russians have the next highest
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152
The Immigration Commissicm.
proportion, or 7.9 per cent, which is nearly twice that of the Amer-
ican whites. These and the Chinese are the only groups of foreign-
bom persons exceeding the American whites in percentage of these
crimes. The latter, however, have a smaller percentage than the
American negroes, the American white proportion bem^ 4.1 per
cent and the American ne^o 6.5 per cent. The proportion found
in the Lithuanian group is the smallest ap|>earing m the above
table; it is 0.6 per cent. Three other groups have less than 1 per
cent of their arrests consisting of those for crimes of prostitution —
the Polish (0.8 per cent), and the Greek and Slavonian (0.9 per
cent each).
RelaHve frequency of crimes of prosHtutum: Chicago police arreOSf 1905-1908.
NATIONALITY
FRENCH
RUSSIAN
AMERICAN, NEfiRO
CHINE SE
AMERICAN, WHITE
AUSTRIAN
CANADIAN
ENGLISH
ITALIAN
SUMMAEY.
Arrests for that group of offenses designated as "gainful" form a
smaller proportion of the total arrests of every inmiigrant nationality
than of the total arrests of the native-born whites or negroes. When
analysis is made of the various crimes gathered in this category, only
two groups of foreign-bom offenders are found to have larger percent-
ages of arrests for any of them than the American-bom whites . ^ These
two immigrant groups are those coming from Italy and Russia, the
percentage of arrests for forgery and fraud of the former being
greater than that of the white Americans, and for larceny and receiv-
m^ stolen property of the latter, while arrests for extortion fo^in
a larger percentage of the total arrests of* both the Italians and
Russians than of the total arrests of the American whites. In the
case of forgery and fraud, the Italian percentage is not only greater
than that of the American whites, but greater than that of the
American negroes. In the case of larceny and receiving stolen
property, the percentage of the American negroes is greater than that
of the Russians, although the latter percentage is in excess of the
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
158
percentage of the white Americans. With regard to burglary and
robbery, however, no group of immigrant offenders has a nigher
percentile than either the American white or the American negro
group, although of arrests for robbery the percentages of the Lith-
uanian and Norwegian ^oups eaual the American negro percentage*
Arrests for burglary ana for roboery form larger proportions of Sie
total arrests of American whites than of those of American negroes.
Of all groups of offenders, the Chinese has the smallest percentage
of arrests for the gainful offenses, not only when these offenses are
considered in the aggregate, but also when the specific crimes of
burglary, forgery and fraud, larceny and receiving stolen goods, and
robbery are considered separately.
The relations of the other nationalities differ so much with regard to
the various specific gainful offenses that no cumulative evidence con-
cerning any of them appears. The most striking revelation of the
figures is that the arrests of inmiigrant offenders are less freauently
for the gainful offenses than are tnose of American white onenders
(with the exception of the arrests of Italians for extortion and for
forgery and fraud and of Russians for extortion and for larceny and
receivmg stolen property).
Table 87. — RelaHve frequency of gainful offenses: Chicago police arrests ^ 1905 to 1908 •
NatlonaUty.
Percent.
NaUonaUty.
Percent.
Attffoinfuloffenta.
American, Negro
16.4
14.8
12.4
12.3
11.4
11.1
10.8
10.7
10.7
lafi
10.0
9.6
9.6
9.2
8.6
7.6
7.6
6.6
6.6
1.9
2.9
2.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.8
.5
.6
.1
Ettortkm,
TtaHft?!..
a068
Aim^ri<rftTij wjiit^ , - , ,
Russian ........
.054
Rnssian . .'.
American. White
.015
CADadifm
Oennan
.010
Italian
Irish
.009
Qflnxtan
Polish
.OOf
liithitanian
American, Negro,
• OM
English
Forgery andfrtud.
Tt#lf an . . ,
p^ftiOi,
French
Bobfonian
2.1
Panish ,
American. White
2.0
SlaTonian
Paniflh
2.0
Anstrian
Austrian . . t
Norwftflan
Canadian
Oreek.^
German
Swedish
English
Scotch
Russian
Irish
I^ithuanian
ChlnnW
Swedish
Norwegian
Burglary.
French
Bohemian. T
Amfffican, Whlt^ ...... r ... ^ ........ ,
Greek
Anwican. Neirro- .,.,.,
ATnerican, Negro
«s»«s«« ................
Slavonian'. . . "
Canadian . . t
Irish
Gfrman ....... . . r r r . r
Polish
Polish
Scotch
English
Chinese
Aostrian
Larceny and receiving stolen property,
American, Negro ................... x . ^ »
Ttj^llftn ....,.,.
Tinn\fh
Scotch
10.2
Norwegian
Russian ,...,,*
9.2
Kniwian .........,.,,., t . .
American, White
8.0
Slavonian
Panadian ,
7.8
Greek
French
7.8
T4thaanian
Polish
7.1
French
Italian
7.0
Irish
T/ithuanlan ,
7.0
Ofcman , ..........^
6.9
Chlneee ! 1 [^'.\^^^,
Slavonian
«.»
79340*— VOL 36—11 ^11
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154
The Immigration Commission.
Table ST.—ReUuivefrequeney of gainful ofenses: Chicago police arruts, 1905 to 1908-
GonUnued.
NationaUty.
Percent.
NatlonaUty.
PeroenL
Lareenv and receiving ttoUn property^
Continued. '^ *^
EncUsh
6.8
6.0
5.7
6.4
6.0
4.9
4.7
4.2
3.7
1.6
L8
1.5
1.5
1.5
i2o6b<ry— condnaed.
1.4
BmMnlaii ...
Bohemian . . .
1.3
Panlffh
Rnglish
1. 1
Austrian
Canadian .... .......
1.0
flwAdlah
ItaUan
1.0
Greek
Austrian
Norw<^an
French
ScotchT
Slavonian
Irish
German
Chinese....
Greek ...;..
Danish
Robben
Iilah
Russian
American, White
Swedish
American! Negro
Scotch
Chinese
Norwefftan
With regard to the oflFenses of personal violence, four facts stand
out clearly in Table 88, which sums up the relations of the several
nationahties to them: (1) That of the arrests of most of the foreign-
bom groups, those for offenses of personal violence form larger pro-
portions than they do of the arrests of the American whites ; (2) tJiat of
this class of crimes the Lithuanians, Slavonians, and Italians have
larger proportions of arrests than any other nationahties; (3) that
the Chmese alone have a smaller percentage of arrests for the whole
^up of offenses of personal violence and for the specific crimes of
simple assault, violent assault, and homicide than tne white Ameri-
cans; and (4) that the relative frequency of arrests is less among
American negro offenders for the offenses of personal violence as a
class, and for simple and violent assault considered separately, than
among a considerable number of the foreign nationalities, the percent-
age 01 arrests among the American negroes appearing large only in
the case of homicide, and even here being exceeded by that of the
ItaUans.
Table 88. — Relative freqiiency of offenses of personal violence: Chicago
1905 to 1908,
police arresU^
NaUonaUty.
Per cent.
NationaUty.
Percent.
AU offenses of personal violence.
I/lth?iAnianT . . '- .
12.1
11.5
10.6
9.4
9.3
8.2
7.8
6.C
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.6
6.0
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.4
4.3
4.3
1.6
Abduction and kidnaping.
Greek
aao7
Slavonian
Italian
.190
Italian
English
.086
Polish
Austrian
.077
Greek
Russian
.054
Bohemian -
Canadian
.047
Austrian
American, White
.044
German -
Lithuanian
.039
Russian
Swedish
.087
AniArirHn, Npgrp , . . ,
German
.036-
Polish
.026
Irish
American, Negro
.024
English
Bohemian
Norwegian
Chinese
Scotch
Danish
French
French
American, White
Irish
Danish -. ,
Norwegian
Swedish
Slavonian
Chinese
Scotch
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Immigration and Crime.
155
Table ^.—RelaHvt frequency of offenses of personal violence: Chicago police arrests,
1905 to 1905— Continued.
NationaUty.
Per cent.
Nationality.
Percent
Llthnaiiiftii
5.6
&0
47
4.5
4.4
4.0
3.6
3.8
3.3
8.2
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.8
2.3
2.1
1.8
.6
4.7
4.4
8.5
3.0
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.2
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.7
.4
Italian *.
3.1
BtavoiiJan
American, Negro. .......................
2.0
Bohfnnlan r
I/ithnazilaii .
1 9
Greek.
Slavonian
1.7
P0»*#h .., .
Austrian.
1.6
Russian
Greek
1.0
QennaD . . . ...
PollRh
1 6
Affiftrlftn
Pantflh..
1.1
nf|n||/1lAn
German ,
1 1
Irish
Bohemian
1.0
Ttftitftn
French
9
R^«#11ffh
Trinh ,
.9
Scotch
Anierioan, W^**^ -
.8
Fnglish
English .'
s
NOTweglan
Norwegian
.8
ATn^fli<^r^ WhIW
Scotch
.8
Danish...'
Oanadiai) -r.
.6
French
Chinese
.5
Ajneiififtn , NAgro- -
Knsslan^-
.5
Chinese
flw«<1l«h - .
.5
VMentoiMvU.
Slayonlan
Rape.
Greek
.64
T-Hhnanlan
Italian
.63
Tte^lfin
Polish
.40
PoUsh
Canadian
.38
Anftrlan , . . , .
Austrian ^-.^^,-,^^,^, ,,,,.,.,.,
.36
Greek
A"ierican, Negro........
.34
Am^jican, Ki»gro . . . , ....
English. .....T
.34
Bohemiaii ....*'.
Ru^ilan- T ........... .
.34
G^rmftTi .,.-,.,.. r
Norwegian
.33
Prench
.329
RiissiaQ . T
.326
Norwegian...^
Irish .vr!v....r^
American, WhitA - - , , ,
.30
Bohemian
.29
Canadian
Scotch
.28
English
Irish
.26
Scotch
Swedish
.24
American, White
Dfinlfh .„..,.
.18
Swedish..'
Chinese
.17
BfriHah
T/ittiimniftn..,. . .,
.15
Chinese
Slavonian
.10
The total of offenses against public policy is proportionalljr greater
among the Chinese offenses than among those of any other nationaUty.
This is chiefly, due to the large number of Chinese gambhng cases.
Of offenses oi violence against pubUc poUcy the Italians, Slavonians,
Austrians, and Lithuanians have the nighest percentages of arrests.
This is significant when it is remembered that three of these, the
Italians, Slavonians, and Lithuanians, have the greatest relative
frequency of arrests for offenses of personal violence. The violation of
city ordinances is far more common among the Greeks than among
any other group of persons. The higher percentage of arrests for
vagrancy among the American whites and the English than among
any other nationalities is also noteworthy.
With the exception of vagrancy, the offenses against public policy
are more common among most of the immigrant groups than among
the native white group.
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156
The Immigration Commission.
Table S9,-— Relative frequenqf of offenses against public policy: Chicago police arrests,
1906 to 1908.
Chinese
Irish
92.0
85.6
85.2
83.8
82.4
82.2
80.7
7».0
77.3
77.2
77.0
7«.3
75.2
74.9
74.4
74.0
72.9
71.5
00.6
00.4
76.6
74.6
72.0
00.9
66.6
65.4
63.9
63.5
61.9
61.7
61.3
60.6
58.5
56.5
56.5
60.4
48.3
44.2
33.3
11.1
66.7
13.2
9.0
6.8
4.6
4.5
8.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.1
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.0
.9
.8
.6
Italian
Slavonian
8.3
4.3
4.1
4.1
3.5
2.9
Scotch
Swedish
Lithuanian
Polish
American, Negro
Oreek
£Dglbh
Bohemian
G
2.8
2.4
Aufttriftfli
G
2.4
N
X4
D
X2
Polish
8^
2.1
C^nft/iiftn
A te
2.0
E
2.0
Ii
1.9
ItaUAD
O
1.5
F
L5
R
1.5
Russl&iL
84
1.4
CI
.5
Ditorderlp conduct. *
Irish
Vagrancy.
American, White
1.1
Scotch
English..'.
Norwegian
nhfti^^jw .
Swedish
Scotch
English
American, Npgro.
PoSsh
Ru.s8ian ....
Slavonian
Cfuiftrii^^
Canadian.
DAnLqh _ . . _ , . ,
Danish
Irish
German
rtAllan
Lithuanian
Norwegian
Austrian
Swedish.
American, White
Rohemtftn . . ...
French
French
American. Nesro
German
Italian.......:.
Slavonian
Hnssian
Greek..
Oreek
Polish
Chinese
Lithnanian
ao.8
Gaming.
Chinese
Violation of city ordinanca.
Greek
<Jreek
Russian
17.7
■American, Negro
TtAllAn ,
13.5
American, White
Danish
13.1
AiBtrian
German
10.4
f^^isfllaa
French
las
Darlsh.
Austrian
8.3
Swedish.
Bohemian
8.8
Italian
Swedish
8.1
Canadian.
Chinese
8.0
English
Canadian
7.1
I^it^MAnian.
Scotch *.
6.9
French ;;.
A m^rican, Whltp .... .
6.4
Oerman
English
6.4
fllAV^nlAn . ,
Norwegian
6.0
Bohemian.
Polish
6.0
Norwegiaa
Irish
6.7
8»wiu...::. ...... ..........:;;:::::::
LHhnanlan
6b7
Ponsh.
Slavonian
5.1
Irish
American, Negro
4.1
« Less than 0.05 per oeot.
The figures of offenses against chastity, as presented in Table 90,
show that the greatest proportion of such offenses is found among
the French offenders and that crimes of prostitution form a larger
percentage of the total crimes of that nationaUty than of those of any
other. With the exception of the French and Russian immigrant
groups, offenses against chastity taken as a whole, and crimes of
Digitized byCriOOQlC
Immigration and Crime.
157
prostitution considered separately, are more frequent causes of arrest
among American white offenders than among those of any foreign-
bom ^up, although thev form larger percentages of the crimes of
American negroes than they do of the crimes of American whites*
The American negro percentage is, however, in both instances less
than the French or Russian.
Table 90. — Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to
1908.
NationaUty.
Percent.
NationaUty.
Percent,
AU of etuet against eha$tUp.
French
11.6
9.0
7.6
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.0
3.3
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.4
Ortmet of prottUutUm.
French
10. a
Rosslaii
Russian .....^...^xxx^ ...^
7 d
American, Negro
Amerioan, Negro ... . ..
6.&
Amerioani WJTlte
Chinese
4.a
A nittriaD
Amerinan, White ....
4.1
Chinese
Austrian.'.
3.&
nnHA/IKn
Canadian
3.4
"Rnglteh
TCncrlVrh
2.7
It^Ran . . . ,
Ttfttlf^n ,
2. a
Q^mian
German
2.1
81fiTonlan
i.a
Swedish
PftTiish
i.a
N^orwegian
flv^tsh
1.&
Bohenuan
Scotch
i.i
PftPiffh
Irish
i.i
J4thaanian
Bohemian
1.0
Pf^llsh
Greek
.d
Greek
Blayonian
.d
Scotch
Polish.
1
Irish
T/ithnanian
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Chapter X.
THE STATE OF MASSACEITSETTS.
Commitments to Penal Institutions.
Periodic reports of all commitments are made to the State board
of prison commissioners by all penal institutions in Massachusetts.
These reports show the country of birth of each offender and (with
the exception of those from the State farm <*) of his father, together
with the crime for which he was committed and other personaldata.
From these records much valuable information regarding the crimi-
naUty of imm^rants and natives may be obtained. In the yearly
reports of the Massachusetts board of prison commissioners some of
this information is pubUshed, but no ngures are given showing the
correlation of nativity and parentage with specific crimes.
In order to make avaUable more of the data contained in these
excellent records, agents were employed by the Immigration Com-
mission to copy from the original reports fued with the State board
of prison commissioners data showing country of birth, country of
birth of father, and crime for which committed, of all persons com-
mitted to Massachusetts penal institutions during the year ending
September 30, 1909. These data were then tabulated to conform as
nearly as possible to the other tabulated data on crime that have
been compiled by the Immigration Commission. In the returns
obtained from the Massachusetts records there appear a number of
commitments of persons unconvicted of crime but confined in penal
institutions to await trial. So far as possible these were excfuded
from the tables prepared. The tabular results are therefore designed
to show only convicted persons committed to penal institutions
throughout the State of Massachusetts during tne period of one
year. Because of failure definitely to report the offenses a few cases
must be omitted from the analysis. To avoid confusion these cases
are not included in any of the tables, and the total number of com-
mitments shown here is thus rendered somewhat less than the actual
number. This difference, however, is only slight and does not
seriously detract from the value of the data.
The total number of commitments for known offenses during the
period covered was 31,646. The distribution of these commitments
oy character of institution is as follows:
Jails and houses of correction 27, 092
Massachusetts refonnatory 705
Reformatory prison for women 335
State prison 198
State farm 3, 316
Total 31.646
The reports of the State turn alone fail to show the country of birth of the offender's
fetther.
159
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160
The Immigration Commission.
As the reports of the State farm do not show the country of birth
of the fathers of offenders, and are therefore not wholly comparable
with those of other institutions, it has been deemed advisable to
separate its 3,316 commitments from the others. The total number
of conmiitments contained in the combined tabulation of all institu-
tions other than the State farm is therefore 28,330. The analysis
has been confined to these. In 10 of these 28,330 cases no report
was made of either the country of birth of the oflFender or of his
father. From the discussion of the various nativity and parentage
groups these 10 cases must therefore be excluded.
Some of the countries of birth of foreim-bom offendera, and of
the fathers of native-bom oflFenders, furnish such small quotas that
they have not been retained as separate groups in the analysis,
although included in the totals of the general nativity and parentage
groups. The distinct groups whose relations to crime are analyzed
and the total commitments of each are as follows:
Tablb 91. — CommitTnenU to penal insUtiUiont in Ma8$<uhu9eU$, October i» 190S, to
September SO, 1909 , bff nativity and parentage of offender.
[This table doei not include oommitmente to the State fBrm.]
Nativity and parentage.
Commit-
ments.
Nativity and parentage.
Commit
ments.
Natlye-bora of native lather
6,288
1,176
529
200
7,278
271
337
2,676
1,036
201
155
Ireland .x.. ...............
Native-bom of fordgn father, by country
of birth of father:
6,351
480
Italy
Canada
Poland.
220
England
Ruirta
Sootlapd....
m
Germany
4»
Irelan d .'.
Sweden
281
Scotland..
Orand total
F(weign-b<xii:
• 28,330
Austria-Hungary
Native-bom of foreign lather
Canada
9,810
M5,219
England
Total native-bom..^ I...
Finland ...* .»».
13,101
Qermany ...................... ^ ... ,
1
« Includes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativity.
* Includes 121 coomltments of peitons not reporting pareotafib
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OLASSBS OF CRIME.
These commitments are shown by classes of crime in the following
table:
Table 92.— Dutn&ution of classes of crime: Massachusetts penal instittUionSi October 1^
1908, to September SO, 1909.
NUMBER.
Nativity and parentage.
Total.
Gainful
offenses.
Offanses
of per-
sonal
violence.
Offenses
against
public
policy.
Offenses
against
chastity.
Unclassi-
fied
offenses.
Kative-tom of native father
6,288
1.176
629
200
7,278
271
237
2,676
1,036
201
155
6,361
460
220
573
430
281
1,000
220
76
86
726
88
31
308
78
11
30
2^
93
33
95
37
16
278
62
28
8
260
4
64
134
56
14
12
180
108
36
89
12
18
3,508
831
400
138
6,074
212
146
2,038
848
173
104
6.718
188
147
367
37G
243
203
43
12
6
113
9
8
134
28
1
5
70
50
3
17
8
5
119
ofblnhoffatber:
r>ftnadft
30
England
18
Germany :
13
Ixwland.l
105
Scotland
8
Foreign-born:
Austrio-Hunsanr
8
Canada
01
England
20
Finland
2
Germany.
4
Ireland.:
92
Italy
11
Poland
1
Bnssia
15
fi<v>tland
f
Sweden
4
Grand total
a2S,330
3,481
1,440
22,099
765
646
Native-bom of foreign father
9.810
M5,219
13,101
1,216
2,361
1,110
378
667
783
7,835
11,493
10,607
198
405
360
183
Total nativA-bom .*.......... ^ .
308
Foreign-bom
242
PER CENT OP TOTAL NUMBER.
Nativity and parentage.
Total.
Gainful
offenses.
Offenses
of per-
sonal
violence.
Offenses
against
pabUo
policy.
Offenses
agahist
chastity.
Unclassi-
fled
offenses.
Native-bora of native father
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.6
18.7
14.4
18.0
10.0
14.0
13.1
11.6
7.6
6.6
19.4
4.4
20.7
16.0
16.6
8.4
6.7
6.8
4.4
4.3
4.0
3.6
1.6
22.8
6.0
6.8
7.0
7.7
3.0
24.0
16.4
16.6
2.7
4.6
68.0
70.7
76.6
69.0
83.6
78.2
61.6
76.2
81.9
86.1
67.1
90.0
41.8
66.8
62.8
85.6
86.6
3.8
3.7
2.3
2.6
1.6
3.3
1.8
5.0
2.8
.5
3.2
1.1
11.]
1.4
3.0
1.8
1.8
Native-born of foreign lather, by country
of birth of father:
Canada. ..........................
England
Genuany
TiAland
Scotland
Foreign-bora:
Ansbrla-Hnngary
Canada T. .'
Encland
Finland
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Poland
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Grand total
100.0
12.3
6.1
78.0
2.7
Native-bora of foreign father
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.4
15.6
8.6
3.9
4.3
6.0
79.9
75.6
80.9
2.0
2.7
2.7
Total natlve-bom . ."
Forelgn-fcora. .......t..
a Includes 10 commitment^ of persons not reporting nativitv.
ft Includes 121 commitments of persons not reporting parentage.
Digitized by
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162 The Immigration G>mmis8ion.
This table shows that only one group of immigrant offenders has a
larger proportion of commitments for the gainml offenses than the
group of those native-bom of native father. This unique inunigrant
group is that of Italian birth, of whose total conmaitments those for
the gainful offenses form 20.7 per cent. Between this percentage and
that of the native-bom of native father, however, the difference is
slight, the latter being 20.6 per cent. Not only does no immigrant
group except that of Italian oirth have so high a percentage of com-
mitments for the gainful offenses as that of the native-bom of non-
immigrant parentage, but the percentage of none of the groups of
American-bom offenders of foreign father equals it. Indeed, two
groups of the foreign-bom — those from Italy and Germany — exceed all
American-bom groups of foreign parentage in percentage of the gainful
offenses. Five of the inamigrant nationalities, however — the Scotch,
English, Swedish, Finnish, and Irish — have smaller percentages than
any group of native-bom offenders having immigrant fathers.
The smallest proportion of commitments for the gainful offenses
is that of foreign-bom offenders from Ireland, of whose total com-
mitments these form but 4.4 per cent. Of native-bom offenders of
foreim parentage, those whose fathers come from Ireland have the
smallest proportion, 10 per cent, although this percentage is greater
than that or the foreign-bom groups from Ireland, Finland, Sweden,
England, and Scotland. The largest percentage found among the
groups of native birth but foreign parentage is tnat of persons whose
Fathers emigrated from Canada. Of theu* total commitments 18.7
per cent were for the gainful offenses, a proportion exceeded only by
those of the Italian and German foreign groups and the group native-
born of native father.
Of the five groups native-bom of foreign par^jitage, four have
larger percentages than the foreign groups from their fathers' country
of birth. The single exception is that of persons bom in the United
States whose fathers came from Germany, their percentage being 18,
while that of persons of German birth is 19.4. The groups of Canadian,
English, Irisn, and Scotch parentage have respectively larger per-
centages than the groups of Canadian, Englisn, Irish, and Scotch
birth.
Six of tiie 11 immigrant groups appearing in the preceding table
have higher percentages of commitments for offenses of personal vio-
lence than the group of persons native-bom of native father. Of these
six the Italian has trie largest percentage, offenses of personal violence
causing 24 per cent of all the commitments of persons bom in Italy.
Next in rank is the Austro-Hungarian group, whose percentage is
22.8. Following this is the Polish percentage, which is 16.4, and
fourth in rank is the Russian group, 15.5 per cent of whose commit-
ments were for offenses of personal violence. The other two immi-
grant groups having larger percentages than the percentage belong-
mg to persons native-born of native father are the German and
Finnish, in both of which offenses of personal violence play a much
smaller part than in the four immigrant groups first mentioned. The
German percentage is 7.7 and the Finnish 7. Considerable less than
that of any of these six groups is the proportion of commitments for
offenses of personal violence of native-born offenders of native father,
being 5.3 per cent.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime. 163
Although six immigrant groups have highier percentages of com-
mitments for offenses of personal violence than the group of persons
^ native-bom of native father, not one of the five groups of American-
^ bom children of immigrants has a higher percentage. This appears
less remarkable, however, when it is observed that only one of these
five groups (that of German descent) consists of persons whose
fathers came from any of the countries of birth of the six immigrant
groups above referred to (Italy, Austria-Hungary, Poland, Russia,
Germany, and Finland). This is probably cmefiy due to the fact
Vhat all of these nationaUties except the German are of comparatively
recent immigration and thus have not large numbers of American-
bom children of criminal age. But it is a striking fact that five of
the six immigrant groups exhibiting greater relative frequency of
offenses of personal violence than that shown bv the group of persons
n.itive-bom of nonimmigrant parentage should come from countries
w.liich are the sources of much of our recent immigration.
The position of the groups of Irish and Scotch oirth, and of t^ose
CO mposed of American-bom persons of Irish and Scotch parentage,
is interesting. These four groups have smaller percentages than any
others; the native-bom of Scotch parentage has the smallest of all, the
foreign-bom Scotch the next, the foreign-bom Irish the third, and the
native-bom of Irish parentage the fourth in ascending order.
The relations of the native-bom groups of foreign parentage to the
corresponding groups of foreign birth are rather unuke those shown
by the figures of conunitments for the gainful offenses. The latter
show, in the main, a greater relative frequency of commitments for
offenses of personal violence among the groups of persons native-born
of foreign father than among the correspondmg groups of the forei^-
bom, four of the five native groups of foreign parentage (that of Irish
parentage bein^ the exception) having smaller percentages than the
corresponding unmigrant groups.
Offenses against public poUcy caused a greater number of commit-
ments to penal institutions in Massachusetts during the year ending
September 30, 1909, than all other crimes combined, the number of
such conmiitments being 22,099.
These commitments form, as shown by the above table, over half
of the total commitments of every nationaUty and parentage group,
except that of Italian birth, of whose total commitments they com-
prise 41.8 per cent. Of the offenses of persons of Irish birth. 90 per
cent were against public poUcy; of those of persons bom in Sweden,
86.5 per cent; of the crimes of immi^ants from Finland, 86.1 per
cent; of the criminal acts of Scotch unmigrants, 85.6 per cent; of
those of persons of English birth, 81.9 ner cent; and of the total
criminality of persons emigrating from Canada, 76.2 per cent. In
addition to these six inmiigrant groups, offenses against pubUc
poUcy compose over 75 per cent of the crimes of American-born
offenders of Irish, Scotch, and English parentage, their percentage
of the first being 83.5 per cent, of the second, 78.2 per cent, and of
the third, 75.6 per cent. Thus, in nine of the seventeen different
nativity and parentage ^oups appearing in the table, more than three-
fourths of the total cnmmality consists of acts * ^ against pubUc poUcy."
Of the total commitments of the foreign-born from Ireland, they
form the largest proportion, 90 per cent. Of those of the foreign-bom
from Italy, they comprise* the smallest, 41.8 per cent.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
164
The Iminigrati<Mi CommissiiMi*
Six of the 11 imm^rant groups of offenders — those from Ireland,
Sweden, Finland, Scotland, England, and Canada — and all of the fiv^e
groups of native-born offenders of immigrant parentage have higher
percentages of conmiitments for offenses against pubhc policy tnan
the native-bom of noninmiigrant parentage.
Of the inMnigrant groups, that of Irish birth has the largest per-
centage, while of the .^nencan-bom groups, that of Irish parentage nas
the largest. Next in rank to that of mmugrant offenders from Ireland
are the percentages of those from Sweden and Finland, neither of
which countries is represented in the parentage of the native-bom
groups shown in the above table. After these, the percentage of the
Scotch is next in order among the foreign-bom groups, white among
the native-bom eroups that of Scotch parentage ranks second in order
of percentage. Following that of the foreign-bom from Scotland is
the percentage of the group of English birth among the imniigrant
groups, while that of native-bom persons of English parentage is next
amongthe native-bom groups to that of the group of Scotca parent-
age. Turther than this, the percentage of offenders bom in Canada
and those of Canadian parentage are respectiveljr next in rank among
the inunigrant and nonimmigrant groups; while inunigrants from
Germany and American-bom children of inmiiCTants from the same
country respectively occupy the immediately following places among
the foreign and native groups.
A defmite order of relative frequency of commitments for these
offenses against pubUc poUcy is thus f oimd among the different gTou|)8
of immigrants and American-bom children of immigrants. This is
J more clearly shown by the following table, in which the various groups
of native- and foreign-bom offenders are arranged in parallel columns
in descending order of their percentages of commitments for these
offenses:
InmiigrftDts.
Natives.
Country of birth.
PeroeAt.
Country of birth of lather.
Percent.
Irahoid TT , r
gao
86.5
8&1
85.6
81.9
76.2
67.1
Iff land
83.5
Sweden
Rootland
78.2
Finland , . . . r
England
75u6
Canada
7a7
England
Q«nnany
60.0
Canada
flomnmv
It will be observed that each of the native-bom groups of foreign
parentage, except that of German parentage, has a larger percentage
than the corresponding immigrant group.
During the year under consideration offenses against chastity
caused fewer commitments than any of the three classes of crime
already analyzed. Of the 28,330 commitments for all crimes, only
765, or 2.7 per cent, were for offenses of this nature.
Offenses against chastity are shown by Table 92 to have formed
a far larger proportion of the crimes of immigrants from Italy, 11.1
per cent, than of the crimes of any other group of iinmigraiits or
of any group of native-bom persons. Next in rank is their pro-
portion of the crimes of immigrant offenders from Canada, of wno8e
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime.
165
total commitments 5 per cent were for offenses against chastity.
Immediately following these two groups of offenders in relative fre-
quency of onenses against chastity is the group of natiye-bom persons
of native parentage, of whose total crimes these compose 3.8 per cent.
Thus, only two groups of persons, and both of these of foreign birth,
have larger {>ercentfi^es of offenses against chastity than the native-
bom of nonimmigrant parentage. Of the crimes of foreign-bom
persons from Finland they form the smallest proportion of all, only 1 of
the 201 commitments of this group, or one-half of 1 per cent, having
been for an "offense against chastity."
QAINFUL OFFENSES.
The several gainful offenses and the number of commitments for
each are shown oy nativity and parentage of offenders in the following
table:
Tabls d3 . — Gainful offenses compared toith all offenses: Massachusetts penal instUuiions,
October i, 1908, to September SO, 1909.
NUMBER.
AD of.
fenses.
Gainful offenses.
Nativity and parentage.
Burglary.
Extor-
tion.
Forgery
and
fraud.
Larceny
and
receiving
stolen
goods.
Robbery.
Total.
Native-born of native fother
Native-born of forelni fother, by
oountry of birth offather:
Oanaqa
6,28B
1,176
529
200
7,278
271
227
2,675
1,086
201
155
6,351
450
220
573
439
281
171
43
17
6
106
6
5
35
8
1
43
1
1
1
14
2
839
171
57
27
587
25
24
253
67
8
24
243
62
24
T7
35
12
86
5
1
2
19
5
2
7
1
1
1
5
9
1,090
220
Kpgte"''
76
Gtrniany
36
Ireland
726
p<)otland
88
Forelgn-bom:
Atistrla-Hnncary
81
CTanada
is
8
2
2
8
6
2
3
1
1
808
England
78
Finland
11
Gfnnany
3
26
16
7
10
80
iT^tand
282
Italy
98
Poland
88
Russia
5
1
05
fff5>tl^M
37
Bwfiden
3
16
Qfand total
« 28,880
498
1
112
2,712
118
8,481
Native-born of foreign fttther
9,810
M5,219
13,101
188
372
126
25
60
43
950
1,836
915
44
83
35
1,216
2,361
1,119
Total native-born .....
1
• iDotndes 10 oommltments of persons not reporting natlvltv.
»Inotadei 131 oommltments of persons not reporting parentage.
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166
The Immigration G>mmi8sion.
Table 9Z.— Gainful ofenm compared with all offenset: Ma$saehu$etU penal irutittUunu,
October /, 1908, to September SO, 1909— CJontinued.
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSEa
Nativity and poientage.
All or-
Oainfnl
Burglary
Extor-
Uon.
Forgery
and
fraud.
Loroeny
and
reoeiving
stolen
goods.
Robbery.
TotaL
Native-born of native father
Native-bom of foreign fatlier, by
ooimtry of birth oifather:
Canada.^. ,
England
Germany
Ireland
Scotland
Foreign-born:
Austria-Hungary ,
Canada ,
England
Finland
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Poland
Russia
Scotland
Sweden.
G rand total
Native-bom of foreign father
Total native-bom.
Foreign-bom.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3.2
8.7
3.2
3.0
1.6
2.2
2.1
L3
.8
.0
1.0
.4
3.6
8.2
1.7
.0
1.1
(•)
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
as
.1
.2
.6
.2
.7
.0
.6
.2
1.0
L8
.1
L8
.9
.5
.2
.4
1&9
14.6
10.8
18.6
8.1
9.2
10.1
9.6
6.6
4.0
16.6
3.8
18.8
10.9
13.4
8.0
4.8
a7
.4
.2
LO
.8
1.8
.8
.8
.1
.6
.6
.1
2.0
.0
.9
.2
.0
20.6
18.7
14.4
18.0
lao
14.0
18.1
U.6
7.5
&5
19.4
4.4
20.7
15.0
16.6
8.4
5.7
100.0
1.8
(•)
9.7
12.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.9
2.4
1.0
(•)
9.8
12.1
7.0
12.4
15.5
8.5
a Less than 0.05 per cent
Commitments for burglarj; (which include those for breaking and
entering) number 498, of which 372 were of native-bom persons and
126 of immigrants.
This table shows two groups of offenders with higher percentages
of commitments for this crime than the group composed of persons
native-bom of native father. These two groups are the nativo-bom
of Canadian parentage, whose 43 commitments for burglary form 3.7
per cent of all their commitments, and the foreign-born from Italy,
whose 16 cases of burglary compose 3.6 per cent of all their commit-
ments. Furthermore, there are two other groups having percentages
equaling that of the native-born of native father. These are the
native-bom group of English parentage and the immigrant group
from Poland.
Two groups of offenders have no commitments for burglary.
Both of these are immigrant groups — those from Finland and Scot-
land. Although persons of Irish birth have 26 commitments for
burglary, their percentage, which is only 0.4, is less than one-half that
of any other group having burglary among its offenses.
Every native-born group of foreign parentage hasa larger percentage
of commitments for burglary than the corresponding foreign-bora
group. Even persons of German birth, whose percentage of me total
gainful offenses and of the selected crimes of larceny and receiving
stolen property are greater than those of native-born persons of
German parentage, show a smaller percentage of burglary than the
. latter.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 167
Only 112 commitments were made for forgery and fraud, yet of the
eleven groups of persons shown in the table, the Austro-Hi^ngarian is
the only one havmg no commitments for these offenses. The largest
aortions are found in the immigrant groups from Germany and
y, each of which has 1.3 per cent. Second in rank is the per-
centage of the immigrant group from Finland. These three groups
and the immigrant Polish group are the only ones having larger pro-
portions than the group native-bom of native father, 0.8 per cent of
whose commitments were for these crimes.
The largest nmnber of conmiitments for any of the gainful offenses
was for the crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property, which
have here been grouped together, as in other sections of this report.
Of the 3,481 commitments for all gainful offenses, 2,752 were for
these crimes. .
No group of offenders has so large a proportion of commitments
for the crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property as that which
consists of persons native-bom of native father. There is little dif-
ference, however, between the percentage of this group and that of
the foreign-bom from Germany or that of the native-bom of Canadian
i)arentage, the percentage of the former being 15.9 and of the two
atter 15.5 and 14.5, respectively. As in the case of the total gainful
offenses, the smallest percentage is found to be that of persons bom
in Ireland, of whose total conmutments those for larceny and receiving
stolen property form only 3.8 per cent.
The Italian-bom, whose percentage of the total gainful offenses
exceeds that of all other groups, have but 13.8 per cent of their
commitments for the crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property,
thus being exceeded in relative frequency of these crimes by the
native-born of native father, the foreign-bom from Germany, and
the native-bom of Canadian parentage.
A relation of native-bom groups of foreign parentage to corre-
sponding foreign-bom groups similar to that found in the figures of
the aggregate gainful offenses exists in regard to larceny and receiving
stolen property. Each of the five groups of foreign parentage and
native birth except that of German descent has a larger percentage
than the corresponding immigrant group.
For robbery only 118 commitments are recorded, 83 of which are
of American-bom persons and 35 of immigrants. Of these, 36 are
commitments of native-bom persons of native parentage. Thus, as
is shown in Table 93, the percentage of commitments for robbery is
greater among offenders of native birth, being 0.5 per cent, than
among those of foreign birth, which is only 0.3 per cent, and greater
among the native-bom of native parentage, where it is 0.7 per cent,
than among the native-bom of foreign parentage, whose percentage
is. 0.4 or the foreign-bom, of whose total . commitments those for
robbery form only 0.3 per cent. Yet three groups of the foreign-
bom and two of the native-born of foreign parentage exceed the
American-bom of native father in relative frequency of commit-
ments for robbery. The three foreign-bom groups are those from
Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary, of whose total commitments
those for robbery form, respectively, 2, 0.9 and 0.8 per cent. The
two native-bom groups of foreign parentage are those of Scotch and
of German parentage, in the first oi which robbery comprises 1.8 per
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
168
Tlie Immigration Commission.
cent of the total crimes, and in the latter 1 per cent. Of the native-
bom of native father, as previously stated, the percentage is only 0.7 per
cent. Of all groups of offenders that of Italian birth has the highest
percentage, it beiiig nearly three times that of the native-bom of
native parentage. Two groups of immigrant offenders have no
commitments for robbery — those from Poland and Sweden. Foyr
others have but one each — the groups of English, Finnish, German,
and Scotch birth. Of the native-bom groups, each has at least one
commitment for robbery, although the group of English parentage
has but one and that of German parentage out two. In the case,
however, of offenders of German descent, these two commitments
form 1 per cent of their total commitments, a larger percentage than
that of any other group except the immigrant ItaUan group and the
group composed of persons American-bom of Scotch parentage.
OFFBNSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENOB.
Commitments for the various offenses of personal violence are
shown by nativity and parentage groups in Table 94.
Table 94. — Offenaes of personal violence compeared with all offenses: Massachusetts penal
instxttUions, October i, 1908, to September 30, 1909,
NUMBER.
AU
offenses.
Offenses of personal violenoe.
Nativity and parentage.
Simple
assault.
Violent
assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
Total.
Native-born of native ftither
5,288
1,176
529
200
7,278
271
237
2,«75
1,036
201
155
6,351
460
220
573
430
281
249
48
23
8
247
3
37
121
51
14
11
142
56
28
80
11
12
12
3
11
1
6
S7S
Native-bom of foreign fatlier, by country of
birth of father:
nfmnd^ I
52
England
33
Germany
8
Ireland
8
1
16
5
3
5
280
Sootland .... ........
4
For^gn-bom:
Aiistria-Himgary
1
7
54
Canada 7.. I
1
1
134
England x x x
55
Fimand
14
Oermany
1
2
23
It
Ireland..
45
26
8
9
1
1
189
Italy
3
lOB
Poland
36
Russia
80
Scottand
u
Sweden
13
Grand total
a28.380
1,218
154
56
12
1.440
Native-bom of foreign fother
9.810
» 15.219
13,101
852
602
616
17
29
126
8
19
87
1
7
6
178
Total native-bom
657
Foreign-bom
783
alndndes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativttv.
tlndud e s 121 oommitmeats of persons not reporting parennflU
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Immigration and Crime.
169
Table 94. — OffeMtM of personal violence compared vjilh all ajfenses: MassachusetU penal
institutions, October 1, 1908, to September SOy i909— Continued.
PBR CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
AU
offenses.
Offenses of personal violence.
Nativity and parentage.
Simple
assault.
Violent
assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
Total.
NatiTe-bom of nattve father *.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.
100.0
4.7
4.1
4.3
4.0
8.4
1.1
16.6
4.5
4.9
7.0
7.1
2.2
12.4
12.7
14.0
2.5
4.3
0.23
.26
.0
.0
.11
.37
6.75
.19
.29
.0
.0
.71
5.78
3.64
1.67
.23
.36
0.21
.09
.0
.0
.07
.0
.42
.26
.0
.0
.66
.03
5.11
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.11
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.04
.10
.0
.0
.0
.66
.0
.0
.0
.0
6.8
Native-boni of foreign father, by country of
birth of father; "^ ' ^
Canada
4.4
En^and
4.3
Germany
4.0
Ireland..
3.6
Scotland
1.6
Foralgn4M>m:
Austrla-Htuurarr
22.8
oSSaiv.^T/....... .:::::. :::::::
6.0
England
6.3
rfnlMid
7.0
Qermany
7.7
Trtlwidx.
3.0
Italy
24.0
F^uid....... ...
16.4
Russia
15.6
Scotland
2.7
Sweden
4.6
Grand total
100.0
4.8
.64
.20
.04
6.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
3.6
4.0
4.7
.17
.19
.96
.08
.13
.28
.01
.05
.04
8.9
Total natiTe-bom..T
4.8
Fnrnigp.b<^ni
6.0
During the period under investigation a larger number of commit-
ments were made for simple assault than for any other offense of per-
sonal violence. Of the 1,440 commitments for all offenses of personal
violence, 1,218, or 84.6 per cent, were for this crime.
Simple assault, as shown by tne foregoing table, forms a larger pro-
portion of the crimes of seven of the immigrant groups of onenders
than it does of the crimes of native-bom offenders of native parentage.
These seven immigrant groups are those from Austria-Hungary, 15.6
per cent; Russia, 14 per cent; Poland, 12.7 per cent; Italy, 12.4 per
cent; Germany, 7.1 per cent; Finland, 7 per cent; England, 4.9 per
cent.
Of the total commitments of native-bom persons of native par-
entage, those for simple assault form 4.7 per cent, a larger percentage
than such commitments form of the total commitments of any group
of native-bom offenders of foreign parentage.
Thus the relative frequency of simple assault is greater among
offenders' of Austro-Hungarian birth than among those of any other
foreign nativity or anjr group of native birth. Among persons of
Scotch parentage born in the United States it is least, only 3 of the
271 commitments of this group, or 1.1 per cent, being for tms offense.
As the aggregate offenses of personal violence form a smaller pro-
portion of the crimes of every group of native-bom offenders of for-
eign parentage than of those of native-born offenders of native par-
en t^e, so the selected crime of simple assault forms a smaller propor-
tion. Moreover, in only two of the foreign-bom groups (those from
Scotland and Ireland) is the percentage of commitments for simple
78340'— VOL 36—11 12
Digitized by
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170 The Immigration Commission.
assaxilt smaller than in any native-born ffroup of foreign parentage.
Of the total commitments of persons of Swedish birth it is the same
as of those of native-born oflTenders of English parentage; but with
this exception the Scotch and Irish are the only immigrant groups
whose relative frequency of this crime is not in excess of that of
every native-bom group of immigrant parentage.
For the crime of violent assault there were 154 conunitments dur-
ing the year ending September 30, 1909, or only about one-half of
1 per cent of the total number of commitments for all offenses. Yet
of the commitments of immigrants from Austria-Hungary 6.75 per
cent were for this offense, and of the commitments of immigrants
from Italy 5.78 per cent. The relative frequency of violent assault
among the offenses of these two immigrant groups is considerably
freater than among the offenses of any other group of offenders,
n only two other groups — the Polish and Russian — is the propor-
tion equal to 1 per cent. It is striking that the four nationahties
just enumerated — the Austro-Hungarian, ItaUan, Polish, and Rus-
sian — should exceed aU others in relative frequency of commitments
not only for violent assault, but for simple assault as well.
Seven immigrant groups and two second-generation groups exceed
the native-bom of native father in propoition of conunitments for
violent assault. The immigrant groups are the Austro-Hungarian,
ItaUan, Polish, Russian, Irish, Swedish, and English: the second-
generation groups, the Scotch and Canadian. Two of the immigrant
groups and two of the second-generation groups shown in the table
had no commitments for violent assault— foreign-born persons from
Finland and Germany and American-bom persons wnose fathers
came from England and Germany.
Of the 17 groups of offenders shown in the table only 8 (or less
than one-half) had any commitments for homicide. The total number
of commitments for bliis crime was 56, of which 23 were the commit-
ments of Italians. These 23 commitments form 5.11 per cent of all
commitments of this nationality, or a far larger proportion than is
found in any other group of offenders. Next in rank are the Ger-
mans, whose percentage is only 0.65, or scarcely more than one-
eighth that of the Italians. Besides the Italians and Germans, the
Austro-Hungarians and the Canadians exceed the native-bom of native
father in relative frequency of commitments for homicide. Although
there were 11 commitments of persons American-bom of native
parentage for this crime, they comprised only 0.21 per cent of the
total commitments of the group.
Rape caused only 12 commitments- 3 of these were commitments
of Italians, forming 0.66 per cent of all Italian commitments; 6 were
of persons native-bom or native parentage, forming 0.11 per cent of
the total commitments of that group, while 1 commitment was of a
person of Canadian birth, 1 of a person of EngUsh birth, and 1 of a
person bom in the United States of foreign father.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
171
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC POLICY.
In the following table is shown the distribution of commitments
for the various offenses against public policy:
Tablb 95. — Offenses against public poUey compared vnth all offenses: liassackuseUs
penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September SO, 1909.
NUMBER.
AH
offenses.
Nativity and parent-
age.
Disor-
dcrly
conduct
Drunk-
enness.
Gaming.
Offenses
of vio-
lence.
Var
grancy.
AU
Other.
TotaL
Native-bom of native
fother
6,288
1,176
629
200
7,278
2n
237
2,676
1,036
201
166
6,361
450
220
673
439
281
131
89
11
1
157
8
13
126
46
12
2,828
656
320
102
6,472
179
101
1,723
714
149
73
113
216
326
211
23
1
3
1
16
32
9
4
231
49
37
20
226
16
16
77
45
6
11
161
7
12
21
16
20
363
78
26
14
186
10
13
102
43
4
16
129
47
9
72
10
8
3,608
831
400
138
Native-bom of Ibreign
father, by country of
birth of 4ther:
Canada
England
Germany..... . .. . . .
Ireland
17
6,074
212
Scotland
Foreign-bora:
Austria-Hungary. . .
Canada
1
1
3
9
146
2,038
848
England ..,,..,.,-,
Finland. .
3
6
18
63
6
14
3
4
173
Germany
104
Ireland
173
14
6
29
21
3
6
1
6
6,718
188
Italy
Poland
147
Russia
367
Scotland
376
Sweden
243
Grand total
• 28,330
812
18.790
78
197
1,003
1,219
22,099
Native-bom of foreign
fother
0,810
» 15, 219
18,101
232
866
446
6,833
9,698
9,083
23
46
32
37
70
127
867
698
406
863
716
604
7,881
11,493
10,607
Total native-bom
PER GENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Native-bom of native
fether
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.6
8.3
2.1
.6
2.2
3.0
5.5
4.7
4.4
6.0
.0
2.7
3.1
2.7
5.1
4.8
.0
53.5
66w7
60.5
61.0
75.2
66.1
42.6
64.4
68.9
74.1
47.1
82.4
13.6
51.4
37.5
74.3
76.1
0.4
.09
.06
.60
.22
.0
.42
.04
.0
.0
.0
.05
1.33
.45
1.06
.0
.0
0.6
.8
.8
.0
.2
.0
1.3
.3
.0
1.6
3.2
.3
11.8
2.7
2.4
.7
1.4
4.4
4.2
7.0
10.0
3.1
6.6
6.3
2.9
4.3
2.5
7.1
2.5
1.6
6.5
3.7
3.6
7.1
68.0
7a7
76.6
60.0
83.6
78.2
Native-bom of foreign
father, bv country of
birth of father:
Canada. . . . r . , . . . r r .
Oefmany
Ireland
Scotland
Foreign-bom:
Austria-Hungary. . .
61.6
Canada. . . . . r . , .
76 2
England
81 9
Fliifand. ....rr..-
86.1
67 1
G^nmany.... .......
Ireland.:
90.0
Italy
41 8
Poland
66.8
Russia
62.3
85.6
Scotland
Sweden
86.6
Grand total
100.0
2.9
66.3
.27
.7
3.6
78.0
Native-bom of foreign
father
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.4
2.4
3.4
60.6
63.7
60.3
.23
.80
.24
.4
.6
1.0
3.6
3.9
3.1
70.0
76.6
Total natlve-bom
80
• Includes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativity.
b Includes 121 commitments or persons not reporting parenniftu
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172
The Immigration Commission.
Turning to the figures showing commitments for drunkenness
which are given in Table 96, it is found that 82.4 per cent of all
commitments of persons bom in Ireland were of this character
and 75.2 per cent of all those of native-bom persons of Irish parent-
age. Not only does drunkenness form a larger proportion of the
offenses of Irish-bom persons than of those of any other immigrant
group, and of the offenses of native-bom children of inunigrants
from Ireland than of those of any other group of nonimmigrant per-
sons, but these two, groups have higher percentages of conmiitments
for this offense than any other group, immigrant or native.
Ten groups of offenders, six composed of immigrants and four of
American-bom children of immigrant fathers, haveliigher percentages
than the native-bom of American parentage. These ten groups are,
in order of percentage, as follows:
InuxUgrents.
Peroent.
American-born of immigrant father.
Percent
Country of birth:
82.4
75.1
74.3
74.1
68.0
64.4
Coontnr of birth of lather:
Mand , ........
7S.2
Sweden .
Scotland
#9 1
Scotland
Knriand t ......... r ............... .
60.5
Finland
Canada
55.7
England
Canada
The percentage of native-bom of native father is 53.5.
Of tne total commitments of all but four of the 17 groups of
offenders, commitments for drunkenness form over 50 per cent.
These four exceptions are all immi^ant groups — of Austro-Hunga-
rian, German, Italian, and Russian birth. Of these, the Italian is the
only group having less than one-third of all its conmiitments of this
character. The Italian percentage, only 13.6 per cent, is the smallest
percentage of all the groups of native and immigrant offenders, and
IS so low, in comparison with all others, as to set the Italian immi-
grants strikingly apart.
Of the native-born children of immigrants, each group, with the
exception of that of German parentage, has a sm^er percentage of
dnmkenness than the immigrant group from the country of their
fathers. As these five immigrant groups, with the exception of that
of German birth, and all of the native-bom groups of immigrant
parentage, without exception, have larger percentages than the native-
born of native parentage, this results in making the percentage of
each of the American-bom groups of immigrant's children differ
from the percentage of the corresponding group of immigrant offend-
ers, such difference tending toward the group native-bom of nonimmi-
grant parentage.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 173
This is more clearly shown by the following rearrangement of the
groups in question:
Table 96. — Pa: cent distnbutum of commitments for drunkenness among total commit'
mentSy by naHvity and descent of offender: MassachtiseUs penal institutions, October i,
1908, to September SO, 1909.
NfitiTlty and deaoent
Percent
Native-bom of native father.
Inuniflant
Second nneratkn..
iinmigrant
Second generation.
German:
Immigrant
Second generation.
Irish:
Inuniflant
Second generation. .
Scotch:
Inuniflant
Second generation.
03.5
644
6&9
6a6
47.1
51.0
82.4
7&2
74.8
6&1
One other of the offenses against public policy appears worthy of
special analysis — that of vagrancy.
The group of oflFenders having the largest percentage of commit-
ments for tnis oflFense is of native birth, although of foreign parent-
age — that group composed of persons bom in the United States
whose fathers came from Germany. Of their total commitments,
10 per cent were for vagrancy. Strongly contrasted with this group
is that of foreign-bom offenders from Italy, of whose 450 commit-
ments for all offenses only 7, or 1.6 per cent, were for this offense, a
less proportion than that of any other group, either native or foreign.
Seven of the 16 groups of immigrants and immigrants' children
exceed the native-lK)m of native parentage in their percentage of
commitments for vagrancy. Four of these 7 are groups of foreign-
bom offenders, wlme three are groups of native-bom offenders
of foreign parentage. The foreim-bom are from Germany,
Sweden, Austria-Hungary, and Poland. The native-bom are of
German, English, and Scotch parentage. It will be noted that
although 3 groups of native-bom chudren of immigrants have
J>ercentages higher than the group of persons native-bom of native
ather, only one corresponding immigrant group (that of German
birth) is foimd among tne 4 groups of foreign-bom offenders also
having higher percentages.
The preceding table also shows that each group of native-bom offend-
ers of foreign parentage has a higher percentage of commitments for
vagrancy t£an the corresponding group of foreigu-bom offenders.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
174
The Immigration Commission.
OFFENSES AGAINST OHASTITT.
From the offenses against chastity, crimes of prostitution are
selected from analysis. These, together with all other offenses
against chastity, are shown in. the following table:
Tablb 97.^0ffen$e$ against chastity compared with all offenses: Massadmsetts penal
institutions, October 1, 1908, to September SO, 1909.
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Nativity and parentage.
Crimes of
prostitu-
tion
ADottier.
Total
Natiye-bora of native &ther
6,288
1,176
629
200
7,278
271
237
2,675
201
166
6,351
460
220
673
430
281
41
7
S
1
13
1
1
34
12
102
36
9
4
100
8
9
100
17
1
6
62
86
2
10
7
6
208
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada...
41
England u . ^ .. x
13
Oemaany...
5
Ireland
113
Scotland
9
Foreign-bom:
Austria-Hnogary. ............. ^.....^ a...........
8
Canada . " '
134
Englftn^ , , „ -
29
FlSaud
1
Germany
6
Ireland
8
16
1
7
1
70
Italy
60
Poland
3
Roasia
17
Scotland
8
Sweden
5
Grand total
028,330
166
609
766
Native-bom of foreign lather
9,810
» 16, 219
13,101
83
74
82
165
831
278
196
Total native-bom . .'i ... u a... .^*** .** *
406
Foreign-born
300
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSEa
loao
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
• 6
1.'8
1.3
il
l!3
8.8
Native-bom of foreign father by country of birth of
father:
Canada
3.7
England
3L3
Gflfmany
2.5
Ireland. ."
1.6
Scotiand
3.S
Foreign-bom:
Austria-Hungary
1.3
Canada
b.0
Fngland .....^.. ... . ..
2.8
Finland
.5
Germany
3L2
Ireland
LI
Italy
11.1
Poland
1.4
Russia
ao
Scotland
L8
Sweden
1.8
Grand total
loao
.6
27
Native4>ora of foreign father
loao
loao
loao
!6
10
Total native-bom
27
Foreign-bom
27
• Includes 10 commitments of persons not reporting nativity.
b Includes 121 commitments of persons not reporting parentafs.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime*
175
Commitments for crimes of prostitution are foimd in all the groups
of American birth and in all of the immigrant groups except three —
the Finnish, German, and Swedish. Eadi of the groups native-bom
of foreign father has a smaller proportion of such conunitments than
the group native-bom of native father, of whose total conmiitments
for ail offenses, 41, or 0.8 per cent, were of this character. Four of
the immigrant groups, however, exceed the native-bom of native
father in proportion. These are the groups coming from Italy, 3.3
per cent; Canada, 1.3 per cent; Russia, 1.2 per cent; England, 1.2
per cent. Those groups from Austria-Hungaiy, Ireland, Poland, and
Scotland have smaller proportions than the American-bom of native
father, while those from Fmland, Germany, and Sweden have no com-
mitments for crimes of prostitution recorded against them.
SUMMABY.
In these records of the Massachusetts penal institutions the several
gainful offenses are more prominent amon^ the crimes of the American-
Bom of native father than among the cnmes of the majority of the
immigrant and second-generation groups, as shown in the following
table:
Table 9B, ^Relative frequency of gainful offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions
October 1, 1908, to September SO, 1909. •
Nativity and parentage.
AU gainful
oflenaes.
Burglary.
Forgery and
fraud.
Larceny and
receiving
stolen goods.
Robbery.
Rank.
Per
oent
Rank.
Per
oent
Rank.
Per
cent.
Rank.
Per
cent.
Rank.
Per
oent.
Native-born of nattTe tether
NaUve-bom of Ibreim father, by
ootmtry of birth of tether:
Oansuia
2
4
8
6
12
10
11
14
16
3
17
1
7
6
13
15
2a6
la?
14.4
18.0
10.0
14.0
13.1
11.5
7.5
6.5
19.4
4.4
20.7
15.0
16.6
8.4
6.7
8
1
3
4
5
6
10
12
7*
13
2
3
8
.......
3.2
3.7
3.2
3.0
1.5
2.2
2.1
1.3
.8
.0
1.9
.4
3.6
3.2
1.7
.0
1.1
4
9
8
6
8
5
6*
8
2
1
9
1
3
6
f
0.8
.1
.2
.5
.2
.7
.0
.6
.2
1.0
L8
.1
1.3
.9
.5
.2
.4
1
8
8
6
12
11
9
10
14
16
2
17
4
7
6
13
16
16.9
14.5
10.8
13.5
8.1
9.2
10.1
9.6
6.6
4.0
16.5
8.8
13.8
10.9
18.4
8.0
4.3
9
11
3
10
2
5
10
12
8
7
12
1
4*
11
a?
.4
Kneland .......................
.2
Qcrmany
LO
Tr^l^nd
.8
Scotland
1.8
Foreign-bom:
.8
Canada 7..'
.3
Endand
.1
Ftnkmd.
.6
Offrmany
.6
Ii^and/.
.1
Italy
2.0
Potend
.0
Rmslan
.9
f^fland
.2
Sweden
•0
Larceny occupies a larger place in the criminaUty of the native-
bom of native rather than in that of any other group of offenders,
while only two groups exceed in percentage of commitments for
burglary, four in percentage of commitments for forgery and fraud,
and five in percentage of conunitments for robbery. The ItaUan
inmaigrant group has a larger percentage of commitments for bur-
glary, the furnish, German, Italian, and Polish immigrant groups of
those for forgery and fraud, and the Austro-Hungarian, Italian, and
Russian immigrant groups of those for robbery. Of the second-
generation groups, the Canadian exceeds the native-bom of native
Digitized by
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176
The Immigration Commission*
father in relative frequency of burglary, and the German, and Scotch
exceed the native-bom of native fathers in relative frequency of
robbery.
A different condition exists with regard to the offenses of personal
violence.
Table 99. — Relative frequency of offeneee of personal violence: MoBmukuietU penal
instituiums, October 1, 2908, to September SO, 1909,
Nativity and parentage.
AU offenses
of personal
violence.
Assault, sim-
ple.
Assault, vio-
lent
Homicide.
Bape.
Rank.
Per
cent
Rank.
Per
cent.
Rank.
Per
cent
Rank.
Per
oedt
Rank.
Per
OSBU
Native-born of native father.
Native-bom of foreim lather, by
coontry of birth of lather.
Canada
7
10
11
12
18
16
3
8
7
6
6
14
1
8
4
15
5.8
4.4
4.8
4.0
8.6
1.6
22.8
6.0
5.8
7.0
7.7
3.0
24.0
16.4
16.6
2.7
4.6
8
11
10
12
18
16
1
7
6
6
15
4
3
2
14
10
4.7
4.1
4.8
4.0
3.4
1.1
15.6
4.5
4.0
7.0
7.1
2.2
12.4
12.7
14.0
2.5
4.3
10
""u
6
1
11
8
6*
2
8
4
10
7
a28
.26
.00
.00
.11
.87
6.75
.10
.29
.00
:»
&78
8.64
L57
.23
.86
5
6
7*
8
4
2*
8
1
a21
.00
.00
.00
.07
.00
.42
.26
.00
.00
.66
.03
&11
.00
.00
.00
.00
3
4*
8
i*
0.11
.00
EniEland
.09
Oennanv..
.00
SSiSd!:;;::::;:;;;;::::;;;:;;
.00
Scotland
.00
Foreign-bom:
Aastrla-Hiingary
.00
Canada
.04
.10
Fta^Hid
09
Qermanv %
.00
Ireland..
oo
Italy
66
Polnnd
00
Russia
00
Scotland
00
Sweden
00
None of these offenses forms so large a percentage of the crimes of
the native-bom of native father as of those of some immigrant group,
although they are in the main relatively more common among native
offenders of native parentage than among native offenders of immi-
grant parentage. The only exception to Uiis latter statement is with
respect to violent assault, which is relatively more frequent among
American-bom offenders of Canadian and Scotch parentage than
among those of American parentage.
Of the immigrant groups the Austro-Hungarian and the Italian
are most notable for the hi^h relative frequency of these offenses
amon^ them. Simple and violent assault form larger percentages of
the crimes of Austrb-Hun^arian offenders than of those of any other
group, while homicide and rape form larger percentages of the crimes
of Italian offenders than of the crimes of any other group.
Offenses against public policjr belong much more largely to immi-
grant criminaUty than to the criminaUty of the native-bom of native
parentage. Disorderly conduct and dmnkenness are shown by the
table following to belong especially to immigrant criminality.
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Immigjation and Crime.
177
Tablb l6b,^Relative frejuenq/ of offensei against public policy: Mas$achju€U8 penal
instUtUuma, October 1, 1908, to Septeniber SO, 1909.
NatiTHy and parent-
AUoftensee
against pab-
lic policy.
Disorderly
oondnot.
Dnmken-
nesB.
Gaming.
Offenses of
violenoe.
Vagrancy.
age.
Rank.
Per
cent
Bank.
Per
cent.
R*nV
Per
cent.
R*nV
Per
cent.
Bank.
Per
cent.
Itimlr
Per
cent
Natire-bom of native
tether .;
NaUye-bom of for-
eign Catber by ootm-
^ of birth of
Canaia
12
10
11
6
7
16
8
6
3
13
1
17
14
15
4
3
68.0
7a7
7&6
69.0
83.5
7a2
6L6
76.2
81.0
8&1
67.1
00.0
41.8
66.8
62.3
85.0
86.5
U
7
13
14
12
2
5
6
1
8
10
8
4
^5
3.8
2.1
.5
2.2
3.0
5.5
4.7
4.4
6.0
.0
2.7
3.1
2.7
&1
4.8
.0
U
10
13
2
7
15
8
6
5
14
1
17
12
16
4
3
53.5
55.7
60.5
51.0
75.2
66.1
42.6
64.4
68.9
74.1
47.1
82.4
13.6
51.4
37.5
74.3
75.1
6
8
3
7
5
11
.......
1
4
2
0.40
.00
.06
.80
.22
.00
.42
.04
.00
.00
.00
.06
1.33
.45
1.05
.00
.00
10
U
11
0.6
.8
.8
.0
.2
.0
1.8
.3
.0
L5
3.2
.3
11.8
2.7
3.4
.7
1.4
6
8
8
1
11
i
4
- 13
7
13
2
13
14
5
10
3
4.4
4.2
England
7.0
Qermany...
Tr^land
10.0
3.1
Scotland
5.5
FoiclgD-bOfB:
Anatrla-Hungary
Canada
6.3
2.0
England
4.3
intilAn^
2.5
Oeimany
7.1
2.5
Italy
1.6
Poland
5.5
BiMBla
3.7
8ootlAnd.
3.6
8wM«n..
7.1
Every immigrant group has a larger percentage of commitments
for disorderly conduct than the native-born of native father, and six
of the eleven immigrant groups have larger percentages of commit-
ments for drunkenness. The Irish immigrant group is notable for
its lai^e percentage of commitments for drunkenness, these forming
over four-fifths of all commitments of immigrant offenders from Ire-
land. In connection with this it is notable that the American-bom
children of Irish fathers have a larger percentage of commitments for
drunkenness than anv group except the Irish immigrants themselves.
Offenses against chastity are relatively more frequent among the
offenders of only two immigrant groups than among the native-bom
of native father.
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178
The ImmigraticHi Commission.
Tablb 101. — Relative frequency ofoffentes againat chastity: MassaehuseUs perud inatitU'
hons, October 1, 1908, to September SO, 1909,
Natiyity ftod parentage.
AUoffenM against
chastity.
Crimes of prostttn-
tSon.
Rank.
Percent.
Rank.
Percent.
Natiye-born of native tether
3
4
10
13
«
14
2
8
16
6
15
1
18
7
11
11
3.8
3.7
2.8
2.5
1.6
8.8
L8
5.0
3.8
.5
3.2
1.1
11.1
1.4
8.0
1.8
1.8
4
5
5
6
8
7
7
3
8
as
Natiye-born of foreign father, by ooontry of birth of tethen
Canada ,,„,.,,-
Bnffland
Oermany
Ireland.'.
Scotland ,.,,..
Poreign-bom:
Atiatria-Hnngary
Canada
L3
England ,-..",,-.,,,,.,,,.-.,, ,.,..,,.,,,
L2
Finland
Germany ,...,,....
Ti^land
1
6
8
8
Italy
3.3
Poland
Buflsia
1.2
Bootland
Sweden
Q
Grimes of prostitution form larger percentages of the total offenses
of four immigrant groups than of those of the native group of non-
immi^ant parentage. These immigrant groups are the Canadian,
English, ItaUan, and Russian. Of the second-g^eneration groups,
however, none has so lar^e a percentage of commitments for crimes
of prostitution as the native-born of native father*
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Chapter XI.
AUEN CRTMTNATJTY.
1. Alien Prisoners in the United States in 1908.
In 1904, and again in 1908, the Bureau of Immigration and Natu-
ralization made a canvass of all penal institutions in the United
States for the purpose of discovering the number of alien prisoners
detained therein. The general results of these enumerations are to
be found in the reports of the Commissioner-General of Inunigration
for these two years. But as complete tabulation of the data collected
was not made, these statements of the results are only general.
The value of more complete tabulation of the data appeared great
enough to warrant the Inmiigration Commission in making it.
Through the courtesy of the Bureau of Immigration and Naturaliza-
tion the original schedules o£ the 1908 enumeration were obtained.
From these, new tables were compiled by the tabulating force of the
Commission. Tabulation has been made of the number of alien
prisoners of each race by offense and by years in the United States
prior to commitment to the institutions in which they were found at
the time of the canvass.
In order to include only convicted persons in the tabulation, when-
ever it was clear that any prisoner nad not yet been tried for the
offense charged, but was in prison merely awaiting trial, or was held
as a witness, the case was omitted from the tables. The total num-
ber of prisoners shown by these tables is therefore somewhat less than
the number stated in the Report of the Commissioner-General of Immi-
gration for 1908, but the value of the tables is rendered greater, since
they include, as far as could be determined, only those prisoners who
had actually been convicted of crime.
The total number of alien prisoners in the United States at the
time of the enumeration in 1908 who were under sentence for vio-
lations of the law was 12,853, distributed as follows among the
various races:
Tablb 102. — Alien prisoners in the United States^ 1908^ by race.
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalication.]
Raoe.
Number
of
prisoners.
Race.
Number
of
p^isonera.
Africari
145
422
297
104
147
833
189
164
1,191
149
693
1,312
320
TtAlfftn, Rnnth.
3,336
168
CanAdian, French
l/ithnahlan
CftnftdJRn' Otlyr
Magyar
356
Chinese.. ...TT.
M^^loftn '... '.""
794
Croatian
Poiish
1,229
156
Engiiah
Ruffifian. ... . ...x». ^ . s .s. .
iPffuii^lj
Soandlnavian . , . . . . . x . x . . ....^. .
606
French,
Scotch
286
Oerman
Slovak
407
Greek
other races ^
665
Hebrew
Total
Iriah
• 12,853
Tt^fwi, Nfflth
a Includes 3 not reporting race.
179
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180
The Immigration G>mmi8sioiL
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Immigration and Crime.
181
GLASSES OF GBIMB.
Classifying the different offenses into the five crime groups employed
in other sections of this report, the general character of the criminality
of these alien prisoners is snown by race in the following table.
Because of the insufficient definition of the crime in 247 cases, the
total number of prisoners appearing in this table is 12,606 instead of
12^853, the unknown character of the crime in these 247 cases making
it improper to retain them in the totals upon which the percentages
enaployed in the analysis are computed.
By appljring to these figures the method of analysis used in the pre-
ceding sections of this report, something rnore defixdte may be learned
regarding the criminaUty of these alien prisoners. One disadvantage,
however, appears ; the aosence of any American-bom prisoners makes
it impossible to employ that group as a basis of comparison. All that
can be determinea, therefore, is the relation of the several alien
groups to each other.
Table lOS. — DistrihutUm of elaa$e$ of crirru among alien prisoners in the United
States, 1908.
[CompOed from data of Bureau of ImmigraUon and Nataralixation.)
NUMBER.
Race.
Total.
Gainful
oflenaea.
Offenses
of
viotenoe.
Oflenset
against
publio
poUcy.
Oflmss
aeainat
Unctoasi-
fled
offenses.
African
143
420
296
103
145
823
185
159
1,167
149
689
1,286
317
2,312
155
343
773
1,186
156
502
283
388
58
134
106
19
58
380
42
86
541
59
384
250
97
676
63
100
327
453
04
237
128
100
60
49
33
61
48
116
76
27
306
88
161
1,074
40
136
334
302
30
72
30
121
26
196
132
21
33
275
64
32
323
34
196
871
46
417
67
73
89
353
40
168
111
113
7
22
16
2
2
Canadiin, Frfoch ,..»..^.^.....^ ...
17
O^TiA/ilfui^ Other
11
Chinme . .'
Croatian
6
Knglinh
39
7
10
49
6
46
34
7
80
2
14
13
28
4
U
9
12
13
FiT^nkf^
e
French.
4
39
Greek
1
18
Trinh
34
TtallAji.Nftrth,..
6
Tt^tA^; flAnt»i
56
Llthnahian .... ... ..
3
20
MeSSi;::;::;::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::
10
Polish.
60
Rtimian .
9
fi«mdin^ylan
14
Scotch
6
Slovak
42
Total
• 12,606
4,648
8,837
3,783
442
396
• Includes 2 not reporting raotb
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182
The Immigration Commission.
Tablb 103. — DistribtUion of classes of crime among alien prisoners in the United
States, i^O^— Continued.
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
Race.
TotaL
Gainful
offenses.
Offenses
of
personal
Tiolenoe.
Offenses
against
pubUo
policy.
Offenses
against
ohastity.
Unclassi.
fled
offenses.
African
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
40.6
31.9
36.5
/ 18.4-
40.0
^46.2
• 22.7-
264.1
"246.8
^39.6
/66.7,
■ 20.1
3a6
29.2
34.2
29.2
'42.3
38.2
41.0
-J 47. 2
.46.2
26.8
35.0
11.7
11.1
50.2
33.1
14.1
4L1
17.0
17.7
83.6
6.5
6.8
50.8
46.5
25.8
39.7
43.2
25.5
25.0
14.3
10.6
31.2
18.2
47.1
44.6
20.4
22.8
33.4
29.2
20.1
28.4
67.7
14.5
18.0
36.8
21.3
11.5
20.8
25.6
33.5
39.2
29.1
4.9
6.2
5.1
1.9
.0
Canadian, French
C-anadian, Other . ....
Chinese..'
English
4.7
3.8
6.3
4.2
3.4
6.7
2.6
2.2
3.8
1.3
4.1
1.7
2.4
2.6
Finnish
French,
German
'Qreeic
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
I/ithuahlan
Magyar
.;:: ;
-MeSfcan.
Pnli#h...
.........
Rumian.. .
Rcsij}f\\n^v\An ,
2.2
3.2
3.1
Scotch
Slovak
Total
loao
36.9
26.5
30.0
3.5'
Two of the races shown in this table^ the Hebrew and the French,
have so much larger proportions of gainful offenses than any others
, that they stand out prominently. More than half the prisoners of
each of these two races were convicted of the gainful offenses — in
the case of the Hebrews 55.7 per cent, and of the French 54.1 per
cent. Of the prisoners of no other race does the percentage con-
victed of these crimes exceed 47.2, as is the case of the Scandinavians,
while of the crimes of the Chinese the gainful offenses form only 18.4
per cent, a smaller percentage than tney compose of the total crimes
of any other racial group.
The large part wmch crimes of personal violence play in the crimi-
nality of some of the races is striking. Over half of the Chinese and
North ItaUan prisoners were imprisoned for these crimes, 46.5 per
cent of the South Italian prisoners, 40 per cent of the Mexican and
Finnish prisoners, more than a third of the prisoners of the Magyar,
African, and Greek races, and one-fourth or more of those of the
Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Polish and Russian races. In only
nine of the twenty-two race groups shown in the above table do
offenses of personal violence form less than 25 oer cent of all crimes.
Only two races, the Irish and the Hebrew, have less than one in every
ten of their aUen prisoners imprisoned for an offense of personal vio-
lence. The Irish nave 6.8 per cent and the Hebrews 6.5 per cent.
Differences in the criminal law of the various States anect most
the value of the statistics of offenses against public policy. These
offenses are largely acts which are not criminal m themselves, but are
made so only by statute. Thus, what may be a ''crime'' in one
State ma)^ not be one in another. In Massachusetts the nimiber of
commitments for intoxication is surprisingly large; in many of the
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Immigration and Crime. 183
States it is surprisingly small. To assume that such differences
always actually exist m the amoimt of intoxication would be erro-
neous. The differences in the figures are caused rather by the sever-
ity or laxity of the laws and their enforcement in different sections
of the coimtry. The same is doubtless triw of such offenses as va-
grancy, truancy, and incorrigibiUty. Yet no corrective of these
differences is possible from the data at hand, and the figures must be
taken as they stand, with the realization that the;^ are by no means
as exact standards of measurement as the statistics of most of the
other crimes.
The foregoing table shows that the greatest relative frequencjr of the
aggregate offenses against pubUc policy exists among the Insh and
the least among the Mexican prisoners, being nearly six times as
great among the former as among the latter. The proportion of
Irish prisoners committed for these offenses is remarkably large,
being 67.7 per cent. Only four races — the two groups of Canadians,
the Scotch, and the Lithuanians — have more than half as large a pro-
portion. Furthermore, the Irish is the only race among whose alien
prisoners offenses of this class compose more than half the total num-
Der of offenses committed, and amonff the Irish they not only con-
stitute more than one-half, but more tnan two-thirds.
Offenses against chastity caused the commitment of 442 of the
12.606 aUen prisoners confined for known crimes. From the above
table it appears that the Hebrew race had the largest propor-
tion, 6.7 per cent of its aUen prisoners belonging to this class. The
proportion of French alien prisoners of like character is, however,
nearly as great, being 6.3 per cent. In addition to these two race
groups there are only two others having over 5 per cent under sen-
tence for offenses against chastity, the French Canadian, with 5.2
Ker cent, and the Canadian, other than French, with 5.1 per cent,
fot far behind these, however, are the English and African races,
4.9 per cent of the alien prisoners of the former and 4.7 per cent of
those of the latter being convicted of such offenses.
The Croatian alone, of the 22 races here shown, had no alien pris-
oners serving time for an offense against chastity.
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184
The Immigration Commission.
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
The number of alien prisoners confined for the various gainful
offenses is shown by race in the following table, together with the
proportions which such offenses form of the total criminality of each
race:
Tablb 104.~<?at7i/uZ offeMet compared with all offeruet: Alien priionen in the United
States, 1908.
NUMBER.
[Compfled from data of Boreaa of Immigration and NatoraUxatlon.]
AU
oflenaet.
Gainful offenses.
Race.
Blaok-
eztor-
tion.
Burglary.
Fofttry
and
fraud.
Larceny
and re-
ceiving
stolen
property.
Robbery.
TotaL
African...^
143
430
^103
146
823
185
159
1,157
149
689
1,286
317
2,312
166
343
773
1,186
156
502
383
388
10
32
25
3
11
136
11
27
184
10
106
66
19
189
11
23
136
101
19
06
36
11
2
11
7
S7
84
68
7
38
166
27
41
270
162
46
331
88
67
144
806
84
126
66
71
9
7
10
9
4
40
2
6
84
6
17
25
18
156
8
10
38
20
3
18
12
12
68
ni^(\ril(in, Fppnch
134
Canadian! Other
106
Chinese...
19
5
40
S
12
62
8
19
14
9
22
6
10
16
M
8
SI
16
6
58
English ...
880
F<nnt??h
42
French
86
Qennan
1
541
Greek
60
Hebrew
384
Irish
2
6
28
2SB
TtftliRn, Nort>»
97
TtftHftn,' ft>"t>i
676
Lith^iAhlan
58
Magyar
100
Mexican
397.
Polish
468
Russian
64.
flrtftnrlinaviAn
287
Scotch
138
Slovak
100
Total
« 12,606
39
1,248
349
2,535
477
4,648
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
African
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
loao
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
ao
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
1.9
1.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
7.0
7.6
8.4
2.9
7.6
16.4
6.9
17.0
16.9
6.7
15.4
6.1
6.0
6.0
7.1
6.7
17.6
8.6
12.2
12.6
M.7
2.8
1.4
2.6
2.4
.0
3.4
4.9
1.1
7.5
4.6
6.4
2.8'
1.1
2.8
LO
3.9
2.9
L9
2.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
1.6
26.9
2ao
21.3
6.8
26.2
2ao
14.6
26.8
23.8
23.5
36.1
n.8
14.2
14.3
21.8
16.6
18.6
26.0
r,
28.0
18.3
6.3
L7
8.4
8.7
2.8
4.9
1.1
8.8
2.0
4.0
2.6
1.9
6.7
6.7
1.9
2.0
4.8
L7
1.9
3.6
4.2
3.1
4a6
<TA.narf|ftn. Frepnh ,...„,- ^ .
31.9
P.AnAHf An. OthAT
36.5
Chinese
18.4
Croatian
4ao
English
46.2
Finnish
22.7
French
64.1
Oerman
46.8
Greek
30.6
Hebrew
56.7
Irish
20.1
Italian. North
30l6
Italian, South
39.2
Lithuanian
84.2
Magyar
29.2
Mexican -,..-.„,,,
42.3
Polish
88.2
Russian ..,.. r,
4L0
flAAnrlinftviAli
47.2
Scotch
45.2
Slovak
26.8
Total
100.0
.3
9.9
2.8
2ai
3.8
36.0
• Includes 2 not r^;)orting race
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Immigration and Crime. 185
Prisoners confined for blackmail and extortion are found among only
four of the races appearing in this table. In the Nortli Italian group
these form the largest proportion of the total prisoners, 1.9 per cent.
Next in rank is the South Italian group, 1.2 per cent of whose pris-
oners were \mder sentence for these cnmes. Of the Ir^h prisoners,
2. or 0.2 per cent of the total number, were of this class, and of the
German prisoners only 1, or 0.1 per cent, of the total number.
Nearly 10 per cent of the total number of prisoners confined for
known offenses were \mder sentence for burglary. From this table
it appears that the lai^est proportion of convictions for burglary
is found among the ^xicans, such convictions forming 17.5 per
cent of the total convictions of aUen prisoners of that race. Of
the 159 alien French, however, 27, or 17 per cent, were imprisoned
for this crime, and of the 823 alien English, 135, or 16.4 per cent.
Of eight of tne twenty-two races here shown, more than 10 per
cent of the alien prisoners were incarcerated for bu^lary. These
eight races are the following: Mexican, 17.5 per cent; R^nch, 17 per
cent; English, 16.4 per cent; German, 15.9 per cent; Hebrew, 15.4
pjer cent; Scotch, 12.7 per cent; Scandinavian, 12.5 per cent; Rus-
sian, 12.2 per cent. The next percentage in rank is that of the Poles,
which is only 8.5.
Least of all is the proportion of burglary convictions among the
Slovak prisoners, only 2.8 per cent of whom were under sentence for
this crime. Among the Chinese the proportion is only slightly
greater, being 2.9 per cent. These two races have considerably
smaller percentages of their alien prisoners confined for burglary than
any others, the next in rank bemg the Irish, of whose total aUen
prisoners 5.1 per cent were sentenced for this offense.
Forgery and fraud are the crimes for which 7.5 per cent of the alien
prisoners of the French race were in confinement. This is a larger
percentage than that of any other race groups of alien prisoners
appearing in the preceding table. Next in rank is the Scandinavian
g*oup, 6.2 per cent of which was committed to prison for forgery and
aua. Following these are the Greek, Scotch, and, Russian races,
each having over 5 per cent of its alien prisoners under sentence for
these crimes. Then come the English, with 4.9 per cent, and the
German, with 4.5 per cent. The percentages of tne remaining race
groups ranjge from 3.9 per cent of the Lithuanians to 1 per cent of the
Soutn Italians. Of the 103 Chinese alien prisoners, however, not one
was imprisoned for forgery and fraud. This is the only race group of
the 22 shown in the preceding table having no cases of these crimes
recorded against it.
Larceny and receiving stolen property are, like the aggregate gain-
ful offenses, more common causes of the commitments or Heorew
prisoners than of those of any other race, forming 35.1 per cent of
their total crimes. While the gainful offenses as a class are nearly
as frequent among the French prisoners as among the Hebrew, com-
mitments for larceny and receiving stolen property form a much
smaller percentage, 25.8, of their total commitments. The Chinese
and the Irish, whose percentages of the aggregate gainful offenses are
less than those of any other races, likewise have smaller percentages
of \he selected crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property. Of
79340'*— VOL 3^—11 13
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
186 The Immigration Commission.
the Chinese alien prisoners, only 6.8 per cent were convicted of these
offenses, and of the Irish 11.8 per cent.
The element of personal violence frequently entering into the
crime of robbery so far differentiates it from the other gainful offenses
as to make the relations of the various races to it of special interest.
Of the 103 Chinese prisoners, 9, or 8.7 per cent, were under sentence
for robbery. This is the largest percentage appearing in the above
table, the next in rank being that of the South Italian prisoners,
6.7 per cent of whom were convicted of this crime. Of only two other
race groups of aUen prisoners do those prisoners committed for rob-
bery compose more tnan 5 per cent of the total number. These two
race groups are the African and North Italian. Of the former. 6.3
per cent of the prisoners composing it were committed for roboery
and of the latter 5.7 per cent. The smallest percentage is found
among the Finnish prisoners, only 1.1 per cent of whom were under
sentence for this crime.
The Hebrews. Croatians, and Poles — the three races among which
convictions for larceny and receiving stolen property are most com-
mon — have smaller percentages of robbery cases than more than half
the races. The Mexicans, among whom the greatest relative fre-
quency of burglary is found, are exceeded in percentage of robbeiy
convictions by the Chinese, the South ItaUans, the Africans, the
North ItaUans, and the English; while the French, whose proportion
of burglary was next in rai^ to that of the Mexicans, have remtively
fewer convictions of robbery than eight of the other races. The
most striking revelation of the figures for robbery, however, is the
large proportion of Chinese prisoners convicted of this offense —
greater than that of any other race. This is especially noteworthy
because of the relatively small percentage among the Chinese pris-
oners of the gainful offenses as a whole and of the crimes of bursary
and larceny and receiving stolen property considered separately — the
Chinese having the smallest percentage of prisonera convicted of the
aggregate ^aimul offenses and also of those imprisoned for larceny
and receivmg stolen property, and next to the smallest percentage
of prisoners convicted of ourglary.
The high percentage of convictions for robbery among the South
Italian prisoners is Ukewise notable, for among the alien prisoners of
this race the number committed for the aggr^ate gainful offenses
and for the specific crimes of larceny and receiving stolen property
and burglary is relatively less than that of over half the other races.
Because of the close relation of robbery to crimes of personal
violence, it will be of interest to recall the races having hiffh percent-
ages of the latter crime — the Chinese. South Italian, Amcan, and
North Italian. It is notable that of the four groups of alien pris-
oners having the highest percentages of robbery, three exceed all
other race groups in percentage of offenses of personal violence.
These three are: Chinese, 59.2 per cent; North Itauan, 50.8 per cent;
South Italian, 46.5 per cent. The Africans, who ranked third in
percentafi;e of robbeiy, rank seventh in percentage of offenses of per-
sonal violence, being exceeded in percentage of the latter by the three
races noted above and by the Mexicans, with 43.2 per cent, the Finns^
with 41.1 per cent, and the Aiagyars, with 39.7 per cent.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
187
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL TIOLENOB.
More than one-fourth of the total number of alien prisoners in con-
finement for known offenses were under sentence for various offenses
of personal violence.
The distribution of these prisoners among the races is shown by
crime in the following table:
Table 106. — Offemti ofpenonal violence compared with all offenses: Alien prisoners in
the United States, 1908.
NUMBER.
(Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.]
AHol^
lenses.
Offenses of personal violence.
Race.
Abduc-
tion and
kidnap-
ing.
Simple
assault.
Violent
assault.
Homi-
cide.
Rape.
Total.
African
143
420
296
103
145
823
185
159
1,157
149
689
1,286
317
2,312
165
343
773
1,186
156
502
283
388
17
21
10
8
20
27
36
7
66
17
11
a
47
388
20
61
37
184
19
27
12
62
1
1
8
5
3
4
6
1
4
4
1
3
6
49
26
18
16
40
23
59
32
11
103
17
15
28
86
634
19
60
216
82
13
39
11
69
6
9
4
8
2
24
2
7
81
12
14
9
18
90
1
10
43
21
5
13
7
8
50
Canadian, French
49
Canadian, Other ...
33
Chinese
61
48
English
2
116
Finnish
76
French
1
1
27
German
206
Oreek
50
Hebrew
4
' 45
Irish
88
Ttf H«n, Nn»t»i
5
13
161
itaJlan! Bontb
1,074
40
If amr
6
38
16
2
2
136
1
834
PoHsh
302
Rnnri^
39
flnnnriln^Vlan
72
8ootch
30
Slovak
6
121
Total
• 12,606
30
1,191
168
1,588
360
3,337
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
AtrVnf^
loao
loao
loao
loao
100.ft
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
ao
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.6
.1
.0
.6
.0
1.6
.6
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
U.9
6.0
8.4
7.8
18.8
as
19.5
4.4
5.7
11.4
1.6
3.7
14.8
16.8
1X9
17.8
4.8
15.5
12.2
5.4
4.2
16.0
a7
.2
LO
4.9
2.1
.6
3.2
.6
.8
2.7
.1
.2
L6
2.1
.0
L6
4.9
L3
1.8
.4
.0
L6
18.2
4.8
6.4
88.8
15.9
7.2
17.3
6.9
8.9
11.4
2.2
2.2
27.1
23.1
12.3
17.5
27.8
6.9
8.3
&0
3.9
12.9
4.20
2.14
L85
7.77
1.38
2.92
L08
4.40
2.68
8.05
2.08
.70
6.68
8.89
.64
2.92
5.56
1.77
8.21
2.59
2.47
.77
35.0
Canadian, Frwicb
11.7
Canadian, Otlwr
11.1
Chinese. .'
59.2
Cnmtlan
33.1
English
14.1
FtnMffh
41.1
Freoch
17.0
German
17.7
Oreek
83.6
Hebrew
6.5
Irbh ,
6.8
Italian, North
5a8
Italian, 8<Hith
46w6
Uthuanlan
25.8
Magyar
39.7
Iffikran
43.2
Polish
26.6
Ruffiian
26.0
R^^^nHinaylsn
14.8
Scotch
10l6
Slovak
81.2
Total
100.0
.2
9.4
1.3
12.6
2.9
26.5
• Includes 2 not reporting race.
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188
The ImmigratioQ Commitsioo.
Only seven of the races shown here haye any alien prisoners con-
fined tor abduction or kidnaping. Of these seyen, thel^orth Italian
has the largest percentage of such prisoners, 1 .6 per cent. The French,
Hebrew, and South It^an each haye 0.6 per cent, the English 0.2
per cent, and the Germans and Mexicans 0.1 per cent each.
Simple assault was the offense of 9.4 per cent of the 12,606 alien
prisoners enumerated. From the foregoing table it appears that sim-
ple assault is relatively more frequent as an offense of ahen criminals
of the newer immigrant races than of those of the older. The Finns,
Magyars, South Italians, Slovaks, Poles, North Italians. Croatians,
Lithuanians, and Russians all have larger percentages or their alien
prisoners confined for assault than have sucn earlier unmigrant races
as the Germans, Scandinavians, Canadians, French, Scotch, Irish,
English, and Hebrew. Arranging these races in two groups in
descending order of their percentages, the comparison becomes more
striking:
Newer Immigrant races.
Percent-
age of
simple
assault.
Older immigrant races.
Percent-
age of
simple
assaolt.
Fimilsh.....
19.6
17.8
German
5.7
Mi^ar
B<?*ndinavlftn ... . . w a ^ . . . . .
5.4
Ttl^n^n finnth
Canadian, French
5.0
Slovak
French...
4.4
Polish
15.6
14.8
13.8
Scotch
4.2
Italian, North
Irish
3.7
Croatian
Canadian (other than French)
3.4
Lithuanian
12.9
12.2
English..^ .'
3.3
HeSrew
L6
Of all the 22 races shown in Table 105, the Finns, with 19.5 per cent,
have the largest percentage of simple assault, while the Hebrews,
with 1.6 per cent, have the smallest. The fact that the Chinese, who
have the largest percentage of the aggregate offenses of personal vio-
lence, are exceeded in percentage of simple assault by eleven races
(the nine newer immigjrant races shown above and the Africans and
Greeks) suggests the Ukelihood of finding some other of the crimes of
personal violence playing a very large part in Chinese criminality.
Of the 3,337 alien prisoners committed for offenses of personal
violence, only 168 were sentenced for violent assault. The crime
itself is of such gravity, however, that the relation which these 168
cases bear to the total criminaUty of the various races is of importance.
Of the races having a high percentage of cases of simple assault
the Finnish is the om^r one that stands out prominently in the figures
of violent assault, which forms 3.2 per cent of its total crimes. But
although the proportion of prisoners committed for simple assault is
greater among the Finns than among anv other group of alien prison-
ers, the Chinese and the Mexicans Doth have larger proportions of
cases of violent assault. Of the criminality of tne alien prisoners
belonging to each of these two latter races violent assault forms 4.9
per cent. The commission of this offense is considerably less among
all of the other races than among the Chinese, Mexicans, and Finns.
More noteworthy, however, than anything else shown by this table
is the fact that among the prisoners of two of the races, the Lithu-
anian and the Scotch, not one is found who was imprisoned for vio-
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Immigration and Crime.
189
lent assault, and this in spite of the fact that one-fourth of all the
Lithuanian prisoners and one-tenth of all the Scotch prisoners were
eommitted tor offenses of personal violence.
Turning to the fibres or homicide, the startling fact is shown that
more than half of tne cases of personal violence consisted of accom-
plished or attempted homicide. When the proportions which such
cases bear to the total offenses of the various races are examined
equally striking conditions are revealed. While of the Chinese pris-
oners 38.8 per cent were conmiitted for homicide, only 87.8 per cent
of the Mexican prisoners, who stand next in rank, were sentenced
for this crime. In addition to these two raoes, the North Italian is
the only one more than 25 per cent of whose alien prisoners were
convicted of accomplished or attempted homicide. The North Italian
Percentage is only slightly less than that of the Mexicans, being 27.1.
>ut one other race has over 20 per cent of its alien prisoners under
sentence for these crimes. This is the South Italian, of the crimes of
whose alien prisoners homicide and attempted homicide form 23.1 per
cent. Sharply contrasted with these races stand the Hebrew and
Irish, only 2.2 per cent of the alien prisoners of each of which races
were coimned for such offenses. »
As homicide is considered the gravest of all crimes, rearrangement
of the races shown in Table 105, to bring out more clearly the relation
of homicide to the total criminality of each, will be of value. Such
rearrangement, in descending order of percentage, is as foDows: {
Percent.
Chinese 38. 8
Mexican 27. 8
Italian, North 27.1
Italian, South 23.1
African 18.2
Magyar 17. 5
Finnidi 17. 3
Croatian. . . .' 15. 9
Slovak 12.9
Lithuanian 12. 3
Greek 11.4
Percent.
German 8.9
Russian 8. 3
English 7.2
French 6. 9
Polish 6.9
Scandinavian 6.
Canadian, other than French 5. 4
Canadian. French 4. 3
Scotch 3. 9
Hebrew 2. 2
Irish 2.2
Less than 1 per cent of the alien prisoners of the Lithuanian, Irish,
and Slovak races were under sentence for the crime of rape. Only
0;64 per cent of the Lithuanian, 0.70 per cent of the Irish, and 0.77
per cent of the Slovak alien prisoners were under such sentence.
Widely different in this regard is the group of alien prisoners of the
Greek race, 8.05 per cent of whom were in confinement for rape. No
other race has so large a percentage as this, although that of the
Chinese, 7.77 per cent, is only slightly smaDer. In addition to the
Greek and Chmese races, there are two others having more than 5
Eer cent of their alien prisoners under sentence for this crime — the
[orth Italian, with 5.68 per cent, and the Mexican, with 5.56 per cent.
Of the other races the percentages range from 0.64, of the Lithuanian,
to 4.40, of the French.
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190
The ImmigratioQ Commissicm.
OFFENSES AGAINST FUBLIO POLICT.
The distribution of offenses against public policy is shown by race
in the foUowing table:
Table \Q%,^Off ernes against public policu compared with all offenses: Alien prisoners
%n the United States, 1908.
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigratfcm and Naturalisation.]
NUMBER.
All
offenses.
Offenses against public policy.
Raoa.
Incorri-
gibiUty.
Intoxi-
cation.
Vagrancy
and
truancy.
AU
Other.
TotaL
Afrtcan.
143
420
296
108
146
823
185
IfiO
1,157
149
688
1,286
317
2,312
165
343
773
1,186
166
602
283
388
4
23
U
6
103
66
6
46
86
6
8
90
146
6
46
246
10
01
18
9
16
118
12
38
32
40
10
27
20
16
18
74
17
17
99
25
113
144
88
253
83
53
56
165
10
67
20
69
26
Canadian, Fr<»nnh r ,....'. ..,,..
196
(Radian! other .-.,,,,, --,-.^^
132
Ch|n^»f?«»,,!...
21
C^^mtian ....i.........,.-r....
7
00
26
4
63
2
1
472
3
18
8
6
18
44
6
60
64
11
33
English
21
2
2
26
1
36
10
276
Flnniffh t . .
54
FrmCh T.-....i..,.,.Tr,.-rT
S2
Qfrman
S2S
Greek i
S4
Hebrew.
196
Iiiah
871
Italian, North ...,,,., ,-. , - , - ,
46
Italian, Roiith. r r
00
8
6
417
Lithuanian
57
Maeirar
78
Mexkan.
89
Polish.
26
8
13
5
3
868
Ruffiiian. ...r ---,-„-,., .--...
40
f^f>1|n<j||nAvlan
168
Sootch.
111
Slorak
113
TotaL
• 12,606
260
1,069
1,074
1,880
3,788
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
AM^mn..
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.
100.0
100.'0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.8
6.6
8.7
.0
.0
2.6
1.1
L8
2.2
.7
6.2
.8
.0
2.6
LO
L6
.0
2.2
1.9
2.6
L8
.8
4.2
24.6
22.0
.0
4.8
lao
14.1
2.5
4.6
1.8
.1
86.7
.9
.6
6.2
1.7
2.8
8.7
3.8
12.0
19.1
2.8
4.2
10.7
12.2
6.8
5.6
10.9
4.9
6.7
12.6
4.0
6.7
19.1
•3.2
. 3.9
8.4
2.6
1.9
9.9
7.7
7.6
11.8
10.3
18.2
n^fiA/iiAn French t,....,t.tt
47 1
Ctaadianj Ot^^ .,,
44.6
Chinese ....--r
20.4
Croatian t.,.tt^-t--t r-
23.8
EnglW»,-,„„
33.4
Fliini#h...„T., -
29.3
French. ......r-rtT rr it
20 1
Qfrman rr. ,,
27
Oreeic
22.8
H^rew
28.4
Irish.
67.7
Italian, North ,,,..-,,.
14.5
18.0
Italian, 8outh
36,8
l£agyar
21.3
M^can.
11 5
Polish T. Tr .
29 8
Rnssian
26.6
f^f^^i^fnikiitn
88.5
Scotch.
89.3
Slovak
29 1
Total.
100.0
2.1
8.5
8.6
80.0
• Includes 2 not reporting nos.
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 191
It will be noted that more than two-thirds (67.7 per cent) of all
Irish alien prisoners were confined for oflFenses against public policy,
while less than half the alien prisoners belonging to every other
race were under sentence for such crimes.
A partial explanation of these figures appears when reference is
made to those of the specific olfense of mtoxication. The four
races which have larger percentages of offenses against pubUc poUcy
than any others are also the four whose percentages or intoxication
cases are greater than those of any others, namely, the Irish, French
Canadian, Canadian other than French, and Scotch. And in
each of these four race groups more than half of the commitments
for offenses against pubuc policy are found to be for the offense of
intoxication. Of the Irish aUen prisoners, 36.7 per cent were com-
mitted for intoxication; of the French Canadian, 24.6 per cent; of
the Canadian other than French, 22 per cent; and of the Scotch,
19.1 per cent.
Altnough intoxication sends to the penal institutions more than
a third of the Irish aUen prisoners and more than a fifth of the
Canadian, it plays a relatively unimportant part in the commitments
of the aUen prisoners of most of the races. Among 15 of the 22
races here enumerated, it is the offense of less than 10 per cent of
the prisoners, while of the North and South Itahan and the Hebrew
prisoners not even one in every hundred was committed for drunken-
ness, and of the Chinese' aliens in the prisons not one received his
sentence for this offense.
Those races among whose aUen prisoners offenses of personal
violence appear most conunon (such as Chinese, the Mexican, the
North ana South Italian) are among those whose aUen prisoners
committed for intoxication are relatively few in number. Whether
this means that these races are comparatively temperate, or only
that they are apprehended with greater frequency for other crimes,
it is impossible to determine, but the facts of their i)ercentage of alien
prisoners under sentence for serious crimes of violence and their
modest showing on the rolls of drunkenness are rather enigmatic in
view of the popular conception that drunkenness and crimes of
passion ^o together.
Commitments to prison for vagrancy and truancy, as for intoxi-
cation, differ greatly in various sections of the country, and the
figures are thus less conclusive than might be desired. The
largest proportion of vagrants and truants is found among the
alien Irish prisoners, of whom they compose 19.1 per cent. The
smallest proportion appears among the Mexican prisoners, of whom
they compose 1.9 per cent, or only one- tenth as large a part as they
form of tne Irish prisoners. The Irisn percentage of vagrancy and
truancy is considerably greater than that of anv other race group of
alien prisoners, the German percentage, which is second m rank,
being only 12.5. Besides the Irish and German there are only five
races whose aUen prisoners confined for these offenses form over 10
Eer cent of their total alien prisoners. These five races are the
anadian other than French, Scotch, English, French Canadian, and
Slovak. Of the Polish aUen prisoners 9.9 per cent were committed
for vagrancy and truancy, but with this exception all other races
than those enuinerated above have considerably less than 10 per cent
of their alien prisoners under sentence therefor.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
192
The Immigration Commissioa.
The figures for incorrigibility have been kept separate from those
for vagrancy and truancy in the tabulation of the crimes of alien
prisoners in order that the data might be rendered as exact as possible.
Here, however, wide differences in the practice of the courts of the
various States are encoimtered. In some sections of the countij
the number of incorrij^bles found in the prisons is large, in others it is
very small. These %ures, therefore, fall somewhat short of por-
traying the exact extent of alien incorrigibility, and, like those of
intoxication and vagrancjr and truancy, must be interpreted with
these differences in tne various legal systems in mind.
The for^oin^ table shows that of the offenses for which the alien
imsoners considered in this chapter were committed to penal institu-
tions, incorrigibility was the onense of a considerably larger propor-
tion of the french Canadian and Hebrew than of any of the other
race groups shown. Of alien prisoners of the former race 6.5 per cent
were committed for this offense and of those of the latter 5.2 per cent.
The next percentage in rank is that of the Canadian other than
French, which is 3.7. With these exceptions no. race has as manv
as 3 per cent of its alien prisoners confinea for incorrigibility. Indeea,
four of the races, the Cninese, Croatian, Mexican, and North Italian^
have no aUens imprisoned for this offense, while the Greek, Irish, and
Slovak have less tnan 1 per cent.
OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTITY.
From the various offenses against chastity, the " crimes of prosti-
tution'' have been selected for special analvsis of their relative
frequency among the causes of impnsonment of alien criminals.
Table 107. — Offenm against chastity compared with all offenses: Alien prisoners in the
United States, 1908.
[Compiled from daU of Boreaa of Imniigration and Natu^tilization.]
NUMBER.
AD
offenses.
Offenses against chastity.
Race.
Crimes of
prostitu-
tion.
AU other.
TotaL
African
143
420
296
103
145
823
185
150
1,157
149
689
1,286
317
2,312
155
84S
773
1,186
156
502
283
388
7
19
11
2
7
CartivliftHv Flinch
3
4
22
OanjvllAn, '^ther .. . . ...... ^.s
15
Chinese
2
Croatian
English
4
1
2
6
1
12
5
2
15
35
6
8
44
4
84
29
5
74
2
14
12
28
4
11
9
10
89
Finnish
7
French
10
19
Qennan
Greek
5
Hebrew
46
Irish
14
Italian, North
7
Italian, South
80
TiJthnanfan....,, . . . . ^ . a .
2
Magyar
14
Mexican
1
18
Polish
98
4
Russian
Scandinavian
11
bootch
Slovak
2
n
Total
a 12, 606
m
888
4Q
a Inchides 2 not reporting raotw
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Immigration and Crime.
193
Tablb 107.— 0/«fwet againit chastity comparsi with all offmns: AUsn pmofntn in Urn
United States, iPOtf— Continued.
PER CENT OF ALL OFFENSES.
AU
offenses.
Offenses against chastity.
Race.
Crimes of
prostito-
Uon.
All other.
TotaL
Afrinui
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
100.0
loao
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.00
.71
L35
.00
.00
.54
1.26
.43
.67
1.74
.30
.63
.65
.00
.00
.13
.00
.00
.00
.00
.62
4.9
Oftiifulian, Frpnch ...... ....
5.S
OnnadlAn, Other ...
5.1
Chinww..'
1.9
Croatian ....
.0
English
4.7
Finnish
3.8
French
6.8
German
4.2
Qnek
3.4
Hebrew
6.7
Trftfh ... , .
2.6
It4^1i^, Nmth
2.2
ItAlian', 8onth. ......
3.8
Lithuanian
1.8
Mwy^r
4.1
Meili^an
1.7
Po|i«h
2.4
Rr|i|«iVl.r . r X
2.6
BcanrltfiAvlftn , .
2.2
Scotch
3.2
Slovalc
3.1
Total
100.0
.47
8.5
Although the number of aliens in penal institutions for these
offenses is small, the range of their percentages of the several race
groups of alien prisoners is consideraole. The highest percentage is
that of the Hebrews, 1.74 j)er cent of the alien pnsoners of this race
being convicted of such crimes. Two other races have over 1 per
cent of their alien prisoners under sentence for these offenses — the
Canadian other than French, with 1.35 per cent, and the French,
with 1.26 per cent.
The most striking thing shown by this table, however, is that of
the 22 races 9 have no fdien prisoner the cause of whose conamit-
ment was a ''crime of prostitution.'' These 9 races are the African,
Chinese, Croatian,^ Lithuanian, Magyar, PoUsh, Russian, Scandina-
vian, and Scotch.
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194
The Immigration Commission.
8UMMABY.
This analysis is summarized in the following tables, showing the
races arrMiged in descending order of their percentages of the various
crimes and classes of crime:
Table 108. — Relative frequency of gainful offenses among alien prisoners in the OhUed
States, 1908.
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalisation.)
Race.
AU gainful offenta.
Hebrew
French
Scandinavian
German
English
Scotch
Mexioan
Russian
African
Croatian
Greek
Polish
Canadian, other than French. .
Lithuanian
Canadian. French
Italian, North
Italian, South
Magyar
Slovak
Finnish
Irish
Chinese
BUukmail and extofHon,
Italian, North..
Italian, South..
Irish
German.
BurgloTf.
French ,
English ,
German
Hebrew ,
Scotch ,
Scandinavian ,
Russian
Polish
Canadian, other than French.
Canadian, French
Croatian
Lithuanian.
African
Greek
Magyar
Italian, North
Italian. South.
Finnlsn
Irish
Chinese
Slovak
Forgery and fraud.
Frenoh
Soandlntvian
Greek
Sootoh
Russian.
English
German
Lithuanian
Percent.
66.7
64.1
47.2
46.8
46.2
45.2
42.3
41.0
4a6
40.0
39.6
38.2
86.5
84.2
31.0
30.6
20.2
29.2
25.8
22.7
20.1
I&.4
L9
L2
.2
.1
17.6
17.0
16.4
16.9
16.4
12.7
12.5
12.2
8.6
8.4
7.6
7.6
7.1
7.0
S.7
S.7
6.0
6.0
&9
&1
2.9
2.8
7.5
6.2
&4
&S
&1
4.0
4.6
8.9
Race.
Forging and/raui->Contlnued.
Croatian
Maryar
Hebrew
Italian, North
Canadian. French.
Canadian, Other...
Polish
Mexican
Slovak
African
Finnish
Irish
Italian, South
Chinese
Larceny and receiving ttolen property.
Hebrew
Croatian
Polish
African
French
Scandinavian
Greek
German
Scotch
Russian
Canadian, other than French..
Uthoanian
Canadian, Frenoh
English
Mexican
Slovak
Magyar
Finnish
Italian, South
lUlian, North
Irish
ChlnsM
JUbbery.
ItaUan, Sooth..
Afrioan
Italian. Nwth..
English.
Scotch.
Greek
Preudi.
Scandlnavlaa
Canadian, other than Fmidh..
Slovak
Gorman
Magyar
Croatlin
Hebrew
Irish
Lithuanian
Russian. ..•............•.•*..•
Canadian, FniMDh
Polish
Finnish
Percmt.
3.4
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.6
X4
xo
LO
L6
L4
LI
LI
LO
LO
S5.1
2&2
26.0
2&9
25^8
24.9
23.5
23.8
28.0
21.8
21.8
21.8
2ao
2ao
lao
18.8
16^6
14.6
14.3
14.2
1L8
6.8
8.7
6.7
6.3
5l7
4.0
4.8
42
4.0
8.8
3.6
3.4
8.1
2.9
2.9
2.8
15
L9
L9
L9
L7
L7
LI
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Immigration and Crime.
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Table 109. — Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence among aHen prisoners in
the united States, 1908.
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.]
Race.
Percent
Race.
Percent
All offenses of personal violenee.
Chinese^
59.2
50.8
46.6
43.2
41.1
39.7
35.0
33.6
33.1
31.2
26.8
25.5
25.0
17.7
17.0
14.3
14.1
11.7
11.1
10.6
6.8
6.5
1.6
.6
.6
.6
.2
.1
.1
19.5
17.8
16.8
16.0
15.5
14.8
13.8
12.9
12.2
11.9
1L4
7.8
6.7
5l4
6.0
4.8
4.4
4.2
3.7
3.4
3.3
1.6
4.9
4.9
8.2
2.7
3.1
2.1
Violent MMitZt— Continued.
Italian, :Jorth
1.6
Italian, Torth
Magyar
L5
Italian iSouth
Slovak
1.5
Mexican
Polish
1.3
FlnnUh
Russian
L3
Mftiryf^r ..... . ,-,,--■
Canadian, other than French
LO
African
African
.7
Creek
French
.6
Croatian
English
.6
Slovalc
Scandinavian •
.4
I^ithnanian
German rr,-
.3
Polish
OaTi^ian, French ^ ... r -
.2
Irish .'
.2
Oerman
Hebrew
.1
French
T/1thnanian r , r , . - t
.0
flcanflinavian
Scotch
.0
English
Homicide
Chinese
Mexican
Oaiiuadian, French
Canadian; Other
Scotch
Ti4eti
38.8
27.8
Hebrew
Italian, Torth
Italian, South
African
27.1
23.1
18.2
Abduction and kidnaping.
Magyar
17.5
Italian, North.
French
Hebrew
Finnish
Croatian
Slovak
Lithuanian
17.3
16.9
12.9
1Z3
English
Oerman
Mexican
Greek
German
Russian
English
French
11.4
8.9
8.3
7.2
6.9
Simple assavlt.
Polish
6.9
rinnlffh...
Scandinavian
6.0
Magyar
Canadian, other than French ............
6.4
Italian South
Canadian', French
4.8
Slovak
Scotch...'
3.9
Polish
Hebrew
2.2
Italian, North
Irish
2.2
OiYMtian
Rape.
Greek
Chtoese
Italian, North
Mexksan
French
African
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Russian
African
Greek
Chinese
Oerman
Scandinavian
Canadian, French
8.06
7.77
6.68
5.56
4.40
4.20
3.89
Mexican
French
Scotch...
Irish.... :
Canadian, other than French
RngUsh
HeBrew
Runian
English. ................................
Magyar
German
Scandinavian
Scotch
Canadian, French
Hebrew
8.21
2.92
2.92
2.68
2.59
2.47
2.14
2.03
Violent assault.
Polish
1.77
Chinese
Croatian
1.38
Mexican
Canadian other than French
1.36
Finnish... T.wr'T - .,---,,.,
Finnish
1.08
Greek
Slovak
.77
Croatian. . ,r T-r,T
Irish
.70
Lithtianian
.64
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196
The Immigration Ommiission.
Table 110. — ReleHve frequency of offenseM against puhUe poKcy oTnong aHen prisonen
in &e UniUd States, 1908,
{Oomplted from date of Buresa of Immlgnitkm and Natnrallcatlon.]
Race.
Percent
Race.
Percent.
its oTefwet o^cMjI |wMk pottey.
Irish
W.7
47.1
44.6
30.2
36.8
38.6
33.4
29.8
29.2
29.1
28.4
27.9
26.6
22.8
22.8
21.8
20.4
20.1
18.2
18.0
14.6
11.6
6.6
5.2
8.7
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.1
.8
.8
.7
/utegfcflfton
Iriah
36.7
Canadian, Fr^moii,,,,,.,,.,,,^,^,,,--.^.
<^anadlan, FreDflii
24.6
Canadian) Ot»»flr .... r ............... r . .
<^anadian, Other .............
22.6
Scotch...'
Scotch -
19.1
Finnish
14.1
AA^nfi^f^vian . , r ......,..,,.. t
Snan'^lnavian
12.0
English
English
10 9
PoBsh
T.itbuanian
6.2
Finnish. ,
rroatian
4.8
Slovak
German a . .
4 6
Hebrew
African
4.2
Oenpan ^...x
Hiijffliari., ^ . .
3.8
Russian
Polish
3.7
Croatian
Slovak
2.8
Greek
French
2.5
Hafcyar
Mexican
2.3
Chinese
Magyar
1.7
French
GrS2^:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
1.3
African
Italian, North
9
Italian, South
TtAlf^ui! South ...
.6
Italian) North
Hebrew
,1
Mexican
Chinese
Canadian, French
Hebrew
Canadian, other than French
African
English
Italian, South
Scandinavian
German
Polish
Vagrancy and truancy.
Irish
German
Canadian, other than French
Scotch
English
Canadian, French
Slovak
Polish
Lithuanian
19.1
12.5
12.2
11.3
las
10.7
10.3
9.9
8.4
Lithuanian..
Russian
Scotch
Magyar
French ,
Finnish
Irish
Slovak
Scandinavian
Hebrew
(hinese
French
Croatian
Finnish
African
Greek
7.7
7.6
6.7
5.8
5.7
6.5
4.9
4.2
4.0
Chinese
Italian, South
8.9
Croatian
TtA]in.n North
Italian, North
Magyar
3.2
2.6
Mexican
Mexican
1.9
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ImmigratioD and Crime.
197
Tablb lil.—R4kUiiv4 frequency qf ofen$€$ again$t duutUy amonf aUen primmin in tkt
Umted Stales, 1908.
[OompUed from daU of Bureau of Immifratieo and Naturallsatioii.]
Race.
Per cent.
Race.
Par cant.
AU offente* against ekastUy.
Hebrew
French
Canadian, French.
Oanadian, Other..
Alrtcan
English
German
Magyar
Finnish
Italian, South
Greek
Scotch
Slovak
Irish
Polish
Italian. North.
Scandinavian..
Chinese
Mexican
Lithuanian
Croatian
6.7
6.8
5.2
5.1
4.9
4.7
4.2
4.1
3.8
3.8
3.4
3.2
3.1
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.3
Crimef c/ proftUtUion.
Hebrew
Canadian, other than French...
French
Canadian, French
Greek
Italian, Booth
Italian North
Finnish
Slovak
English
German
Irish
Mexiotn
African
Chinese
Croatian
Litliuanian
SKf::;::::::;:;::;:::;;:::;
Russian
Scandinavian
Sootrh
1.74
1.36
1.26
.71
.67
.61
.61
.54
.52
.49
.43
.39
.18
2. Alien Prisoners Committed Within Three Years After
Arrival in the United States.
From the schedules of the Bureau of Immigration and Naturaliza-
tion it has been possible to determine the length of residence in the
United States oi^l2,425 of the 12,853 alien prisoners considered in
this chapter. As the length of time each pnsoner had been incar-
cerated was also shown on the schedules, the determination of his
period of residence in this country prior to commitment has been
rendered possible. Without entering into a detailed analysis of the
resulting data, the principal aspects of one phase may be discussed.
The various periods of residence in the Umted States prior to com-
mitment have been divided into two general groups— the period
under three years and that of three years or over. To bring out the
most important facts shown by the data, a consideration of those
alien prisoners whose commitment to the penal institution in which
they were found occurred prior to three years of residence in the
country will be suflRcient.
The total number of alien prisoners whose period of residence in
the United States was discovered is 12,425, and approximately one-
fourth of these arrived in the United States less than three years
before the time of their commitment.
These figures, however, require further anlaysis. The fact that a
certain number and percentage of the alien prisoners had been in the
United States less than three years at the time of their imprisonment
may take on a different aspect when the crimes of these prisoners are
known. Here, as in the study of alien prisoners in general, to which
the first part of this chapter is devoted, a totaling of all crimes might
result in the drawing of erroneous conclusions. A separation of
these prisoners into groups according to the nature of tneir crimes
is therefore desirable. Such a separation has been made for the
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198
The Immigration Commission.
groups of gainful oflfenses, offenses of personal violence, against
public policy, and against chastity. Because of their uncertain
character, unclassified crimes and offenses not defined are not shown
in a separate tabulation.
GAINFUL OFFENSES.
The number of alien prisoners convicted of gainful offenses who
reported years in the United States was 4,467. Of these 1,150, or
25.7 per cent, had been committed within three years after their
arrival in the country to the pencd institution in which they were
found.
Table 112. — Aliens in prison for gainful offenses who had been in the United Stales leu
than three years prior to commitmentt by race: United States^ 1908.
[Complied from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.]
Race.
Number
reporting
years in
TJnited
states.
In United States leas
than 3 years prior to
commitment.
Number.
Percent.
African
56
106
100
17
56
356
41
84
527
58
369
240
05
647
51
100
321
442
60
231
125
06
8
25
32
14. S
Oftnadlao, Fr<*nchxx ^ x .
2S.e
Canadian,' Other
S2.0
Chinese .
.0
Croatian
20
73
26
08
10
83
32
26
186
11
30
86
161
26
31
21
37
61.8
RngiiAb ^^,^ , , .,
20.6
Finnish
23.0
French
S1.0
f><»mian .... .....,, . . . . .
18.6
Greek
S2.8
Hebrew
22.6
Irish
13.0
Italian, North . .
27.4
Italian, South
28.7
I^ithnnnlan
21.6
Magyar
30.0
Mexican
96.6
Polish
36.4
Russian i
4S.S
Scandinavian
13.4
Scotch
16.8
Slovak
87.8
Total
• 4,467
1,160
36.7
a Includes 1 not reporting race.
The largest proportion so committed is found among the Croatian
J>risoners. There were 56 aUen prisoners of this race under sentence
or gainful offenses who reported years in the United States; 29 of
these, or 51.8 per cent, had been in this country less than three years
at the time of their incarceration. The Croatian is the only race
having more than one-half its gainful offense prisoners belonging to
the class whose period of residence in the United States prior to
commitment was less than three years, the proportion next in rank
being that of the Russians, or 43.3 per cent. In addition to the
Croatian and Russian there are, however, three races in which the
number committed within three years after arrival exceeds one-third
of the number reporting. These are the Magyar, Slovak, and Polish
races, their proportionsbeing, respectively, 39 per cent, 37.8 per cent,
and 36.4 per cent. In six other races the proportion exceeds one-
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Immigration and Crime.
199
fourth. In the order of their rank these are the Greek, Canadian
other than French, French, South Italian, North Italian, and
Mexican.
Thus in each of 11 of the 22 races shown, more than 25 per cent of
the alien prisoners guilty of gainful offenses who reported years in
the United States were imprisoned within three years after their
arrival in the country. Moreover, the above table shows that in
only five of the 22 races was the proportion of such prisoners less than
20 per cent, these five races being the German, Scotch, African,
Scandinavian, and Irish. But in each of these the proportion
exceeds 10 per cent, the smallest being that of the Irish, or 12.9 per
cent.
OFFENSES OF PERSONAL VIOLENCE.
In the group of prisoners under sentence for offenses of personal
violence a slightly smaller proportion is found of those whose period
of residence in the United States prior to commitment was less than
three years. The total number in this group who reported years in
the United States was 3,241, of whom 808,. or 24.9 per cent, were
imprisoned within three years after arrival.
Table 113. — Aliens in prison for offenses of personal violence who had been in the United
States less than three years prior to comrriitmenty by race: United States, 1908,
[CompUed from data of Bureau of Immigratloii and Naturalization.]
Raoa.
Number
reporting
years In
United
States.
In United States less
than 3 years prior to
commitment.
Number. Per cent.
AfHcan
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other. .
Chinese
Croatian
English
Fiimiah
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
ItaUan, North....
Italian, South....
Lithuanian
Magyar
MeScan
Polish
Russian
Scandinayian
Scotch
Sloyak
Total
49
47
32
56
48
109
76
27
198
46
43
84
167
1,044
40
134
323
297
39
69
30
121
7
7
9
3
10
11
16
4
38
17
9
9
34
317
8
60
60
82
17
9
5
32
14.8
14.9
28.1
6.4
20.8
10.1
21.1
14.8
19.2
37.0
20. f
10.7
21.7
30.4
20.0
37.3
21.4
27.6
43.6
13.0
16.7
26.4
24.9
I Includes 1 not reporting race.
In considering the various races it is found that in seven the pro-
portion of prisoners committed before they had been three years in
the country exceeds one-fourth of the number reporting. In three
of these the proportion exceeds one- third, the largest proportion being
that of the Kussian, or 43.6 per cent; the second in ranlk that of the
Magyars, or 37.3 per cent; and the third that of the Greek, or 37
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200
The ImmigratioD Gmmittioii.
per cent. The four other races haTinjg proportions mater than 25
per cent are the South Italian, Canadian other thui FJrench, Polish,
and Slovak.
While the number of prisoners committed within three years after
their arrival in this country comprises more than one-fourth of the
number reporting in the case of only seven races, it equals one-fifth or
more in 13 of the 22 race groups. In addition to the seven already
enumerated, these races are the North Italian, Mexican, Finnish,
Hebrew, Croatian, and Lithuanian.
Further than this, the above table shows that in the case of eveiy
race except one the prisoners whose commitment for offenses of per-
sonal violence occurred within three years after their arrival in the
United States comprise more than 10 per cent of the number report-
ing years. The single exception is the Chinese race, of whose 56 alien
prisoners reporting vears only 3, or 5.4 per cent, belonged to the ' ^ess
than three years'' class.
OFFBNSES AGAINST PUBUG POLIOT.
Of aUen prisoners whose crimes consisted of offenses against public
policy 3,651 reported years in the United States; 749 of these, or
20.5 per cent, arrived in the coimtry less than three years previous
to their commitment to the penal institution in which they were found.
Table 114. — Aliens in prison for offenses against public policy who had been in the
United States less than thru years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908.
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalkatlon.]
Race.
Number
reporting
years in
United
States.
In United States less
than 3 years prior to
commlbnent.
Number.
Percent.
AMcan
23
179
129
18
33
261
52
31
817
32
190
862
45
894
54
72
88
344
36
165
108
111
6
19
34
2
14
50
8
4
60
19
87
40
11
118
17
27
18
121
14
28
29
40
26.1
Oanfidift»i,^rpn'*h . . . ..
10.0
Canadian, Other .......... . . . .... ...x...
18.0
Chinese..
11.1
Croatian
42.4
English
19. S
Finnish
15.4
French
12.9
Qerman
18.9
Greek
50.4
Hebrew
19.5
Irish
5.4
ItaUan, North
84.4
Italian, South
29.9
lithuanian
8L5
Magyar
37.5
Mexican
20.5
Polish
35.S
Rn-i*sian , . . , , , . .
38.9
Scandinavian
17.0
Scotch
96.9
Slovak
36.0
Total
8,651
740
20.5
The Greeks contributed 32 prisoners to the number reporting years,
of whom 19, or 59.4 per cent, were imprisoned within three years
after arrival. The next latest proportion of prisoners whose pmod
of residence in the United States pnor to commitment was less than
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Immigration and Crime.
201
three years is that of the Croatians. This proportion, however, is
considerably less than that of the Greeks, being 42.4 per cent. Third'
in rank is the proportion of the Russians, which is 38.9 per cent. In
the Magyar, Slovak, and Polish groups the niimber committed within
three years after arrival exceeds one-third of the nimiber reporting,
while m the Lithuanian, South Italian, Scotch, and African groups it
exceeds one-fourth, and in every group except the French, Chinese,
French-Canadian, and Irish it exceeds one-fifth.
Only one race has a smaller proportion than 10 per cent. This is
the Insh, but 5.4 per cent of the alien prisoners of this race who
reported years in the United States having been here less than three
years at time of their conunitment.
OFFENSES AGAINST CHASTnT.
In the following table similar data are shown concerning prisoners
whose crimes were against chastity.
Tablb 115. — Aliens in prison for offenses against chastity who had been in the United
Stales leu than thru years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908.
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.]
Race.
Number
reporting
years in
XJnlted
States.
In United States leas
than 3 years prior to
commitment.
Number.
Percent.
African.
6
20
13
2
2
8
8
88.8
Canadian, Fron<?h
15.0
Oanftdfftn] Other , ...-...- r - ...... - -
23.1
ChipAj^k _ , , , ,....,
.0
Croatian ,
.0
Enelish
88
7
10
47
5
44
83
7
87
2
14
18
26
4
11
9
12
4
2
4
6
1
8
5
5
21
10.5
Finnish ■
28.6
French
40.0
German
12.8
Qreelc
20.0
Hebrew
18.2
Irish
15.2
Italian. North
71.4
Tt«)if|ii, flonth .....
24.1
T/ithiianian ...r
.0
Hagyw. . r
2
3
8
2
14.8
Mexican
23.1
Polish
80.8
Russian
60.0
fioand'naviftn. , . , r - . ,-,„,..,.
.0
Scotch
2
2
22.2
SloYiitr.
16.7
Total
427
90
21.1
Of the 427 prisoners who reported years in the United States, 90,
or 21.1 per cent, belonged to the class whose incarceration occurred
within tnree years after their arrival. Among the 22 races shown,
the North Itahan stands out most prominently in its proportion or
prisoners whose period of residence in the United States at the time
of commitment had been less than three years. Of prisoners belong-
ing to this race, 7 reported years in the United States, of whom 5,
or 71.4 per cent, were imprisoned within three years of the date oi
their arrival. The second proportion in rank is that of the Russians,
79340'— VOL Se— 11 ^14
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202
The Immigration Commission.
being 50 per cent, while the third is that of the French, or 40 per
cent. The small numbers, however, upon which these percentages
are based somewhat detract from their value as means of comparmg
the races, for there are only 7 North Italians reporting years, 4 Rus-
sians, and 10 French.
Indeed, in none of the race groups is the number of prisoners com-
mitted for offenses against chastity large as compared with the num-
ber committed for other kinds of crime. 'One race, the Croatian,
contributes no aUen prisoners to the number under sentence for
offenses against chastity, while there are no alien prisoners of the
Chinese, Lithuanian, and Scandinavian races whose commitments for
such offenses occurred within three years after their arrival in the
United States.
SUMMABT.BT GLASSES OF CRIBOB.
A ready means of summarizing this comparison of the various
races with respect to alien prisoners committed to penal institutions
before they had been three years in the United States is afforded by
the following table. This table shows for each class of crime the
percentage which those prisoners whose commitments occurred within
three years after arrival forms of the total number of prisoners re-
porting years in the United States.
Table 116. — Per cent^ of aliens in j^rison for each class of crime who had been in the
United States less than three years pnor to commitment, by race: United States, 1908.
f Compiled from data of Bureaa of Immigration and NaturalUation.l
Race.
Gainful
offenses.
Offenses
of
personal
violence.
Offenses
against
public
policy.
Ofleoses
against
chastity.
African
14.3
23.6
32.0
.0
51.8
20.5
22.0
31.0
18.6
32.8
22.5
12.9
27.4
28.7
21.6
.39.0
26.5
36.4
43.3
13.4
16.8
37.8
14.3
14.9
28.1
5.4
20.8
10.1
21.1
14.8
19.2
37.0
20.9
10.7
21.7
30.4
20.0
37.3
21.4
27.6
43.6
13.0
16.7
26.4
26.1
10.6
18.6
11. 1
42.4
19.2
15.4
12.0
18.9
59.4
19.5
5.4
24.4
29.9
31.5
37.5
20.5
35.2
3S.9
17.0
26.9
36.0
83.3
Canadian, French
15.0
Canadian. Other
23.1
Chinese
PrnfttMin , ,
.0
English
10.5
Finnish
2&«
French
40.0
(}ernian
12.8
Greek
20.0
Hebrew
18.2
Irish :.
15.2
Italian. North
71.4
Italian. South
24.1
I^ithuanian
Magyar
14. S
Mexican
28.1
Polish
30.8
Russian
50.0
Scandinavian
.0
Scotch
22.2
Slovak
16.7
a Based on number reporting years In the United States.
It appears from this table that while the proportion exceeds 25
per cent for one or more classes of crime in fifteen races, in only two
does it exceed this percentage for each of the four classes of crime
shown. These two races are the Russian and the Polish. Of Russian
alien prisoners reporting years in the United States who were under
sentence for gainful offenses, 43.3 per cent were committed within
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Immigration and Crime. 203
three years after arrival in the country; of those convicted of offenses
of personal violence, 43.6 per cent; of offenses against public policy,
38.9 per cent; and of offenses against chastity, 50 per cent. The
proportions found in the Polish groups are as follows: Gainful
offenses, 36.4 per cent; offenses of personal violence, 27.6 per cent;
offenses against pubUc policy, 35 per cent; and offenses against
chastity, 30.8 per cent.
Besides these two races, there are four whose proportions exceed
25 per cent for three classes of crime. The Greek, South Italian,
Magyar, and Slovak are these, and in each case the proportions
greater than 25 per cent are found in the groups of prisoners con-
victed of offenses of gain, of personal violence, and against public
policy.
In five other races the proportion of .prisoners committed within
three years after their arrival exceeds 25 per cent of the nuniber
reporting for two classes of crime — in the African, for offenses against
public policy and against chastity; in the Canadian other than
Jprench, for offenses of gain and personal violence, in the Croatian,
for gainful offenses and offenses against public policy; and in the
French and North Italian, for gaii3ul offenses and offenses against
chastity.
Four races have proportions exceeding 25 per cent for one class of
crime only. These races, and the classes of crime in which such
proportions occur, are: Finnish, offenses against chastity; Lithu-
anian and Scotch, offenses against public policy; and Mexican^
gainful offenses.
There are thus only seven races of the twenty-two shown in the '
table whose alien prisoners committed for each of the four classes of
crime within three years after their arrival in the United States
compose less than one-fourth of the total number committed for the
same class of crime who reported years in the country. These seven
races are the French Canadian, Chinese, English, German, Hebrew,
Irish, and Scandinavian.
OFFENSES OF SPECIAL OBAVITr.
A number of the more serious offenses have been selected for
further analvsis. These offenses are: Abduction and kidnaping,
violent assault, blackmail and extortion, burglary, homicide, robbery,
and rape. In the table next submitted prisoners under sentence for
such onenses have been grouped together by race.
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204
The Immigration Commission.
Tablb 117,— Aliens in prison for offenses o/s^fecial gravity o^ who had been in the United
States less than three years prior to oommxtment, by race: United States, 1908,
[Compiled from data of Buieaa of Immigration and Nataralltatlon.]
Race.
Number
reporting
3rearsln
the United
Stetes.
In the United Btatet
less than 3 years prior
to commitment.
Number.
Percent
AfHoan
60
59
56
eo
41
242
53
52
348
47
150
125
162
976
34
107
452
234
42
122
66
81
5
n
14
2
15
38
12
18
60
13
25
12
33
283
6
87
102
79
1«
11
6
20
lao
Canndiftn, French x ... . ....... .
1&6
Owfwilan, Other .... . . ^
25.0
nhinA^..;
3.3
Croatian
36.6
English
U.7
Ftnnlgb
22.6
French »
25.0
Oflrtnan .
17.2
Greek
27.7
Hebrew
16w7
Irish
9.6
Italian, North
21.7
Italian', South
29.0
Lithuanian
17.6
Magyar
34.6
M^[can
22.6
PoiWi
33.8
Russian ,.
38.1
fV»n'*i'>avian....... .
9.0
9.2
Slovak.
24-7
Total
ft 3. 769
876
23.3
• Abdnetion and kidnaping, violent assault, blackmail and extortion, burglary, homicide, robbery,
and rape,
ft Includes 1 not reporting race.
The total number of alien prisoners confined for these crimes who
reported years in the United States was 3,769. Of this number,
876, or 23.2 per cent, had been in the country less than three years
at the time of their commitment. The largest proportion committed
within three years after arrival in the United States is found in the
Russian group, being 38.1 per cent, while the smallest is that of the
Chinese, or 3.3 per cent.
In the case of 8 of the 22 races the proportion is 25 per cent or
more. These races and their proportions are:
Percent
Russian 38.1
Croatian 36.6
Magyar 34.6
PoBsh 33.8
Italian, South 29.
Greek 27.7
Canadian (other than French) 25.
French 25.
In four other races — the Slovak, Fininsh, Mexican, and North
Italian — the prisoners whose commitment occurred prior to three
years of residence in the country compose over one-fifth of the number
reporting years. Six of the remainmg races have proportions of 10
{)er cent or more, while only four have less than 10 per cent. The
atter are the Irish, Scotch, Scandinavian, and Chinese.
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Immigration and Crime.
205
BUBOLABT, HOMICIDE, AND ROBBBBT.
Of the 876 alien prisoners who had been in the United States less
than three years prior to commitment for the offenses enumerated in
the preceding section, 739 were under sentence for burglary, homicide,
or robbery.
Burglary. — The total number of alien prisoners convicted of
burglary was 1,198, of whom 267, or 23.3 per cent, had been in the
country less than three years at the time of their imprisonment.
Tablk 118. — Aliens in prison for burglary who had been in the United States less than
three years prior to commitment^ by race: United StateSf 1908.
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigratton and Naturalisation.)
Race.
Number
reporting
years In
United
States.
In United States less
than 3 years prior to
commitment.
Number.
Percent.
Afrtmn r . r . » . r . - -
9
25
24
3
9
124
11
26
180
10
108
68
18
188
11
28
181.
100
19
62
85
10
0.0
Canadian. French
6
6
24.0
Canadian, other ,..,...,..,.-.,,,...-- ^ --,._,---,--,. ^ ,,.-,. .
25.0
Qijnese
.0
Croatian
6
26
2
10
29
4
19
6
8
86
1
7
88-
88
9
6
8
2
66.7
Bnglish
20.2
FiTinbfh ...-,.-,, - - - -
18.2
French ".
88.6
German r, w,,,t..,
16.1
Qnek
40.0
Hebrew
Irlah
18.4
7.9
ItaliaiL North
16.7
TtalHin, Rnnth .
26.8
liitiinantan
9.1
liarrar
30.4
l^Sean
26.7
Polish
38.0
iinf^ffHui
47.4
fV^nHii^^vian ,
8.1
Scotch
8.6
fll<yyalr
20.0
Total
1,198
267
22.S
While only 6 of those whose incarceration occurred before they
had resided three years in tile United States were of the Croatian
race, this number comprised two-thirds of the total number of that
race reporting years. This is a congiderablr larger proportion than
is found in any of the other race groups; tne second in rank bein^
the Russian, which is 47.4 per cent, while the Greek proportion is
40 per cent, the French, 38.5 per cent, and the Polish, 33 per cent.
No prisoners of the African or Chinese races are found among those
committed for burglary before they had been three years m the
country, while of flie Irish prisoners umder sentence for bui^lary
only 7.9 per cent beloi^ed to this class.
Homicide.—^ the auen prisoners committed for homicide, 1,524
reported years in the United States. Of this number, 36i, or 24
per cent, had been committed before they had resided tnree years in
the country. Among six of the races the proportion of those whose
period of residence prior to commitment was less than three years
exceeds one-fourth of the number reporting.
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206
The Immigratioii Commission.
Tablx 119.— Alitru in prison for homicide who had been in the United States U$t than
three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908.
[Compiled from dmta of Bnreaa of Immigntioii and NfttimUi
Atkm.]
lUc*.
Nmnber
reporting
years in
United
States.
In United States less
than Syears prior to
oommitment.
Number.
Percent.
African
25
17
15
37
23
65
32
11
VJ
15
13
25
83
617
10
60
206
80
13
27
11
fiO
4
2
3
1
4
7
6
2
17
4
1
3
18
156
5
21
.40
»
6
8
2
10
15.4
'^ftnft'Jiin, Frwifohx.. . ... . ..... ........ ..... .............
11. «
CAntuM^xi'^ Qth^r T
30.0
Chinese..'
2.7
Croatian ,
17.4
English !
12.7
Finnish
18.8
French
18.2
0«mmn...,.,....,..a., ... . . . .
17.5
Greek
26.7
Hebrew
7.7
Irish
12.0
Italian, North
21.7
Italian, South
sao
Lithuanian
26.3
Magyar
35.6
Mexican
19.4
Polish
22.6
Russian
38.5
»c<Mi(1inayian.
11.1
Scotch
18.2
Slovak
20.0
Total
• 1,524
365
M.0
A Includes 1 not reporting
The greatest proportion is that of the Russian group, being 38.5
per cent. The other five races whose proportions exceed 25 per cent
are the Magyar (35.6 per cent), PoUsh (32.5 per cent). South Italian
(30 per cent), Greek (26.7 per cent), and Lithuanian (26.3 per cent).
The Chinese contribute 37 prisoners to the number reporting years,
but only 1 to the number committed within three years after arrival.
The Chmese proportion is therefore only 2.7 per cent, or considerably
less than that of any other race; the next in rank being the Hebrew,
which is 7.7 per cent. With the exception of the Oiinese and Hebrew
all of the races have over iO per cent.
In descending order of percentage the 22 races stand as follows
with respect to aUen prisoners committed for homicide before they
had been three years in the United States.
Per cent.
Russian 38.5
Magyar 35. 6
Polish 32.5
Italian, South 30.0
Greek 26.7
Lithuanian 26. 3
Italian, North 21.7
Canadian, Other 20.
Slovak 20.0
Mexican 19. 4
Finnish 18.8
Percent.
French 18.2
Scotch 18.2
German 17. 5
Croatian 17.4
African .' 15. 4
English 12. 7
Irish 12.0
Canadian, French 11.8
Scandinavian 11. 1
Hebrew 7.7
Chinese 2.7
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Immigration and Crime.
207
Robbery. — ^Among two raceS; the Chinese and Lithuanian, no alien
prisoners were found under sentence for robbery who had been in the
United States less than three years at the time of commitment, while
among eight of the races only 1 such prisoner appeared. In all, 107|
or 23.1 per cent of the 463 prisoners convicted of robbery who re-
ported years in the United States had been in the country less than
three years prior to commitment.
The latest proportion is that of the Finns, 2 of whom reported
years, and both of these having been oommitted within three years
after arrival. Second in rank is tlie proportion of the Croatian, or
75 per cent, there beins 4 prisoners of this race who reported years,
of whom 3 had resided in the country less than three years when
imprisoned.
Table 120. — Aliem in prison for robbery who had been in the United States less than
three years prior to commitment, by race: United States, 1908,
[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Natoralisation.]
Race.
Number
reporting
years in
TJnlted
States.
III United States less
than 3 years prior to
Number.
Per cent.
African
10
36
84
16
23
18
153
3
10
33
19
3
18
12
12
11 1
Canadian, French ....... . .
14.3
Canft^ilftni Other ...••• . ..
40.0
Chinese
.0
Croatian .,.,. ... ...
46
76.0
English
11 1
Pinnfi^h.... . ... ... ...
100.0
French
16.7
German
20.6
Greek
16.7
Hebrew
6.7
Irish.
13.0
Ttaliaii, ^nrth . „. .
33.3
Italian! South
29 4
Lithuanian
.0
Magyar
2
10
6
1
1
1
2
20.0
SSSm. ::::::::;;::::::::;::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::
30.3
Polish
31.6
Russian
33 3
S^*»n<ilnAviAn , , ^ . .
6.6
Sootch.
8 3
Uovak.
16.7
Total
463
107
23 I
The largest number of alien prisoners committed for robbery
within three years after their arrival in the United States were of
the South Italian race; but these comprise only 29.4 per cent of the
total number under sentence for this crime who reported years, or a
smaller proportion than that found in six other race groups.
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Chapter XII.
CEirSTJS DATA ON CRIME.
An investigation of the effect of immigration upon crime in the
United States would not be complete without some survey of the
data on crime gathered by the Census Bureau. The 1904 Report on
Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions contains material
which throws additional light. on the criminahty of immigrants as
compared with the criminality of native Americans. This material
concerns (1) all prisoners enumerated on June 30, 1904; (2) all
prisoners committed to penal institutions during the calendar year
1904; (3) all juvenile delinquents enumerated in institutions on
June 30, 1904; and (4) all juvenile delinquents committed to institu-
tions during the calendar year 1904.
1. Pbisonebs Enxtmbbatbd June 30, 1904.
NATIVITT.
The enumeration of prisoners in 1904 waa made on June 30. On
that date 81,772 persons were found in pensd institutions throughout
the United States. This number did not include juvenile delinquents,
of whom a separate enumeration waa made. Of the 81,772 prisoners
enumerated, 26,661 were colored, 26,087 of these being negroes. A
trifle more than two-thirds of the prisoners enumerated (55,111, or
67.4 per cent) were white persons. As practically all the immigrant
prisoners were whites, discussion may be confinea to this group, and
comparisons made of immigrants and natives of the same color.
Or the 55,111 white prisoners, only 436 were of unknown nativity.
Therefore the exclusion of these from the figures upon which per-
centages are baaed does not greatly alter the percentages, whil^ it
renders them more accurate for piuposes of comparison.
In Table 121 is shown the per cent distribution, by nativity, of the
white ])risoners of known nativity enumerated on June 30, 1904 —
54,675 in number. In this table is also presented the per cent dis-
tribution, by nativity, of the general white population of the country,
10 years of age and over, as enumerated in 1900.
209
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210
The Immigratioii Commission.
Tabls 121,— Per cent dutribuUon of while pfiionen enumerated June SO, 1904, and of
fenerdl white population 10 years of age and over, 1900, by nativity and by States and
territories.
State or Territory.
White prisoners of
known natiyity
enumeratea
June 80, 1904.
General white pop-
ulation 10 years
of age and oven
1900.
Percent
native.
Percent
fbielgn-
bom*
Percent
native.
Percent
foreign.
bom.
Contin^tAl TTnltft'f st*it«w
78.8
28.7
sas
19.6
North Atlantic division
67.3
S2.7
71.7
38.S
Metnp ,
74.3
71.9
82.1
61.1
64.6
65.7
6«.0
63.8
73.2
93.5
35.7
28.1
17.9
88.9
85.4
84.S
32.0
86.2
26.8
6.6
84.2
76.2
84.5
63.6
61.7
67.7
67.7
70.4
79.7
96.9
l&S
Nflw TTfimpehlre , . ,
24.8
Vermont . .*
1&6
MlMI!«KJl"flett8
36.5
RhodA J^\v\*\ ...'
3S.S
Connecticut
S2.3
New York
32.3
New Jersey
39.6
'Pennffylytunia
30l3
ftmth Atlantic d<vl«rlAn
4.1
Delawire
(•)
86.8
(•)
97.3
93.1
99.2
97.9
96.8
86.4
84.0
6.9
.8
2.1
1.7
13.6
16.0
88.9
87.6
87.9
97.9
96.7
99.5
. 98.7
98.6
91.4
79.4
ILl
w^rylwid ....
12.4
pfiTtHr^ rtf rVHrnnhlft
13.1
Vlrglnlii
3.1
WAfitVlr^nift .
8.3
Noith f!ftifoHna- , „ , ,
.5
flniith Pftrotinfi , _
1.3
Georcla
1.4
Florida
8.6
North Central division
30.6
Ohio
85.3
94.0
80.7
75.9
70.3
69.0
87.5
90.8
65.2
74.2
84.7
96.4
89.5
14.7
6.0
19.3
24.1
29.7
31.0
12.5
9.2
84.8
25.8
15.8
3.6
las
85.9
92.7
74.0
71.8
67.2
61.5
82.2
90.4
51.6
68.9
77.9
88.4
95.1
14.1
TndiAn^ ,
7 3
Illinois
26.0
Michigan
313
Wisconsin
82.8
Ulnniv^^,
SS.S
Iowa
17.8
Missouri
9.6
North Dakota
48.4
South Dakota
81.1
Nebraska
32.1
Elansas
11.6
South Central division
4.6
Kentucky
98.7
98.2
96.3
96.5
92.3
79.8
1.8
1.8
8.7
8.5
7.7
20.2
96.4
98.5
98.0
98.4
90.4
oai
3.6
Tennessee .... ..
1.5
Alabama
2.0
Mississippi
1.6
Louisiana
9.6
Texas
9.6
Indian Terrilory
Oklahoma
94.8
74.9
25.1
94.2
97.9
76.4
6.3
Arkansas
2.1
Western division
31.6
Montana
72.8
86.7
81.5
81.4
50.2
78.8
73.2
73.2
85.8
73.4
27.2
13.8
18.5
18.6
49.8
21.2
(•)
26.8
26.8
14.2
36.6
65.6
76.3
78.6
90.3
7ai
78.0
70.7
81.0
74.3
82.9
72.7
84.5
Wyoming
28.7
Colorado
21.4
New Mexico
9.7
Arizona
29.9
Utah
27
Nevada
29.3
Idaho
19
Wftuhington . .
26.8
Oregon."
17.1
CaUlomia
87.3
• Per cent not shown where base la less than lOQi
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Immigration and Crime. 211
In the United States at large nearly one-fourth (23.7 per cent)
of the white prisoners were immigrants. In the five geographical
divisions of tne coimtry, however, the proportion varied greatly.
Inunigrants composed but 6.5 per cent, or approximately one-
fifteenth, of the white prisoners enumerated in the South Atlantic
States. On the other hand, nearly one-third (32.7 per cent) of the
white prisoners in the North Atlantic States were immi^ants. The
range of distribution of prisoners of native and foreign birth is wider
vet in the individual States. Of the white prisoners enumerated in
rJorth Carolina 0.8 per cent were foreign-bom, while of those enu-
merated in Arizona 49.8 per cent were foreign-bom. This means that
in North Carolina there was 1 inmiigrant in every 125 white pris-
oners and that in Arizona there were 62 immigrants in every 125
white prisoners. Betwelen these two extremes Ue all other States in
proportion of inmiigrants among their white prisoners. In five of
these other States immigrants composed over one-third of the white
prisoners. Four of these were States of the North Atlantic division,
m which division every State except Vermont had a larger propor-
tion than 25 per cent of immigrants in its total of white prisoners.
Such figures as these show the presence of the immigrant in the
prison population. They fail, however, to indicate the relative
criminality of immigrants and natives. As the prison population
may be largely determined by the character of the general popula-
tion, the representation of immigrants in the prison population must
be compared with their representation in the general population
before much can be determined regarding the quantity of unmigrant
crime. Such representation of immigrants in the general population
of 1900 is shown in the right-hand colxmm of the preceding table.
Here only persons 10 years of age or over are included in the figures
in order that the presence of a large nimiber of children under 10
years among the native whites and an extremely small nimiber among
the immigrant whites may not produce percentages that are mani-
festly unfair to the immigrant.*
According to the figures shown, inmiigrants were more in evidence
in the prison population than in the general population. That is,
if the percentages given in Table 121 may be taken to represent
comparable things, immigrants contributed to the prison class in
excess of their representation in the general population. If this was
true, immigrants were more criminal (quantitatively) than natives.
» If the ^neral population of all ages be taken, the basis for the comparison will
not be equitable for several reasons. Inmates of the general prisons are all at least
10 years of age and nearly all over 16. For the most part the immigrants are between
15 and 40 years of a^e. The nimiber of children under 10 years of age is extremely
small among the white immigrants as compared with the native whites. In view of
these facts a comparison of the proportions of each nativity class in the white prison
population with the corresponding proportions of the general population of all ages
would clearly be unfair, for the inclusion of children under 10 years of age would so
increase the proportion of natives in the ^neral population that it would seem as if
crime were more prevalent among the foreign-bom as compared with the native white
than is actually the case. Therefore children under 10 years of age are omitted, and
the figures given for the general population in Table VII ([shown above as Table 121)
refer only to those at least 10 years of age. Even with this exclusion the figures are,
on the whole, less favorable to the foreign-bom white prisoners than the facts warrant,
as no account could be taken of the large immigration between 1900 and 1904. — Pris-
oners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions : 1904. Bureau of the Census, pp.18-19.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
212
The Immigration Commission.
Yet a further analysis of the figures suggests the possible error of
such a conclusion. While it is true that lor the country as a whole,
and for four of the five geographical divisions as units, the foreign-
bom formed a larger percentage of the prison population than of
the general population 10 years of age or over, in 21 mdividual States
such was not the case. Moreover^ 10 of these States were in geo-
graphical divisions which as divisions showed the excess of immi-
grant prison representation over immigrant population representa-
tion. Such conflict of evidence makes doubtful the accuracy of the
basis of comparison.
Indeed the Census Report admits that —
in some respects * * * a comparison with the total white population 10 years of
ace and over is hsuxily fair to the foreign-bom. Very few prisoners are under the age
of 15, and the great majority of prisoners, 94.5 per cent of the total number, are males.
Therefore it is perhaps more significant when the percentage of foreign-bom among
white prisoners is compared with the percentage of foreign-bom in the white popu-
lation 16 years of age and over, classified by sex.a
Then follows in the Census Report this table:
Per cent foreign-bom—
DlTlslon.
Among white
prisoners of
known nativ-
ity enumer-
ated June
ao,1904.
In the genera! white popula-
tion 16 years of age and
over, 1900.
Total.
Male.
Femak.
CoDtlnaital United States
23.7
21.9
23.0
20.7
North Atlantic.
32.7
«.6
16.0
10.6
25.1
30.8
4.8
23.3
6.6
27.4
31.8
6.3
24.8
6.2
29.8
29.8
Ar>nth Atlantic - ,.,.,... r-r.
4.S
North Central
21.8
fioath Central
6.9
Western
24.1
Commenting thereon, the Census Report says:
The figures presented above rive little support to tile popular belief that the foreign-
bom contribute to the prison cIass greatly in excess of tneir representation in the gen-
eral population. Of the three divisions in which the foreign-bom are of great impor-
tance, Ihe North Atlantic is the only one where the foreign-bom are relatively more
numerous among the white prisoners than in the general white population. In thi*
division they form 30.8 per cent of the general white population at least 15 years of age
and 32.7 per cent of the white prisoners. In the Norm Central States, on the other
hand, the corresponding percentages are 23.3 for the general population, as contrasted
with only 16 per cent for the prisoners. As no allowance has been made for the great
influx of foreign-bom since 1900. which affects chiefly the North Atlantic division, the
figures can not be regarded as indicating a greater criminal tendency among the foreign-
bom whites than amon^ the native. These conclusions are generally substantiated
by the figures for the prisoners committed during 1904. a
Now even this comparison is open to criticism. The new table was
compiled in order that justice might be done the immigrant in the
figures. Yet after stating that the great majority of prison^v,
94.5 per cent of the total number, are males/' no separation of the
sexes was made in the percentages of prisoners, although such a sepa-
ration Vas made in the percentages of population. That this some-
what detracts from the accuracy of the comparison is evident when
a Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 19.
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Immigration and Crime.
213
it is discovered that 8.5 per cent of the white immigrant prisoners were
females and only 4.1 per cent of the white native prisoners.^ The
percentage of immigrants in the total body of prisoners is therefore
^eater than in the male portion only; yet it is with the percentage of
immigrants in the male portion of the population that it is compared.
While the number of female prisoners is too small for their exclusion
to make great changes in the percentages, it is interesting to note the
differences, especially as they suggest the necessity of taking every
factor into consideration in comparing the criminaUty of inunigrants
and natives.
Per cent forelgn-bom—
DhrWoQ.
Among white
prisoners of known
nativity enumerated
June 30, 1004.
In the
general
white
popula*
lion 16
years of
age and
oyer,1900L
Total.
Male.
Male.
Continental United States
23.7
22.6
23.0
North Atlantic
32.7
6.5
16.0
10.6
25.1
31.1
5.9
16.1
10.5
25.0
81.8
South Atlantic
5.8
North Central
24.8
South Central
6 2
Western
20.8
The changes which the new oercentages (of male prisoners) make
in the comparison are not great, out they are ^ilightemng. When total
prison population was compared with male- general population, the
figures moicated that the foreign-bom contributed to the prison class
slightly in excess of its representation in the population; this appeared
true, not only for the country as a whole, but for the North Atlantic,
the South Atlantic, and the South Central divisions as units. The
inclusion of the North Atlantic division among those in which the
immigrant appeared imduly represented in the prison population lent
importance to the fact, for in this division were enumerated 61.4 per
cent of all the white immigrant prisoners.
When the prisoners are classined by sex, however, and the repre-
sentation of the foreign-bom in the male prison population is com-
pared with their representation in the general male population 15
years of age and over it is found that the immigrant is more in evidence
m the prison population than in the general population only in the
two Southern groups of States. And it is in these States that fewest
immigrant prisoners were enumerated — 627 of the 12,945 in the coun-
try. In the North Atlantic States, where the majority of the immi-
grant prisoners were enumerated, immigrants composed 31.1 per cent
of the white male prisoners and 31.8 per cent of the white male popula-
tion 15 years of age or over. In the United States as a whole 22.6 per
cent of the white male prisoners were immigrants and 23 of the
white male population at least 15 years of age. The census of prison-
<»Pri8onera and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 16 (Table V.)
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214
The Immigration Commission.
ers therefore gives no reason for believing iminigrant crime relatively
^eater in quantity in 1904 than native cnme; in fact the figures make
it appear somewhat less.<» And this does not take into consideration
the probably more favorable showing which the foreign-bom would
make were the population figures those of 1904 instead of 1900.
Another comparison that is of interest, and not without value, is
that of difference in the proportions of immigrant and native prison-
ers in 1890 and 1904. The figures for the two years are as follows:
White prisoners of known nativity.
DlTlsloo.
Fer cent native.
Per cent foreign-
bom.
1904.
1890.
1904.
1890.
Continental United SUtes
76.3
71.8
23.7
28.3
North Atlantic
67.3
93.5
84.0
89.5
74.9
65.6
89.6
76.4
83.9
67.2
32.7
6.5
16.0
10.5
25.1
34.4
South Atlantic
10.4
North Central
23.6
South Central
16.2
Western
32.8
The striking feature of these figures is that they show the propor-
tion of immigrant prisoners to have decreased. In 1904 a smaller
percentage of the white prisoners were inmiigrants than in 1890.
The fiigures show this to have been true not only in the United States
at large but in each of the five geographical divisions. The corrollary
to this fact of decreased proportion of immigrant prisoners is increased
proportion of native prisoners. In 1904 native prisoners formed in
every division of the United States a larger percentage of the total
number of white prisoners than in 1890.
The result of the enumeration of prisoners on June 30, 1904, was,
if the figures and the foregoing interpretation of them are correct,
to show that, in quantity at least, immigrant crime was relatively less
important than native crime, and that m the 14 years lying between
the enumerations of 1890 and 1904 immigrant crime had decreased
in relative amoimt, while native crime had correspondingly increased.
MAJOR AND MINOR OFFENDERS.
The Questions then arise, In what ways did immigrant and native
criminality differ quaUtatively ? What was the nature of the crimes
of iminigrants and of those of natives? A classification of prisoners
of native and of foreign birth according to the character of their
offenses might therefore add to the meaning of the figures just
shown. Such a classification has been made in Table 122, which
shows the percentage of major and minor offenders among the
prisoners of each nativity enumerated on June 30, 1904. * 'Major"
and ''minor*' are here used to indicate the relative gravity of the
offenses for which the prisoners were incarcerated. They do not
« Only immigrants and natives being considered in a body of prisoners of known
nativity, a less representation of immigrants in the prison population than in the gen-
eral population means a greater representation of natives.
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Immigration and Crime.
S15
afford exact measures of criminality, for to determine whether one
offense is more serious than another is not always possible. But %s
a general characterization of crime they are perhaps apt enough to
make valuable the separation of prisoners that they here effect.**
Table 122. — Per cent of major and minor offender among prisoners enumerated JuneSO^
190 i, classifieaby color and nativity ^ and by main geographic divisions.
Per cent distribution of prisoners enumerated June 30 1004.
Oeographlo division and
class of offenders.
Aggre-
gate.
White.
Colored.
Total
Native.
For-
eign-
bom.
Nativ-
ity un-
known.
Total.
Negro.
Mon-
golian.
Indian.
Continental United States. . .
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
loao
M^Jor offenders
72.6
72.5
67.1
32.9
7a 3
29.7
loao
58.3
41.7
24.3
7&7
83.7
1&3
loao
83.8
1&2
77.9
22.1
76.0
Minor offenders,,, .......
240
North Atlantic
100.0
100.0
loao
(«)
loao
(«)
(•)
M^r offenders
Minor offenders
Soath AUantio
55.0
4&0
loao
53.2
4&8
loao
56.2
43.8
100.0
47.3
52.7
loao
loao
68.8
31.2
loao
6&8
31.2
loao
(•)
M^}or offenders
Minor offenders
82.0
l&O
loao
72.3
27.7
loao
75.1
24.9
loao
74 6
3&4
loao
38.0
62.0
loao
8&4
14 6
loao
85w4
14 6
100.0
(•)
(•)
North Central
(«)
loao
Minor offenders
South Central
77.2
22.8
loao
76.5
23.5
loao
7&1
21.9
loao
72.8
27.2
loao
6.8
93.2
(•)
sao
2ao
loao
sai
19.9
100.0
«
79.7
2a8
(•)
Major offenders
Minor offenders
Western
8a8
11.2
loao
8&3
11.7
loao
88.0
12.0
loao
91.9
6.1
loao
'"(a)"
(•)
88.9
11.1
loao
89.0
11.0
loao
loao
loao
Major offenders
Minor offenders
77.7
22.3
7&1
21.9
7&8
21.2
76.3
23.7
(•)
741
25.9
73.2
2&8
7&4
21.6
71. «
2&8
• Per cent not shown where biise is less than lOOi
In all sections of the country major offenders were more numerous
among the native white prisoners than miaor offenders. In each
geographical division except the North Atlantic the same was also
true of white prisoners oi foreign birth. In the North Atlantic
States, however, major offenders composed only 47.3 per cent of
all white immigrant prisoners, while minor offenders composed 52.7
per cent. It is true that in this group of States major and minor
offenders were more evenly distributed among native prisoners
than in any other section of the coimtry, but the former were here, as
elsewhere, the more numerous, composing 56.2 per cent of the total
a All crimes that are universally held to be of a grave nature, regardless of how they
happen to be punished in indiN^idual instances, have invariably been classed as major
offenses. Among them are the most aggravated forms of offenses against chastity, as
enumerated in Table 4; perjury, counterfeiting, and various violations of the United
States laws; all the specified crimes apiinst the person; and arson, burglary, forgery,
and embezzlement among the specified crimes against property. The rule has been
followed by classifying larceny and a number of other offenses, which may or may not
be of a serious nature, as minor offenses when the term of imprisonment was not for
more than one year.— Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutiona: 1904, p. 28.
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216
The Immigratioa Commlssioii.
number of native white prisoners as opposed to the minor oflfendeis,
who fonned only 43.8 per cent. There was evident a tendency in
this geographical division to a greater proportion of minor offenders
than in any other part of the country. The census explanation of
the excess of minor offenders over major offenders among the foreim-
bom prisoners is probably the true one — ''the concentration of the
foreign-bom in uroan communities where minor offenses are severely
pimished."
On the other hand, the presence of a large part of the native
population in rural commumties, where minor offenses are relatively
less common and less severely punished, tends to make the propor-
tion of major offenders in that group of prisoners exceed the minor.
With the exception of the North Atlantic States the major offenders
outnumbered the minor offenders amon^ the inmiigrant as well as
among the native prisoners in all sections of the country. Such
excess of the major offenders was greatest in the South Central States,
as is shown by tnese figures:
Geognphlo diviflioa and oUbb of oflendcn.
white.
Pordpi
white.
North Atlantic:
MftJ<M'offpndflr8....x*x.*.*..x......
56.2
43.8
76,1
91.9
78.1
2L9
88.0
12.0
78.8
21.2
47. S
Minor offenders.. l.I.m^.. ..I '.
a.7
BoDth Atlantic:
Major offenders
74. •
mixnr'^^n^mt.'.W.V.V.'... '.,.,.... v.
25.4
North Central:
Major offenders ^
72.8
27.3
Sonth Central:
Major offenders, ..................,.........,*.*,........ ..x.-r-T-r
91.9
Minor offenders
8.1
Western:
Major offenders.. .....■..•••••••••••...•.•...•.•.••••.•••••••..•.•... •.••••••.••..
76.8
Minor offenders
2S.7
This (the South Central) was the only group of States in which the
percentage of major offenders among white immigrant prisoners
exceeded the percentage of such offenders among the white nonim-
mi^ant prisoners. In each of the other geographical divisions the
major and minor offenders were more evenly distributed among the
immigrant prisoners than among the nonimmigrant. The conclusion
to be drawn from such figures is that of the two bodies of criminals—
the immi^ant and the native — the native (or American bom)
exhibited m general a tendency to commit more serious crimes than
the immi^ant. The criminalitj^ of the latter consisted more largely
of the minor offenses that are in considerable measure a result of
congested city life. This is clearly indicated in the detailed figures
showing the offenses of prisoners in the several gjeographical divisions.
One-ninth of the total number of prisoners enumerated in the
United States were prisoners confined in North Atlantic penal insti-
tutions for "offenses against public policy.'* Comjv.rea with the
rest of the country the number of such prisoners is striking. In the
whole United States 15,308 prisoners were in penal institutions for
offenses against pubUc policy; 9,178, or approximately three-fifths
of this number, were in tne North Atlantic States alone. And in this
group of Stat^ the population is moie largely gathered into urban
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Immigration and Crime. 217
communities (chiefly cities of manufacture) than in any other section
of the country.
Another comparison that is of interest is that of white prisoners
of foreign birth with negro prisoners (practically all of whom were
probably native bom) — a comparison — that is, of the immigrant and
the negro. In the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and North Central
divisions major offenders formed a smaller part of the body of white
immigrant prisoners than of that of negro prisoners. In the South
Central and Western States, however, conditions were reversed. In
the first three geographical divisions named the major offenders were
less common among the white immigrant prisoners than among the
nonimmigrant, both white and negro, and in the Western States^ as
well, the immigrant percentage was less than that of the native white,
although greater in that division and in the South Central than the
negro percentage.
This separation of major and minor offenders adds evidence favor-
able to the immigrant prisoner. It shows that the offenses of immi-
grant prisoners were less frequently of a serious nature (major
offenses) than were the offenses of native prisoners. Thus, the data
gathered in the 1904 enumeration of prisoners showed that the immi-
grant prisoners were relatively fewer in number and had been incar-
cerated for less serious offenses than the native prisoners.
2. Pbisonebs Committed Dubino 1904.
Of the 149,691 prisoners committed to penal institutions through-
out the United States during the year 1904, 86,833 were white persons
bom in this country, 35,093 were white persons bom abroad, and
23,698 were negroes. These three classes of persons thus composed
the following proportions of the total body of prisoners committed
during the year: Native white, 58 per cent; foreign white, 23.4
BT cent; negro, 15.8 per cent; leaving 2.7 per cent made up of
ongolians, Indians, and white persons of unknown nativity. The
representation of the native whites was larger among the male prison-
ers than among the female, while the opposite was true of the loreign
whites and the negroes. The native whites furnished 59.4 per cent
of the male prisoners and 44 per cent of the female prisoners; the
foreign whites 22.4 per cent of the male and 33.6 per cent of the
femsde; and the negroes 15.3 per cent of the male and 21.3 per cent
of the female.
70340'— VOL 36—11 15
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218
The Immigration Commission.
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Immigration and Crime.
219
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220 The Immigration Commission.
The latest percentage of native white prisoners was in the North
Atlantic States, where they composed 60.2 per cent of all prisoners.
The smallest percentage was in the South Atlantic States, wnere they
formed only "0.5 per cent of the total .number of prisoners. The
largest percentc^e of white immigrant prisoners was also in the
North Atlantic States, being 32.4 per cent, but the smallest was in
the South Central division, in wnich group of States the foreign
whites composed only 2.7 pe^ cent of all prisoners. The negroes
were most prominent in the South Atlantic States, forming 64.3 per
cent of the prisoners, and least in evidence in the Western States,
where only 5.1 per cent of the prisoners were negroes. In all sections
of the country the native whites formed a larger j>ercentage of the
male than of the female prisoners. In two groups of States — the
North Atlantic and the Western — the foreign-born were more largely
represented among the female prisoners than among the male, while
in the South Atlantic, North Central, and South Central the foreign-
bom were relatively more numerous among the male than among
the female prisoners.
Classifying the native white prisoners by parentage, it is found that
34.7 per cent of them were of native parentage while 16.3 per cent
were the children of immigrants. The children of natives occurred
in largest proportion among the prisoners committed in the North Cen-
tral States, where they composed 42.1 per cent of all prisoners, and
in least proportion among those committed in the South Atlantic
States, where only 27.3 per cent of the prisoners were native whites
of native parentage. The children of immi^ants were found in
largest proportion among the prisoners of the North Atlantic States
and in smallest proportion among those of the South Atlantic division.
In the former group of States 22.8 per cent of all prisoners conmiitted
during the year were American-bom children of immigrants, and in
the latter group only 1 .3 per cent. With regard to distribution of the
sexes, the table shows a larger percentage of the male prisoners than
of the female to have been native-bom persons of native parentage in
every group of States except the Western, while in all sections of the
country a larger percentage of the male than of the female prisoners
was formed by American-bom persons of immigrant parentage.
MAJOR AND MINOR OFFENDERS.
Inasmuch as almost all of the inmiigrant prisoners were probably
white, it is more fitting that in comparing immigrant and native crina-
inality only white prisoners be considered. In Table 124 the white
prisoners of known nativity have been segregated and their per cent
distribution shown by nativity, classified as major and minor offend-
ers, for the several States and Territories.
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Immigration and Crime.
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Table 124. — Per cent distribution of white prisoners of known nativity committed during
1904, classified as major and minor offenders and by States and Territories.
White prisoners of known nativity committed during 1904.
State or Territory.
Total.
M^or offenders.
Minor offenders.
Percent
native.
Percent
foreign-
born.
Percent
native.
Percent
foreign-
bom.
Percent
native.
Per cpnt
foreign-
bom.
Gimtinental United States
71.2
28.8
78.3
21.7
69.9
30il
N«rth Atlantic division
65.0
35.0
09.3
30.7
64.6
35.5
ifftfnA
74.3
66.7
73.0
55.2
62.7
62.7
67.3
61.6
72.6
90.0
25.7
34.3
27.0
44.8
37.3
37.3
32.7
38.6
27.4
10.0
86.6
78.6
%..
67.8
62.6
73.6
93.4
14.4
21.4
(«)
32.8
32.2
37.5
26.4
6.6
73.4
64.1
69.8
64.1
62.1
62.5
67.3
61.4
72.4
88.6
26.4
New Hainpffbire ............... r ... r -
35.'9
Vennont
30.2
Massachusetts
45.9
Rhode Island
37.9
Connecticut
37.6
New York
32.7
New Jersey
38. •
p^if^iiJiyivani^
27.6
South Atlantic division
11.6
Delaware
92.9
99.3
96.1
95.1
83.9
79.8
^^7
7.1
.7
4.9
4.9
l&l
20.2
"ki
nv»
93.0
99.4
(«)
88.6
(°)
78.7
(»)
Maryland
23. J
Pifltrlct of ^oiHTnMa
(«)
Virginia
96.6
92.5
99.2
^^2
(«)
84.3
4.4
7.5
.8
(•)
16.7
^ zn
West Virginia
7.^
North Carolina
.6
South Carolina
(«)
Georgia
^ 11.4
Florida
(«)
North Central division
21. S
Ohio
77.4
91.5
80.2
75.8
69.0
64.5
86.6
92.9
68.6
82.5
86.3
92.6
92.9
22.6
8.6
19.8
24.2
31.0
36.5
13.4
7.1
31.4
17.6
14.7
7.6
7.1
86.9
91.9
79.7
75.9
74.0
66.8
87.0
92.3
94.5
90.3
13,1
8.1
20.3
24.1
26.0
33.2
13.0
7.7
14.3
5.5
9.7
75.7
91.4
80.4
76.8
68.2
63.9
86.6
93.3
71.1
81.3
85.2
9a6
96.0
24.3
Indiana
8.C
Illinois
19.6
Michigan
24.2
Wisconsin
31. S
Minnesota
36.1
Iowa
13.4
Missouri
6.7
North Dakota
28.9
South Dakota
18. S
Nebraska
14.8
Kansas
9.5
fionth Central dirision
5.«
Kentucky...
99.2
98.7
96.6
96.9
87.9
82.6
.8
1.3
3.4
3.1
12.1
17.4
98.2
97.3
90.9
78.1
1.8
2.7
99.7
100.0
95.7
86.7
88.3
.3
Tennessee
Alabama.
"\z
Mississippi
Louisiana
^ 9:i*
21.9
13. S
Texas
ll.J
Indian Territory
Oklahoma
95.7
72.7
27.3
%2
75.2
72.1
27.9
ArknnsaSr- , . . .
6.8
24.8
Western division
Montana
72.1
77.4
71.8
84.2
72.7
72.6
76.7
83.3
73.7
82.0
71.5
27.9
22.6
28.2
15.8
27.3
27.4
23.3
16.7
26.3
18.0
28.5
74 7
83.1
%.*
82.7
71.6
82.2
72.9
26.3
17.3
17.8
27.1
71.4
70.4
76.9
82.3
74.8
81.8
71.3
28.6
Wyoming
(«)
Colorado
38.5
New Mexico
'\z
Arizona
Utah .-
29.4
Nevada
23.1
Idaho , , ...
17.7
25. t
Oiecon
18.3
California
28.7
• Per cent not shown where base b less than 100.
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222
The Immigration Commission.
The largest percentage of immigrant prisoners was in the North
Atlantic States, where over one- third (35 per cent) of all white pris-
oners were foreign-bom. The smallest was in the South Central
States, where they composed only 7.1 per cent. In each of the North
Atlantic States more than one-fourth of the prisoners committed dur-
ing the year were of foreign birth, the smallest proportion being in
Maine, where it was 25.7 per cent, and the largest in Massachusetts,
where it was 44.8 per cent. In five of the nine North Atlantic States
more than one- third of all white prisoners committed in 1904 were
immigrants. These States were New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. In oniv one other
State in the country — Minnesota — was the proportion of the foreign-
bom so large as one in every three.
The native-bom foraoied a larger part of the major offenders than
of the minor offenders in each geographical division except the South
CentriJ, while with the same exception the foreign-bom fomied a
smaller part. In every State of the North Atlantic group for which
figures are shown immigrants composed a smaller percentage of the
major than of the minor offenders, while the native-bom composed
a larger percentage.
In the South Atlantic division. West Virginia, North Carolina,
and South Carolina were States in which the opposite was true. In
the North Central division Illinois and Missouri were the only excep-
tions, and in the South Central, Louisiana, and in the Western,
Arizona and Washington did not conform to this rule. Thus out
of the 33 States and Territories for which figures are shown, there
were only 10 in which the foreign-bom furnished a larger proi>ortion
of the major offenders than of the minor offenders, while in 23 States
and Territories the native-bom were more conspicuous among the
major than among the minor offenders.
The mgnificance of the percentages of foreign-born among the white major and
minor onenders committed during 1904 can best be brought out b}r comparing them
with corresponding percentages of forei^-bom in the general white [wpulation 15
years of age and over, classified by sex, as is done for geographic divisions in the follow-
ing tabular statement. As the comparison makes no allowance for the large additions
to the foreign-bom between 1900 and 1904, the percentages are less favorable to the
foreign-bom than would otherwise have been the case.
a
Per cent foreign-bom.
Diytoton.
Among white prisoners of
known nativity committed
during 1904.
In general white population
15 years of age and over.
Total
Major
offend-
ers.
Minor
offend-
ers.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Continental United States
28.8
21.7
30.1
21.9
23.0
20.7
North Atlantic
36.0
10.0
20.2
7.1
27.3
30.7
6.6
16.7
9.7
24.8
35.5
11.5
21.3
5.0
27.9
30.8
4.8
23.3
6.6
27.4
31.8
5.3
24.8
6.2
29.8
29.8
South Atlantic
4.S
North Central
21.8
South Central
&0
Western
24.1
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Immigration and Crime.
223
Unlike the fi^iures for the prisoners enumerated on June 30^ 1904, those for the
prisoners committed during 1904 show that the foreign-bom whites contribute to the
prison class materially in excess of their representation in the general population.
This condition, however^ is practically confined to the North Atmntic States, for in
both the other two divisions in which the foreign-bom are of great numerical impor-
tance tiiey form a smaller proportion of the prisoners than of the general white popula-
tion 15 years of age and over. In the Western division the difference is very sfight,
but in the North Central States the foreign-bom constitute 23.3 per cent of the general
white population and only 20.2 per cent of the white prisoners, in the North Atlantic
division the percentages of foreign-bom are 30.8 in the general population and 35
among the prisoners.
That the figures for the prisoners committed during the year are more unfavorable
to the foreign-bom than the figures for the prisoners enumerated on the given date,
is due to the fact that the prisoners committed during the year contain a larger pro-
portion of minor offenders and the foreign-bom are relatively of more importance among
minor offenders than among major.
The foreign-bom do not contribute to the white major offenders above their repre-
sentation in the general population at least 15 years of age except in the two Southem
divisions, where they are comparatively unimportant. In the Western division, and
more especially in the North Central, the proportion o! foreign-born is considerably
lower among the white major offenders than in the white general population.
Among the white minor offenders the proportion of foreign-bom is generally higher
than among the white major offenders, and in the North Atumtic, South Atlantic, and
Western divisions exceeds the proportion of foreign-bom in the general white popula-
tion. In the North Central division the foreign-bom contribute 23.3 per cent of the
general white population at least 15 years of age, and only 21.3 per cent of the white
minor offenders.
From these figures, as well as from those for the prisoners enumerated on June 30,
1904, it is evident that the popular belief that the loreign-bom are filling ^e prisons
has little foundation in fact. It would seem, however, that they are slightly more
prone than the native whites to commit minor offenses. Possibly to some degree
this is attributable to the fact that the foreign-bom white are more highly concentrated
in urban communities.^*
PARENTAGE.
In three States more than one-half of all native white prisoners
committed during 1904 were the children of immigrants, both parents
being foreign-born. In six other States the children of immigrants
composed over one-third of all native white prisoners of known
parentage. These 9 States were as follows:
Percent
Ifassachusetts 62.9
Connecticut 55. 8
Rhode Island 53. 9
Minnesota 40. 4
Wisconsin 39. 6
Per cent.
New Jersey 39. 5
New Hampshire 36.6
Pennsylvania 34. 1
Maine 33. 6
Seven of these States are in the North Atlantic division and of these
are the three in which half the native white prisoners of known parent-
age were the children of immigrants.
« PrisoneiB and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904| pp. 4(ML
Digitized by
Google
224
The Immigration Commissicm.
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Immigration and Crime.
225
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Digitized by VjOOQ IC
226 The Immigration Commissicxi.
In the North and South Atlantic States persons of native parentage
were found in larger proportion among the major offenders than among
the minor offenders. In the North Central, &)uth Central, and West-
ern States they contributed more largely to the ranks of the minor
offenders. The American-bom children of immigrants were more
conspicuous among the major than among the minor offenders in the
Soutn Central States only. In the North Atlantic division, the
South Atlantic, the North Central, and the Western the children of
inmiigrants were less prominent among the major than among the
minor offenders. In the North Atlantic States they formed 31.7 per
cent of the major offenders and 39.7 per cent of the minor offenders.
These figures are of importance because of the large number of
prisoners committed in this group of States (44,895, or 54.7 per cent
of the 82,045 white prisoners of known parentage committed through-
out the United States). In two of the North Atlantic States, New
York and New Jersey, the relation of the American-bom children of
immigrants to major and minor offenders was reversed, but for the
group of States as a whole minor offenses were relatively more com-
mon than major offenses among the native-bom of foreign parentage.
Of the native white prisoners, 29.8 per cent were of foreign parentage, while of the
entire native white population only 18.8 per cent were of forei^ parentage. That
this contrast is mainly the result of conditions in the North Atlantic States is indi-
cated by the following tabular statement:
Per cent of foreign
parentage.a
Dlvidoii.
Among na-
tive white
prlsonei? of
known pai^
entage com-
mitted dur-
ing 1904.
In native
white gen-
eral popu-
laUon,I900.
Continental United States
29.8
18.8
North Atlantic
38.8
4.5
22.1
4.8
21.8
26.8
South Atlantic
3.6
North Central
23.3
South Central
4.4
Western a
21.8
• Includes only those with both parents forelgn-bom.
In all the States of the North Atlantic division except New York the percentage of
native white of foreign i)arenta^e among native white prisoners was greatly in excess
of the percentages of native white of foreign parentage in the total native white popu-
lation. In Massachusetts, for instance, 62.9 per cent of the native white prisonezB
were of foreign parenta^, as compared with only 33.7 per cent of the native white
population in 1900. InNew York, on the other hand, only 28.3 per cent of the native
white prisoners were of foreign parentage, as compared with 33.5 per cent of the total
native white population.
In all the States of the Western division, in all but Ohio and Indiana of the North
Central, and in all but West Virginia and Georgia of the South Atlantic, the native
whites of foreign parentage formed a smaller percentage of the native white prisonera
than of the general native white population. In most of the States of the South Cen-
tral division, on the other hand, the native whites of foreign parentage contribute to
the prison class in excess of their representation in the general population, but in
both the southern divisions the native white of foreign parentage are a comparatively
imimportant class.*
o Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 42.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime. 227
With regard to major offenders, 22 per cent were of foreign parent-
age, while only 18.8 per cent of the native white population was of
foreign parentage in 1900. In the North Atlantic and South Central
States the representation of the American-bom children of immi-
grants among major offenders was greater than in the native white
population. In the South Atlantic, North Central, and Western
States, however, the reverse was true. The percentage of persons
of foreign parentage among the minor offenders was in excess of their
representation in the general native white population in the North
Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Western divisions, but less than their
representation in the population in the North Central and South
Central divisions.
OFFENSE AND COUNTBY OF BIBTH.
The two facts most important in a study of immigrant criminality
are the race of the offender and the nature of his offense. Census
statistics do not reveal race, but they show what may serve as a sub-
stitute in grouping immigrants— country of birth. In the table
below prisoners have been classified by color, nativity, and country
of birth, and the per cent distribution of major and minor offenders
shown by offense. Such a tabulation makes possible the comparison
of the relative frequency of various offenses among offenders from
various countries, grouped as major and minor offenders.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
228
The Immigration Commi8si<m.
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Immigration and Crime.
229
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230
The Immigration Commission.
Major offenders, — First considering the major offenders, it appears
that offenses against chastity, against pubhc policy, and against the
person were rdatively more frequent among the foreign-bom as a
whole than among the native-born. Classifying the foreign-bom
by country of birfli, it is found that of the 11 immigrant groups
thus formed, 5 exceeded the native-bom in percentage of offenses
against chastity. These were the Austrian, Canaaian, English
and Welsh, Polish, and Swedish, of which the Canadian had the
largest percentage, 9.3. In relative frequency of offenses against
public policy the German, Irish, and Mexican immigrants exceeded
the American-bom, the largest percentage being that of the Irish,
or 23.5 per cent. Offenses against the person occurred with greater
relative frequency among the major crmaes of the Austrians, Irish,
Italians, Mexicans, Poles, Scotch, and Swedes than among those of
the native-bom. The Italians were notable in that over half tlieir
major crimes (57.1 per cent) consisted of offenses against the person.
Offenses against property were relatively more frequent among the
Canadians, English and Welsh, Germans, Russians, and Scotch than
among the American born, the largest percentage of such offenses
being that of the English and Welsh, 69.7 per cent.
OTspecific offenses, those grouped under offenses against the person
and against property were committed by a sufficiently large number
of persons, and are in general clearly enough defined to make com-
parisons of the nativity groups valuable wnth regard to them. A
striking condition is revealed d}^ the figures for the various offenses
against the person. Homicide, assault, robbery, and rape all occurred
J in larger proportion among tne crimes of the Italians than among
those of any other group of prisoners, native or foreign, white or
colored. Furthermore, 5 immigrant groups had larger percentages
of prisoners conmiitted for homicide than the native-bom, 8 had
larger percentages committed for assault, 3 had larger percentages
committed for robbery, and 6 had larger percentages committed lor
rape. Summarized in tabular form these results are as follows:
Table 127. — Relative frequency of offenses against the person among major offenden
committed during 1904y by country of birth of offender.
Homicide.
Assault.
Robbery.
Rape.
Country of birth
of offender.
Per
cent.
Countrv of birth
of offender.
Per
cent.
Country of birth
of offender.
Per
cent.
Country of birth
of offender.
Per
cent.
Italy
16.2
13.0
12.3
9.8
7.0
6.4
6.0
4.4
8.7
3.6
3.0
Z8
Italy
29.5
24.2
19.9
13.7
12.0
11.8
9.9
8.6
7.9
7.3
5.8
4.0
Italy
6.2
6.1
5.0
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.0
3.7
8.3
3.3
1.6
L6
Italy
4.4
Sweden
Poland
Canada
Austria
4.3
Austria
Austria.
Scotland
United States
England and
Wales
Canada.
3.0
Mexico
Mexico
Russia ....
3
Poland
Scotland
Sweden
3.0
United States
Ireland
Mexico
United Stetea....
Poland
2.7
Oermahy
Germany
Russia
United Stetes
Canada
Ireland
2.3
Canada
Sweden
2.2
Russia
Russia
' Scotland
2.0
Ire^and
Austria
' England and
j Wales
1.8
Scotland
England and
Wales
Germany
Mexico
England and
Wales
1.5
Sweden
Poland
! Ireland
1.4
1 ^^
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Immigration and Crime.
231
Of the offenses against property which are found among all the
nationalities, burglary occurred with greatest relative frequency
among the Mexicans, larceny among the Kussians, forgery andf fraud
among the Scotch. Arranged like the offenses against the person,
those against property show the several nationalities in the following
relations:
Table 128. — Relative Jreauenct/ of offenses against vrojoertv among major offeviders
eommxtUa dunng 1904, by country of Urtn o/offervier.
Burglary.
Larceny.
Forgery.
Fraud.
Coantry of birth
of offender.
Per
cent.
Coantry of birth
of onender.
Per
cent.
Country of birth
of offender.
Per
cent.
Country of birth
of offender.
Per
cent
Mexico
20.8
26.0
23.8
23.0
22.3
22.0
21.0
20.1
19.3
13.3
10.2 i
«.8|
Russia
39.8
35.5
32.5
32.0
31.9
31.8
31.2
2S.0
27.0
25.7
25.3
18.0
Scotland. ••••....
9.0
7.0
6.9
6.5
6.2
5.7
5.5
5.4
4.5
2.3
2.2
1.9
Scotland
6.0
England and
Wales
Eneland'and
Wales
Sweden
Germany
2.9
Germany
United States....
Austria
England and
Wales
United States....
Sweden....
Canada
Canada
2.8
Scotland
Sweden
2.0
OftrmftTiv
Germany
United States....
Poland
Canada
2.0
United States
England and
Wales
Mexico
1.6
Sweden
Canada
1.2
Ireland
Au.«?trla
Poland
Italy
1.2
Russia
Scotland
Russia
Poland
1.1
Austria
Mexico
Ireland
Russia
1.1
Poland
Ireland
Mexico
Austria....
.5
Italy
Italy
Italy
Ireland
.6
Minor offenders. — Among the minor offenders, as among the
major offenders, offenses against chastity, against public policy, and
against the person were more common in the immigrant group than
in the native. Offenses against property, on the other hand, occu-
pied a larger place in the minor crmies of the native than of the
foreign-bom.
While the most important group of major offenses is probably that
against the person, the most important class of minor offenses appears
to be thkt against public policy. Of all American-born minor
offenders 73 per cent were committed for offenses against public
policy and of all foreign-bom minor offenders 79.4 per cent. Drunken-
ness and disorderly conduct occurred in larger proportion among the
offenses of immigrants than of natives, while the reverse was true of
the violation of hquor laws and vagrancy. Three of these offenses —
drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and vagrancy — are of sufficient
importance to warrant further notice.
i)runkenness occurred in widely varying proportions among the
immigrant groups, the largest bemg that of the Irish, or 49.8 per
cent, and the smallest that of the Mexicans, or 2.7 per cent. Of
native white prisoners 36.2 per cent were committed for this offense,
or a smaller percentage than that of 5 of the nativity groups of the
foreign-bom.
Disorderly conduct formed the largest percentage of the offenses
of the Mexicans, or 27.6 per cent, and the smallest of the Canadians,
or 5.7 per cent. Of the immigrant groups, 7 exceeded the native in
proportion of prisoners committed for this offense.
Vagrancy caused the commitment of a larger percentage of prisoners
bom m Germany than of those bom in any otner country, one-third
(33.6 per cent) of all German minor offenders having been incarcer-
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The Immigration G>mmi8sion.
ated for this offense. The smallest proportion, 14.3 per cent, was
that of the Italians. The American bom ranked sixth in percentage
of prisoners committed for vagrancy, being exceeded by immigrants
from 5 different countries.
Arranged in the order of their percentages of these three offenses,
the nativity groups enumerated in Table 126 bear the following rela-
tions to each other:
Table 129.— Relative frequency of drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and vagrancy among
minor offenders committed during 1904^ by country of birth of offender.
Drunkenness.
Disorderly oonducL
Vagrancy.
1
Country of birth of
offender.
Per
cent.
Country of birth of
oftender.
Per
cent.
Country of birth of
offender.
Per
cent.
Ireland
40.8
48.3
42.8
38.6
34.5
».7
18.1
17.9
10.8
10.2
7.3
2.7
Mexico
27.6
25.3
22.7
20.7
17.6
1«.5
14.1
13.1
11.6
11.2
10.9
6.7
Germany
33.6
Canada
Austria
England and Wales .......
Scotland
29.5
Scotland
Russia
29.0
En^rland and Wales
Italy
Mexico
28.9
Sweden
Germany
Sweden
Ireland
United States
United States
24 5
United States
Sweden
23.7
Poland
Ireland
23.6
Germany
Austria
20.5
Russia
England and Wales
Scotland
Poland
Poland
19. d
A ustria
Canada
17.8
Italy
Russia
16.4
Mexico
Canada
Italy
14.3
In the census report a comparison is made between the representa-
tion of immigrants bom in the various countries in the body of white
immigrant prisoners and their representation in the general popula-
tion of foreign birth. The population figures, however, are tnose of
1900, while the figures of prisoners are those of 1904. As the immi-
gration from the several countries was very unequal during the period
between these dates, it is doubtful if the population figures shown
approximate very nearly the actual conditions. Moreover, such a
comparison as this, by failing to take into consideration such factors
as age and sex, which may exert a marked influence on the propor-
tion of the prison class of certain groups of immigrants, is too subject
to error to te of great value. Indeed, it might be harmful, by giving
testimony which is a perversion of the truth. Since little of value can
come of such a comparison in a study of immigrant criminality, and
much of error might result, the safer course is to make no use of the
figures. Those snowing country of birth and offense in such a way
that the relative frequency of the several forbidden acts is made
evident are far more trustworthy and significant bases of compari-
son and can best be employed unmodified and unconfused by incom-
plete comparisons of prisoners with population.
AGE.
In the table next submitted the ages of prisoners, classified as major
and minor offenders, are shown by color, race, nativity, and parentage:
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Immigration and Crime.
238
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The Immigratioii CommissicMi.
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Inunigration and Crime. 235
On the whole, the American-bom offenders were younger than the
foreign-bom. The percentage of the former exceeded that of the
latter at each age period below 35 years. From 35 onward the
foreign-born had the larger percentages. Of the native prisoners
69.1 per cent were under 35 years of age; of the foreign-bom only
39.8 per cent. The wide difference in the ages of native and imnu-
grant offenders might be laid to the fact that the inmiigrant popula-
tion is chiefly made. up of adults, while in the native population is a
lai^e number of children. The younger ages would thererore be likely
to be more largely represented in the ranks of native criminality, and
the middle period of life would be likely to be that of a larger part
of the immigrant prisoners. Such is the case; but beginning with the
the forty-first year (the age of 40) a peculiar situation appears — the
immigrants contributing steadily to the ranks of criminality and the
natives falling off. Prisoners between the ages of 50 and 59 composed
13.9 per cent of the total number of imnugrant prisoners, or as large
a percentage as that of any other age. Tlxe same age period, on the
other hand, contributed but 7.9 per cent to the total of American-
bom prisoners. Furthermore, 9.3 per cent of the foreign-bom pris-
oners were persons 60 years of age or over, while only 3.2 per cent
of the native-born were as old as this.
The greater prominence of the nonimmigrant prisoners of the
earlier ages is rendered yet more striking by the relations in the
native group of prisoners of native and of foreign parentage. Those
of native parentage exceeded in proportion those or foreign parentage
below the age of 30, while the reverse was true (with slignt excep-
tions at 60 and beyond) after that age. A tendency is noticeable
toward the maturer ages in the foreign parentage group (just as in
the foreign-born group) and toward uie more immature ages in the
native parentage group (as in the aggregate native-bom group).
The age of greatest frequency is also of interest. In the native-
bom it was the period from 20 to 24 years. 18.6 per cent of all native
prisoners being oetween those ages. In tne foreign-bom there were
two periods, the one from 35 to 39 years and the one from 50 to 50
years, 13.9 per cent of all immigrant prisoners belonging to each of
these age groups. Among the native-bom the age of greatest fre-
quency for prisoners of native parentage was from 20 to 24 years,
and for prisoners of foreign parentage from 30 to 34 years, again
showing a similarity between immigrants and the American-bom
children of immigrants in that in each group the prisoners were older
than were those in the native group as a whole or among the American-
bom of native parentage.
When major offenders alone are considered, a greater difference
between natives and immigrants is found. Here the native-bom
exceed the foreign-bom in proportion only up to the age of 29 instead
of up to 34. Yet 63.2 per cent of all major white offenders of Ameri-
can birth were under 30 years of age, while 52.8 per cent of the
foreign-bom were below that age. In the native group, major offenders
of native parentage were relatively more numerous than those of for-
eign parentage at the age periods 10 to 14, 20 to 29, and 50 and over,
but relatively fewer at all other ages. Of the native-bom of native
parentage 63.1 per cent of the major offenders were under 30 years
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
236
The Immigration G>Runission.
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Immigration and Crime. 237
of age, while of the native-bom of foreign parentage the proportion
was 61.4 per cent.
Of minor offenders 41 per cent of the native-bom were below
30 years of age and 24.2 per cent of the foreign-bom. Indeed, the
foreign-bom minor offenders were relatively fewer at each age period
below 35 years than the native-bom and relatively more numerous
at each age period from 35 years onward. Among the American-
born minor offenders of native parentage, the ages 10 to 29 and 60
and over were more common than they were among the American-
bom of foreign parentage, while all other ages were less common.
Prisoners under 30 years of age composed 44.2 per cent of all minor
offenders of native parentage and 32.7 per cent of all minor offenders
who were Asierican-bom children of immigrants.
The age period between 20 and 24 years was the one at which the
largest percentage of both native and foreign major offenders was
committed. The same period was the one at which the lai^est per-
centage of the native mmor offenders was committed, but that from
35 to 39 years was the one at which more immigrant minor offenders
were committed than at any other. The penods of greatest fre-
quency among the native-bom of native and of foreign parentage
were: Major offenders — native parentage, 20 to 24; foreign parent-
age, 20 to 24; minor offenders — ^native parentage, 20 to 24; foreign
{)arentage, 35 to 39. TTius 20 to 24 was the age of greatest frequency
or the native and foreign bom and the native-bom of native and
foreign parentage with r^ard to major offenders and for the native-
bom as a whole and the native-bom of native parentage with regard
to minor offenders. For the native-bom of foreign parentage and the
foreign-bom the age of greatest frequency of minor offenders was
from 35 to 39 years.
AGE AND SEX.
By separating the male and female prisoners additional data are
obtained regardmg age distribution.
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238
The Immigraticm G>inimssion.
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Immigration and Crime.
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240
The Immigration Commission.
In the main^ the figures show the same conditions as were revealed
by those treatmg of ftie sexes combined. The native-bom, both male
and female, were committed to penal institutions at earher ages than
the foreign-bom. Of each age period shown below 35 years the native
prisoners had a larger percentage than the foreign. Not only was
this the case in regard to male offenders, but in regard to female
offenders as well, the dividing line between inuniCTants and natives
falling in each instance at the same point — after the age of 34 years.
That curious tendency of the American-bom children of immiCTants
(regardless of sex) to a Ukeness to immigrants themselves whicn was
shown by Table 130 is evident in Table 131 with regard to both the
males and females. Just as persons of the younger ages were less
conspicuous amon^ immigrant than among native prisoners, so are
they found in relatively smaller numbers amone the children of im-
mi^ants than among the children of natives, rrisoners of each age
period below 30 years formed a smaller part of the total number of
male prisoners of native parentage than of male prisoners of foreign
parentage, while among tne femSe prisoners the Iftrger percentages
occurred among those of native parentage up to 35 jears.
A combination of a number or age periods is of mterest. Thus,
below is shown for both sexes the per cent distribution of prisoners
of the several known nativities and parentages under 20 years of age,
under 30, under 50, and under 60, forming a cumulative statement
of the ages of the prisoners committed during 1904:
Age.
Males.
Native-bora.
Native! Foreign
parent- parent- Total,
age. I age.
For-
bora.
Females.
Native-bora.
Native
parent-
age.
Foreign
parent-
age.
Total.
Foi^
eign-
born.
Allaget.
Under 20 years.
Under 30 years
Under 50 years,
Under ao years
100.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
loao
10.6
48.0
89.1
96.7
8.3
87.4
97.1
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45.1
88.8
96.9
5.1
28.6
76.8
90.9
8.4
46.4
91.3
97.8
4.9
32.6
91.6
97.6
7.6
42.6
91.6
97.8
2.2
21.0
77.7
9ai
A comparison of male wdth female prisoners is likewise of interest.
In the aggregate native white group the males exceeded the females
in percentage of prisoners up to the age of 24. From 25 to 44 the
females exceeded, when the greater percentage again shifted to the
males. Of the foreign-bom, the males predominated up to the a^e
of 29. From 30 to 49 tlie females were in excess; from 60 to 59 the
males; and from 60 onward, the females. Among the native-bom
of native parentage the males were in latter proportion up to the age
of 24; from 25 to 39 the females; and from 40 onward, the males.
Among the native-bom of foreign parentage the males had the larger
percentage up to 24 years; from 25 to 44 the females; from 45 to 69
the males; and from 70 onward, the females.
A comparison of male and female major and minor offenders adds
UtUe of vi^ue to what has already been said.
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Immigration and Crime. 241
In viewing these age statistics it should be borne in mind that the
immigrant prisoners can not be properly compared with the native,
because of the lai^er proportion of adults in the general immigrant
population than in the general native population. The distribution
of the earlier ages is therefore greater in the native population than
in the immigrant, and the ages of the general population must some-
what determine the ages of persons committed to penal institutions.
Thus the apparent indication of the figures shown in the census report
on prisoners that the native-bom tend to commit crime at an earlier
age than the foreign-bom is largely (if not wholly) due to the more
advanced age of the foreign-bom in this country. It would be
xmwise to assert that the immigrant criminals commit offenses at
more advanced ages than the native, for no comparison has been
made on the basis of age groups in tne population.
CITIZENSHIP.
Accurate statistics of citizenship might perhaps bring out some
relation of naturalization to criminality among immigrants. The
census figures, however, are too incomplete (and too questionable
in character «) to afford evidence that is entirely satisfactory. The
probability exists that some of the answers were untrue, while the
presence of a large number of cases in which no reply was obtained
regarding citizenship seriously affects the value of those in which
replies were returned. In the United States at large the political
status of 17.6 per cent of the male immigrant prisoners was not
stated. In the several geographical divisions tne percentage of
such cases varied from 12.8 per cent in the North Atlantic to 39.9
per cent (or more than a thira) in the South Atlantic. Thus in each
of the groups of States the political status of at least one-eighth of
all male prisoners of foreign birth was unknown, while in four of
the five divisions such ignorance applied to over one-fifth, and in
one it reached more than one-third. The census figures therefore
can not be relied upon as giving complete testimony regarding tne
citizenship of immigrant prisoners.
a ' ' The facts are usually not a matter of prison record, but must be obtained from
the prisoners themselves, who sometimes iraafine it advantageous to claim a citizen-
ship they have not attained." — ^Prisonere and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions:
1904,. p. 47.
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242
The Immigration G>mmission.
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Immigration and Crime. 243
Naturalized prisoners (according to Table 132) outnumbered alien
Srisoners in the United States as a whole and in the North Atlantic,
forth Central, and Western divisions. In the two Southern divi-
sions the aliens were more numerous than the naturalized immi-
grant prisoners, but in these two divisions the niunber of •foreign-
bom male prisoners was so small as to be insignificant in comparison
with the nimiber in the other three divisions of the coimtry. In the
whole continental United States 31,196 male prisoners of foreign
birth were conmutted during 1904. Only 664 of these, or 2.1 per
cent, were committed in the Southern States. It is also worthy
of note that in the South Atlantic division nearly two-fifths (39.9
per cent) of the foreign-born male prisoners failed to report as to
citizenship, while in the South Central nearly one-third (31.1 per
cent) failed to report.
The largest percentage of naturalized piisoners was found in the
North Central States, 45.4 per cent. In this division the percentage
of aliens was smaller than m any other division, being only 18.7 per
cent; but as the political status of 30 per cent of all the foreign-bom
male prisoners was unknown the actual proportion of aliens might
well have been much greater. In the North Atlantic States it was
41.5 per cent, while the proportion of naturaUzed prisoners was 44
Ser cent, or only 1.4 per cent less than in the North Central division,
►ut in the North Atlantic division the political status was unknown
in only 12.8 per cent of the cases, as compared with 30 per cent in the
North Central.
Not only was the largest percentage of naturaUzed persons found
amon^ the foreign-bom male prisoners of the North (Jentral States,
but eSso the largest percentage of those who had filed first papers.
In these States 6 per cent of all the male immigrant prisoners had
filed their fiirst papers, while in no other division did the reports
show a larger percentage than 3.4 per cent (as in the Western divi-
sion). First papers were least common among prisoners in the
North Atlantic States, only 1.7 per cent being reported as having
filed them.
The separation of major and minor offenders makes an interesting
comparison possible. Aliens considerably outnumbered naturalized
persons among the major offenders in the United States, considered
as a whole, and in each of the geographical divisions except the North
Central. In the country at large aliens composed over half (52 per
cent) of the entire number of male immiOTant major offenders. In
the North Atlantic, South Central, and Western divisions the pro-
portion was greater than this, and even in the North Central States,
where it was least, it was 30.9 per cent. When these figures are
compared with those of minor offenders they become more strilring.
While aliens predominated among the major offenders, naturalized
persons were more in evidence among the minor offenders. In the
country as a whole and in each division except the South Central
the naturalized minor offenders outnumbered the alien. But more
striking than this is the fact that in each division, without excep-
tion, the percentage of major offenders who were aliens exceeded
the percentage of minor offenders who were aliens, while the per-
centage of naturalized persons among the major offenders was less
than among the minor offenders. The figures thus point without
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
244 The Immigration Commission.
contradiction to the ^eater tendency of aliens to commit the major
crimes and of the cnminality of the naturalized immigrant to con-
sist more largely of minor offenses. As is noted in the census
report, '^ the fact that aliens predominate among major offenders and
not amotig the minor is in accord with the fact * * * that
f oreijpi-bom prisoners who had resided in the country for five years or
less formed 27 per cent of the major offenders and only 13.4 per cent
of the minor offenders." **
The presence of prisoners under 21 years of age among the foreign-
bom males might well suggest the value of not only surveying the
statistics of immigrant male prisoners of all ages, but more especially
those 21 or more years of age. The presence of a large number
xmder 21 years might considerably reduce the possible percentage
of naturahzed persons. But on examination oi the general table
upon which the above percentages are based it is foimd that only
2,158, or 6.9 per cent, of the 31,196 male inunigrant prisoners were
xmder 21 years of age. An examination of the percentages for
prisoners 21 years old or over also reveals Uttle deviation in essen-
tials from the proportions shown for all prisoners considered without
regard to a^e. No separate discussion of those prisoners who had
reached their majority is therefore necessary.
Figures coupling political condition with years of residence in the
United States womd be of greater value than those of citizem^p and
age only, for from the preceding table it is impossible to determine
what proportion of the aliens were such from force of circumstances —
that is, brevity of residence in this coimtry — or in how far the nat-
, uralized had been limited by lack of sufficient years in the United
States. Such coupling of periods of residence with poUtical condi-
tion is not; however, afforded by any census tables, and the figures
shown above must suffice.
LITERACY.
> Literacy statistics are frequently misleading. A person barely
able to read and write is classed as Uterate, no matter how great
his ignorance beyond this mere power to make and decipher letters
may be. All grades of education and ability are thus grouped
together. Persons highly illiterate (in the broad sense) may be
included among the Uterates. The chief value of such statistics lies
in their disclosure of those who could neither read or write — ^who
were whoUy illiterate. Such use of the table following is the only
one that can profitably be made here.
o Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions; 1904, p. 48.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
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246
The Immigration Commission.
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248 The Immigration Commission.
For comparing the various aspects of a single group of persons (as,
for example, juvenile delinquents born of American fathers) all cases
should of course be included m the sum upon which percentages are
based, even the number of cases m which no answer was obtained
to the inquiry. But when several distinct groups are to be compared,
only such data as are known and are comparable in the several
groups should be included in the bases upon which percentages are
computed. Thus, cases the character of which is not specified should
be eliminated, as they may in fact consist of at least two distinct
and specifiable kinds of data, and in so far as these proportions
vary for the several groups of persons will the percentages of specified
data be invalidated as means of comparison.
The census table presented errs in this manner, in that cases in
which literacy was not stated are added, in computing the per-
centages, to those in which specification was made. Now the pro-
portion of cases of "literacy not stated" varies greatlv in the several
nativity and parentage groups. Obviously, any wide variations in
an unknown quantitv (Tot "literacy not stated" might be in fact
either "literate" or "illiterate") renders any comparison based on
the percentages given so much subject to error as to necessitate the
constant bearing in mind of this factor.
A wide difference is found in the figures between the iUiteracy of
native prisoners and prisoners born abroad. Of the native pris-
oners, 3.7 per cent* were unable either to read or to write; of the inmii-
grant prisoners 19 per cent were unable either to read or to writ«.
Such a difference is striking and too great to be wholly erroneous.
With regard to the native prisoners of native and of foreign parentage
the fact appears that the former were slightly more ilBterate than
the latter. That is, the American-bom children of immigrants who
were committed to penal institutions in 1904 had relatively fewer
persons among them unable to read and write than had the children
of natives.*
Another interesting condition is shown by the figures separating
prisoners into major and minor offenders. In the case or natives
(of both native and foreign parentage) and of immigrants, the true
illiterates (those who could neither read nor write) occurred in larger
proportion among the major offenders than among the minor offenders.
Illiteracy was m general more common among the female prisoners
than among the male. The only exception occurred among the
foreign-bom major offenders. A larger percentage of female than
of male native major and minor offenders of both native and foreign
parentage were unable to read or write. . Of the foreign-born prisoners
those who could neither read nor write were more common among the
female minor offenders than among the male, but slightly less com-
mon among the female major offenders.
<* A possible explanation of this (inasmuch as the difference is not great) lies in
the greater concentration of the immigrant population in the cities, where educa-
tional adTantages were greater than in the rural districts.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime. 349
3. JuvENu^ Delinquents Enumerated June 30, 1904.
In four of the tables showing the statbtics of juvenile delinquents
enumerated June 30, 1904, data touching upon immigrant delin-
quency appear.
NATIVrrT, COLOR, AND SEX.
In Table 134 the niunerical and per cent distribution is shown by
nativity and color for each sex in tne several geographical divisions
of the continental United States.
78340^— VOL 36— U ^17
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
260
The Immigmtioa Commission.
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Immigration and Crime. 251
Out of a total of 23,034 juvenile delicjuents enumerated, 17,989,
or 78.1 per cent, were whites of native birth, while 1,874, or 8.1 per
cent, were whites bom abroad. The remaining 3,171, comprising
13.8 per cent of the total number, were either colored (negro, Mon-
golian, or Indian) or whites of unknown nativity. When the sexes
are considered separately it is found that a slightly larger percentage
of the male delinquents were whites of forei^ birth than of the two
sexes in the aggregate. The former proportion was 8.6 per cent and
the latter, as staged above, 8.1 per cent. Converselv, the propor-
tion of foreign-bom whites was less in the group of female delin-
quents than m the aggregate of the two sexes. White immigrants
composed 6.4 per cent of all female delinquents and 8.1 per cent of
the total number of delinquents of both sexes.
Of the 3,162 colored delmquents, 3,112 were negroes, 2 were Mon-
goUai^, and 48 were Indians. The first comprised 13.5 per cent of
uie total number of delinquents, or a much larger proportion than
the foreign-bom whites (8.1 per cent). In the group of males the
negroes composed 13.4 per cent and in the group of females 14
per cent, thus following the rule of the native whites in the distri-
DUtion of sexes. The opposite was true of the foreign-bom and sug-
gests the probable presence of a considerablv larger proportion of
males than of females in the juvenile general population of foreign
bu-th.
By far the largest part of the immigrant juvenile delinquents
(those of foreign birth) were found in 9ie North Atlantic States.
Of the total 1,874 such delinquents in the United States, 1,410 were
enumerated in institutions situated in this geographical division.
It is true also that a larger number of native-bom juvenile delinquents
were found in this group of States than in any other, but the rela-
tively large proportion of the delinauents in mese States who were
of foreign birth is specially noticeable, being 13 per cent, as com-
pared with 4.7 per cent m the North Central division, 4.7 per cent
m the Western, 1.6 per cent in the South Central, and 0.9 per cent in
the South Atlantic.
IMMIOBANT AND NATIVE WHITES.
In Table 135 is shown for each State and geographical division the
percentage of white juvenile delinquents who were of native and of
foreign birth.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
252
The Immigration Commission.
Table 135. — Per cent distribution of white juvenile delinquents of hnovm nathrity
enumerated June 30^ 1904, 6y nativity and by States and Territories,
State or TtRltory.
White Juvenile
delinquents o f
known nativity
enumefated June
a0,19O4.
Per cent
native.
Percent
foreign-
bom.
Contineatal United States
90. S
9.4
North Atlantic dlTialon
85.9
14.1
Mnine -
93.3
91.2
94.9
88.4
84.4
89.5
84.6
87.0
88.9
98.6
6.7
New Hammhire ,.^^-t..t, r
8.8
Vermont
5.1
If anacJiiieetti
11.6
Rhode bland
15.6
Oonnefftlmt. t , . ^ , - r .
19.5
New York
15.4
NewJeiBoy
13.0
PflOnSylVUlia r.........rirf«Tr,
ILl
Bonth A tkHitk} division
1.4
Delaware
100.0
100.0
96.9
94.6
liarylaod
2.2
District of Columbia.
Virginia.
WMt Virginia.
1.1
Oeonria...
FSSSa^";:™;;:::;::::;:::::::::::::::!:;!:::!:;!^
North Central division
5.4
Ohio....
96.5
96.4
90.3
90.4
89.8
96.8
99.2
96.4
96.9
97.6
4.5
Indiana.
1.6
niinOUl - , T . T , r r T
9.7
M1rh1e«v....
9.6
Wiffcoruifn ,,--,,-,-._
10.2
Mlrnieeota
1.2
lo^^ , ,
.8
Missouri
1.6
North Dakota
(•)
Booth Dakota
N«»Hwka..
5.1
Kansas
1.1
south Central di vision
2.4
Kentucky ,
100.0
96.8
94.8
T(^nnnf!?(¥. ,.,,.--.-. ,,.,..-,
3.2
Alabama.
I/MiMana r
(•)
Western division
5.2
Montana
(•)
Colorado :
1.6
Arizona ,-.-, t ,.,-,.,..
(«)
Utah.. .
(«)
W«lh}»»gtOP . . r - - T - - . ,-,-,---,-,,
^7.2
Oregon.^
(«)
CaUIomia
^4.6
a Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.
In the United States 19,863 white juvenile delinquents of known
nativitv were enumerated. Of this number, 17,989, or 90.6 per cent,
were of native birth and 1,874, or 9.4 per cent^ were immigrants. In
the North Atlantic division a larger proportion of immigrants was
foimd than in any other group of States, being 14.1 per cent as com-
?ared with 5.4 per cent in tne North Central, 6.2 per cent in the
?^estem, 2.4 per cent in the South Central, and only 1.4 per cent in
Digitized by
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Immigration and Crime. 263
the South Atlantic. In six of the nine North Atlantic States over 10
per cent of all white juvenile delinquents were bom abroad, the pro-
portions in these six States ranging from 11.1 per cent in Pennsylvania
to 19.5 per cent in Connecticut. It is further noteworthy that these
six States form a connected geo^i^hical group. They are Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersev, and
Pennsylvania, or thos6 States of the North Atlantic division having
large proportions of immigrants in their; population. Maine, New
Hampshire, and Vermont, which of the North Atlantic States had the
smallest proportion of persons of foreign birth in their population,
likewise nad smaller proportions of immigrants among their white
juvenile delinquents tnan any other States of the same geographical
division.
Outside of the North Atlantic division but one State had more than
10 per cent of its white juvenile delinquents of foreign birth. This
was Wisconsin, which had 10.2 per cent. Furthermore, there were
only five States outside of the North Atlantic division having over
6 per cent of their white juvenile delinquents of foreign birth. Four
of these were in the North Central division: Wisconsin, 10.2 per cent;
Illinois, 9.7 per cent; Michigan, 9.6 per cent; and Nebraska, 5.1 per
cent. The nfth State was Washington, with 7.2 per cent. The fact
that only these five States outside the North Atlantic division had
more than 1 in every 20 white juvenile delinquents belonging to the
immiOTant class is the more striking when it is observed that every
one of the North Atlantic States had more than 1 in every 20, while
six of them had more than 1 in every 10.
RATIO TO POPULATION.
In Table 136 is shown for each State and geographical division the
number of juvenile delinquents in 1904, classified oy sex, color, and
nativitjr, for each 100,000 of population in 1900. The table also
shows similar data for 1890, when do th juvenile delinquents and gen-
eral population were enumerated in the same year.
The change in the number and geographical distribution of insti-
tutions during the fourteen years between the two enumerations of
juvenile delinquents makes any comparison of the figures for the two
enumerations untrustworthy, while tne fact that the ratios in the one
case are based upon the population of the same year and in the other
upon that of four years earlier increases the dmculty of accurately
interpreting the figures.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
254
The ImmigratiiMi G>ininission.
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Immigration and Crime.
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256 The Immigration Cominission.
In 1904 there were, according to the enumeration, 59.9 juvenile
delinquents to every 100,000 persons found in the United States in
1900. For every 100,000 white persons of foreign birth in the
countrjr in 1900, there were 18.4 white immigrant juvenile deUn-
quents in institutions on June 30, 1904. The ratios of both the whit^
of native birth and the colored, without regard to nativity, greatly
exceeded this, the former being 31.8 and the latter 34.4.
The greatest ratio of both native and foreign white delinquents
was in the North Atlantic States. For every 100,000 native whites
in the population of 1900, there were enumerated 54.2 native white
juvenile aelinguents in 1904- for every 100,000 iminigrant whites in
the 1900 population, 29.8 white juvenile delinquents in 1904 who were
inmiigrants. The colored juvenile delinquents also figured more
prommentlv in the North Atlantic States than in any other group,
the ratio of such delinquents to the colored population of 1900 being
208.9. The smallest ratios were in the South Central States; they
were 4.4 for the native whites, 2.8 for the immigrant whites, and 4.6
for the colored.
.Of the individual States, Rhode Island had the largest ratio to
population of native white juvenile delinquents and Connecticut
the largest ratio of foreign-bom white juvenile delinquents. The
former was 95 and the latter 49.7. Connecticut also had the largest
ratio of colored juvenile delinquents, or 606.4.
In two of the States, and in two only, the ratio of the immigrant
whites exceeded that of the native whites and of the colored. These
two States were Tennessee and Louisiana. In the former the ratio
of the immigrant white juvenile delinquents was 34.1 to every
100,000 of the inmiigrant white population in 1900, as compared with
12.1 for the native whites and 11.7 for the colored; in the latter State
the ratio of the foreign-bom whites was 7.7, of the native whites 2.8,
and of the colored 2.
In comparing the figures of the two enumerations it is at once
noticeable that in 1890 the largest ratio of foreign-bom juvenile
delinquents to foreign-born population was in the South Atlantic
States, instead of in the North Atlantic as in 1904, although the
largest ratio of the native whites was in the latter group of States at
both census periods.
It is further noticeable that in 14 States the ratio of fore^-bom
white juvenile delinquents to foreign-born white population was
greater in 1890 than at the taking of the next census, while in 7
States the ratio of white juvenile delinquents of native birth to the
native white population was greater in 1890 than in 1904. Moreover,
in 9 States the census of 1890 showed a larger ratio of white juvenile
delinquents regardless of nativitv to the general population of cor-
responding character than was found fourteen years later. These
comparisons are of course affected by the diflFerence in the time of
the enumeration of the general population and of the enumeration
of juvenile delinquents at the Twelfth Census, as well as by changes
between 1900 and 1904 in the number of institutions and in methods
of dealing with the juvenile offender. But the comparisons are
valuable as showing the possible lack in juvenile deunquency of
tendencies traceable to nativity. To more clearly bring out the varia-
tions in the ratios of the two census periods, the excesses of 1890
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
257
over 1904 are summarized in the following table, which shows figures
only for those States in which such excesses occurred:
Table IS7. —Number ojf juvenile ddinquejUe per 100,000 of population, 1890 and 1904^
in States in which the ratio for 1890 exceeded that for 1904y by nativity.
state.
Total.
Native.
Foreign.
1880.
1904.
1890.
1904.
1890.
1904.
Mftf iv^
21.6
20.8
19.6
16.1
Now Hampshire
18.2
Mnssftohinetts
14.4
Connecticut
75.5
38.6
83.6
36.0
67.8
28.4
79.8
35.6
92.0
44.5
86.9
74.3
82.4
86.5
New Jersey
19.5
67.6
41.4
9.6
16.2
13.1
6.8
7.9
5.1
4.1
15.6
Mi^ryf<^r>4
18.3
Ohio
14.2
Tnrllmifi
7.8
34.5
21.1
25.7
19.9
42.7
30.7
10.5
]£lllIlQ90ta
.8
Iowa
1.6
Nebraska
21.6
15.0
24.9
17.1
4.5
lOssotiri
3.7
Kan5<4 .
2.4
Kentocky
11.0
3.4
9.4
3.2
12.0
3.5
9.7
3.2
Louisiana
Colorado
17.0
4.4
•
JUVENILE BELINQUENTS AND JUVENILE POPULATION.
A comparison of immigrant juvenile delinquency with immigfant
juvenile population is shown in Table 137. As the figures for the former
are those of 1904 and for the latter those of 1900, the comparison is
lacking in exactness. Another difference in the figures exists m the age
limits — those of juvenile delinquency being 7 ana 21 years, while those
of juvenile population are 10 and 19 j^ears. Although, as is stated in
the census report, 94 per cent of the juvenile delinquents committed
to institutions were between the ages of 10 and 19, the fact that 6
per cent of them did not fall within these bounds detracts from the
strict comparability of the figures given in the table.
Tablb 138. — Number and per cent of foreign-bom among white juvenile delinquents of
hnown nativity enumerated June SO, 1904, and in the general white population 10 to 19
years of age, 1900, by geographic division.
White juvenile delinquents
of known nativity enumer-
ated June 30. 1904.
General white population 10
to 19 years of age: 1900.
DiYlfdon.
Total.
Foreign-bom.
Total.
Fopelgn-bom.
Number.
Percent.
Number.
Percent
Continental United States
19.863
1,874
9.4
13,502,427
873,311
6.6
North Ati«ntin
10,016
1,401
6,920
425
1,101
1,410
20
377
10
67
14.1
1.4
6.4
2.4
6.2
3,730,272
1,483,339
5,320,817
2,261,131
706,868
476,635
16.137
304,768
30,678
45,093
12.8
South Atlantic
1.1
North Central
5.7
South Central '.
1 4
Western
6.4
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258 The Immigration Commission.
In view of the rather heavy immigration from 1900 to 1904, the
assumption ^'that the representation of native and foreign bom in
the general population was about the same in 1904 as in^ 1900"' is
harcfly warranted. Indeed, the difference between immigrant
iuveime delinquency and immigrant juvenile population in the Imited
States at large and in the North Atlantic States in partictdar is very
probably due largely to differences in the immiCTant juvenile popula-
tion of 1900 and 1904. It is evident that if the immigrant juvenile
population were greater in 1904 than in 1900, the number of immigrant
juvenile delinquents would probably be larger, and thus form a greater
proportion of the total juvenile delinquency.
As suggested in the census report, another cause of deceptive com-
parison lies in the fact that while the North Atlantic States contrib-
uted 50.4 per cent of the juvenile delinquents, they contributed only
27.6 per cent of the general white {)opulation, and thus, because of
the large proportion of immi^ants in them, they throw into undue
prominence the immigrant juvenile delinquency of the country.
Thus 9.4 per cent of all the white juvenile delinquents enumerated on
June 30, 1904, were bom abroad, while only 6.5 per cent of the juvenile
population of the country in 1900 was of foreign birth.
In three of the geographical divisions of the country — the North
Atlantic, the South Atlantic, and the South Central — the proportion
of white juvenile delinquents who were bom abroad exceeded the
Sroportion of the white juvenile population of foreign birth. In the
forth Central and Western States, however, immigrants formed a
smaller percentage of the juvenile delinquents than of the juvenile
population. Therefore, the figures do not show, to quote the census
report, ^*any markedly greater criminal tendency among the foreign-
bom youth than among the native."** And this in spite of the feet
that the population figures used as the basiB of comparison probably
favor the native-bom by showing a smaller proportion of persons of
foreign birth than was in the country at the time the enumeration of
juvenile delinquents was made.
4. Juvenile Delinquents CoMMmBD During 1904.
COLOR, NATIVITT, AND SEX.
The distribution by color, nativity, and sex of juvenile delinquents
committed to institutions during 1904 is shown for the several geo-
graphical divisions in the table next submitted. *
A Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 232.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
ImmigraticMi and Crime.
259
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260
The ImmigradoD Commission.
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Immigration and Crime. 261
The largest number of juvenile delinquents was committed in the
North Atlantic States. Of the 11,814 persoiis committed in all
parts of the United States, 6,622 were committed in the North Atlantic
division. The North Central States had the next largest number —
4,056 — while the South Central had the smallest — 648. Not onlv
did the greatest number of commitments take place in the North
Atlantic division, but among the persons committed in that division
was a lai^er number who were immigrants and the American-bom
children of immigrants than among mose committed in any other
division. Indeed, the presence of the immigrant and his children
was most marked in tms group of States. Of the 2,947 luvenUe
delinquents bom in the United States of immigrant parents who were
conamitted to institutions in all parts of the country, 1,909, or more
than two-thirds, were committed in the North Atlantic States, and
of the 1,116 juvenile delinquents of foreign birth who were committed
throughout the United States, 841, or 73.5 per cent, were committed
in tJie same geographical division. Of persons of native birth and
parentage, the lai^est number was committed in the North Central
States, as was also the largest number of negro delinquents.
Considering each geographical division as a unit, the largest pro-
portion of white juvenile delinquents who were of native birth was
m the Western division, being 86.7 per cent. Persons bom in the
United States of native parents, however, occurred in largest propor-
tion among the juvenile delinquents committed in the South Central
States; in those States 64.6 per cent of all juvenile delinquents com-
mitted belonged to this class, as compared with 49.1 per cent in the
Western States, which ranked second. The American-bom children
of immigrants were found in neatest proportion among thedelin-
auents of the North Atlantic States, 34.6 per cent of all juvenile
elinquents committed in those States having been bom in the
United States of immigrant parents. In the same group of States
was found the largest proportion of immi^ants themselves. More
than 1 in every 7 (15.2 per cent) of the juvenile delinquents com-
mitted in the North Atlantic division were of foreign birth. In no
otiier group of States was the proportion greater than 1 in every 18
(being 6.5 per cent in the Western States).
In the census of juvenile delinquents committed during 1904 the
figures showing sex was so largely determined by the character of
the various institutions and by the manner of dealing with the sexes
in the several States that any discussion of them would be likely to
be misleading. The sex element may therefore be disregarded,
except when some clearly defined difference between the statistics of
the sexes appears.
IMMIGRANT AND NATIVE WHITES.
A better means of comparing immigrants and natives than that
afforded by the preceding table is given in Table 140, which shows
for each State the per cent distribution by nativity of white juvenile
delinquents of known nativity committed during the year 1904.
Bv excluding from this computation colored persons and persons
of unknown nativity, the native and immigrant whites are thrown into
clearer contrast and the influence of extraneous elements upon the
figures is avoided.
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262
The Immigration Commissicxi.
Table 140. — Per cent diatribtUion of white juvenile ddinquaiU ofhnown nativity oomr
mitted during 1904t by nativity and by States and Territoriee,
State or Territc^.
White jovenUe de-
linqnents of
known nativity
committed dur*
ingl004.
Percent
native.
Percent
foreign.
CoDtliMntsl United States
89.0
ILO
Nort»» Atlaiitk?^MiTh>Ti
83.7
16.3
U*«n« , , , . , , .
1.
78.6
83.7
8a9
91.8
9a4
96.3
(»)
New Hampshire .*
(4
Vermont..*
(•)
12.1
Fh<Ml^TsIan^ ..
21.4
OonDeoticut. r
16w3
New York
19.1
New Jersey
8.7
Pennsylvania
9.6
Sooth Atlantic division
3.7
Delaware
93.9
"\,>
MfwyiAT^rt
District of Columbia
(«)
Vhvfnt^..
(«)
Wi«t Vii^nlA ,
L7
Oeorria...
(•)
Florida. .*
North Central division
6.1
Ohio
95.6
98.8
90.7
92.4
8&4
91.6
98.0
96.6
98.1
4.4
InAUat^
1.2
nilnois
9i3
Micshigan
7.6
13.6
Minnesota '/.'.'.'. ,
8.5
Iowa
2.0
Missouri
3.4
North Dakota
(•)
South Dakota
Nebraska '.
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Sooth Central division
1.9
Kentucky
96.9
iii
94.0
LI
Tennessee .....
Alabama ',
l^nfsiana x . . . . . ...... .
(«)
6.0
Weetem division
Montana..
^•^4
Colorado ' V.
Arixona
(•)
Utah ;
Washington
(•)
Oregon
California
7.1
a Per cent not si o :n where base is less than 100.
Immigrant delinquents were most prominent in the North Atlantic
States; 16.3 per cent of all white juvenile delinquents offaiown
nativity who were committed during the year in these States were
bom abroad. In no other geographical division was the proportion
greater than 6.1 per cent, as in the North Central States, wnile it was
as small as 1.9 per cent in the South Central division. Of individual
States, Rhode Island had the largest percentage of immigrants among
its white juvenile delinquents of known nativity. In that State one
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Immigration and Crime.
263
out of every five — 21.4 per cent — of the white delinquents was an
immigrant. New York was second in rank, having 19.1 per cent.
In several States the proportion of immigrants was but little more
than 1 in every 100 wnite delinquents, m Kentucky it was 1.1 per
cent, in Indiana 1.2 per cent, and in Kansas 1.3 per cent.
Such comparisons as the above, however, are valuable only as
showing the relative presence of immigrant and native juvenile de-
linquents in the several sections of the country. It does not afford
anv means of accurately judging whether immigrants or natives con-
tributed the more largely in relation to their representation in the
population to the ran& of juvenile delinquencv. As is noted in the
Census Report, the significance of the figures snown above —
can perhaps be best brought out by compariiig them with the corresponding fifi:ures for
the general white population 10 to 19 years of age, as is done for geographic divisions
in the following tabular statement: «
White Juvenile delinquents of
known nativity committed
during 1904.
General white population 10 to
19 years ofage: 1900.
DlTlstOIL
Total.
Foreign-bom.
Total.
Forelgn-bom.
Number.
Percent.
Number.
Percent.
Continental United States
10,177
5,157
641
3,422
369
588
1,116
841
24
209
7
35
11.0
13,502.427
873,311
6.6
North Atlantic
16.3
3.7
6.1
1.9
6.0
3,730.272
1,483,339
5,320,817
2,261,131
706,868
476,635
16.137
304,768
80,678
46,093
12.8
South Atlantic
North Central
6.7
South Central
1.4
Western
6.4
The figures for continental United States are less favorable to the foreign-bom than
those for any of the geographic divisions. This peculiarity is due to the fact tliat the
North Atlantic division, in which the percentage of foreign-bom is high, contributed
50.7 per cent of the white juvenile delmquents and only 27.6 per cent of the popiila-
tion 10 to 19 years of age. The figures for continental United States, therefore, should
not be used as a measure of the relative criminality of the native and the foreign bom.^
Such figures give the immigrant portion of the white juvenile delin-
quents of known nativity committed throughout the country in 1904
as 11 per cent. Yet in 1900 the immigrant portion of the general
white population 10 to 19 years of age was only 6.6 per cent. A
partial explanation of this difference is that given above, which shows
the influence of the North Atlantic States upon the figures for the
country at large. Additional explanation lies in the fact that immi-
gration from 1900 to 1904 doubtless somewhat increased the immi-
grant representation in the general white population of 10 to 19 years
of age. It is doubtful, however, if these explanations adequately
account for the wide difference between immigrant juvenile delin-
quency and immigrant juvenile population.
The figures for the juvenile delinquents in the separate geographic divisions are too
small to be of much significance except in the North Atlantic and North Central
a Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 238. The age group
10 to 19 was selected ''because 94.4 per cent of the juvenile delmquents of known age
committed during 1904 were within those ages."
(Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 238.
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264 The Immigration Commission.
State8. In the North Atlantic States the foreign-bom form 16.8 per cent of the white
juvenile delinquents and 12.8 per cent of the white population 10 to 19 years of a^,
and in the North Central States the corresponding percentages are 6.1 of the delin-
auents and 5.7 of the general population. From these figures it may be inferred that
lie foreign-bom are contributmg to the juvenile delinauents slightly in excess of their
representation in the general population. It should oe remembered, however, that
the immigration between 1900 and 1904 may have increased the proportion of foreign-
bom in the general white population 10 to 19 years of age, es^iecially in the Ncurth
Atlantic division.^
PARENTAGE.
In the Census Report are discussed the figures showing country of
birth of foreign-born juvenile delinquents, but the very unequal immi-
0:ation from the several countries during recent years makes the
figures doubtful tools of comparison. Figures of greater importance
are those which show the distribution by nativity of father of those
juvenile delinquents having foreign-bom fathers.
a Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 238,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
265
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266 The Immigration Commission.
Even here wide differences in representation of the several nativities
make comparisons of doubtful value. Conditions, regardless of their
cause or meaning, are all that can safely be discussed. The thing
most striking in the preceding table is the fact that the fathers of
more than half the juvenile delinquents having foreign-bom fathers
came from three countries — Ireland, Germany, and Italy. The
fathers of one-fifth of the entire number of juvenile delinquents who
were conmiitted throughout the country in 1904 came from Ireland;
those of nearly as large a proportion (19.4 per cent) came from
Germany; while practically one-sixth of all the juvenile delinquents
having foreign-bom fathers were the children of Italian fathers.
These three groups formed 56.3 per cent of all the juvenile delinquents
in question.
In the North Atlantic division of States 24 per cent had fathers
bom in Ireland and 22.2 per cent had fathers of Italian birth. In
each of the other geographical divisions for which percentages are
given the largest proportion of foreign-bom fathers were from Ger-
many, while the second in rank was the group coming from Ireland.
OFFENSE AND PAKENTAOE.
The most important thing to be known regarding juvenile delin-
quents, as well as regarding prisoners, is the nature of their delinquent
acts. So large a proportion of the juvenile delinquents committed in
1904 were the children of immigrants and so small a proportion were
imrriigrants themselves,* that in classifying the delinquents for
comparison on the basis of relative frequency of offenses, the most
illuminating classification is that of country oi birth of father regard-
less of the country of birth of the delinquent himself. The com-
parison then becomes one of parentage and not of nativity. In
Table 142 the juvenile delinquents committed during 1904 are
classified by country of birth of father and their per cent distribution
shown by offense. This table makes possible a comparison of the
children of native Americans with immigrants and the children of
immigrants grouped together by country of origin.
<* Of white delinquents of known nativity and parentage (including those of mixed
parentage) the foreign-born composed 12.1 per cent ana the native-bom of foreign
parentage 31.4 per cent — a total of 43.5 per cent.
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
267
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268 The Immigration Commission.
Accuracy of comparison is somewhat lessened by the retention in
the totals upon which percentages are based of ''neglected ichildren^"
''unclassified crimes," and *' offenses not stated." As these vary m
proportion for the several classes of delinquents, so will the per-
centages of known offenses vary. For example, the above table
gives 33.9 per cent of the juvemle delinquents whose fathers were
natives as guilty of offenses against property and 34.5 per cent of
the juvenile deunauents whose fathers were immigrants as guilty
of lite offenses. Yet when "neglected children," and persons com-
mitted for "unclassified offenses" and "offenses not stated" are
eliminated from the totals upon which these percentages are based,
the result is, for the remaimng known classined offenses: Children
of native fathers guilty of offenses against property, 39.9 per cent;
children of foreign fathers, 38.8 per cent.^ Thus in the one case the
larger percentage belong to the children of foreign fathers and in
the other to those of native fathers.
It 19 evident from this that in order to obtain results which are
accurate, the entire table ought to be revised. This, however,
would require considerable labor and is not necessary in order to
make some general comparisons.
If the possible variations due to the inclusion of neglected childreny
unclassi&d offenses, and offenses not stated be borne in mind, this
use of the unrevised figures need not result in the drawing of errone-
ous conclusions.
The two offenses, which according to Table 142 were most common
among the juvenile delinquents committed in 1904, were incorrigi-
bility and larceny. The clmdren of fathers of every nationality shown
committed larceny with greater relative frequency than any other
offense. Incorrigibility held second place in each of the parentage
groups except the Canadian, Irish, and Italian j each of these had a
larger percentage of truancy than of incorrigibility. Of these three
principal offenses, English and Welsh children had the latest per-
centage of commitments for incorri^bility (23.8 per cent), Canadian
for truancy (21.2 per cent), and Poush for larceny (40 per cent).
Considering the two main divisions of parentage — ^persons having
native fathers and those having foreign fathers — ^larger percentages
of juvenile delinquents whose fathers were bom in the United States
than of those whose fathers came from abroad were committed for
the following offenses: Vagrancy, incorrigibility, assault, arson, bur-
glary, fraud. Larger percentages of delinquents who were children of
immigrant fathers than of those who were children of native fathers
were guilty of: Disorderly conduct, truancy, robbery, larceny.
Grouping the juvenile delinquents shown in Table 142 according
to the country or birth of the father, offenses against society formed
a lai^er proportion of the unlawful acts of persons of Canadian,
English and Wekh, German, Irish, Italian, and Russian, parentage
than of persons bom of American fathers. Of the groups of foreign
parentage, the Austrian and Polish were the only ones having smaller
percentages than the group of native parentage. Offenses against
o These percentages were computed from the figures shown in General Table 15,
Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 282. by subtracting
neglected children, unclassified offenses, and offenses not stated m>m the original
toUds in order to form new bases.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime.
269
the person occurred in larger proportion among the crimes of persons
of Canadian, German, and Polish parentage — the other foreign
parentage groups being exceeded in percentage by persons of native
parentage. Onenses against property occurred in larger proportion
among Sie delinquent acts of persons of Austrian, Canadian, Polish,
and Russian parentage than among those of persons having Ajnerican
fathers. The largest percentage of offenses against society was that of
persons whose fathers were bom in Italy, such crimes forming 66 per
cent of all the offenses of this group of delinquents. Offenses against
the person caused the commitment of a larger proportion of persons of
Polish parentage than of any other group, this proportion being 8.4
per cent. To the same group of delinquents, those whose fathers
were bom in Poland, belong the largest percentage of offenders
against property, or 51.1 per cent.
The parentage group having the largest percentage of commit-
ments for each of me principal offenses classined is shown below:
Offense.
Javenile dellnqaents oommltted daring
1904.
Nationality showing largest
per cent oonvlctea for spe-
cified offense.
Per cent
convicted.
Dmnkenness
Disorderly conduct.
Vagrancy
Inoorrigibility
Truancy
Assault
Robbery
Burglary.
Larceny
Poland
Russia
/Qeraiany
\Poland
England and Wales.
Canada
Poland
....do
....do
....do
0.5
11.3
6.8
23.8
21.2
3.7
4.7
8.9
40.0
On the whole, persons guilty of serious violations of the law were relatively most
numerous among the delinquents of Polish origin. Of the offenders whose fathers
were bom in Italy, 9.2 per cent were committed for disorderly conduct, 20.4 per
cent for truancy, and 27 per cent for larceny. The delinquents of Russian birth
or origin had 11.3 per cent committed for disorderly ccmduct and a like percentage
for txuancy, 13.6 per cent for incorrigibility, and 33.2 per cent for larceny. Amone
the offenders of German and Irish origin the percentages formed by those committed
for larceny were smaller than in the other groups, but the proportion sentenced for
burglary was conspicuotis. Next to that for the Foles, the largest percentages formed
by persons sentenced for crimes against the person were found among delinquents
whose Others were bom in Germany and Ganada.o
AGE.
The ages of juvenUe delinquents committed during 1904, classified
by sex, color, race, nativity, and parentage, are shown in the table
on next page.
a Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1004, p. 245,
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270
The Immigration O>mmission.
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Immigration and Crime. 271
There are four classes of juvenile delinquents which are of special
interest — the native-bom white (regardless of parentage), the native
white of native parentage, the native white of loreign parentage, and
the foreign-bom. In each of these four classes the age group to
which the greatest number belonged was that from 10 to 14 years.
Of white juvenile delinquents of tms a^e the native-bom had a larger
percentage than the foreign-bom, while in the native white group
itself the largest proportion was that of delinquents who were bom
of foreign parents. Of the delinquents committed between the a^es
of 7 to 9 years the largest percentage was ako that of the native
white of foreign parentage. As 6.4 per cent of the American-bom
children of immigrants committed as ]uvenile delinquents were from
7 to 9 years of age and 61 per cent from 10 to 14 years, over two-
thirds, or 67.4 per cent, of all the white juvenile dehnquents bom in
the United States of immigrant parents were below the age of 16.
Delinquents of foreign birth, on the other hand, were relatively
more numerous at ages above 14 years than were delinq[uents bom
in this country. Of the total number of foreign-bom white juvenile
delinquents, 43.9 per cent were 15 years of age or over, while of the
native-bom only 37.5 per cent were as old. When the second gen-
eration is considered, it is foimd that of the children of American
parents 41.4 per cent were committed after reaching 15 years of age.
while of the children of immigrant parents only 32.6 per cent had
reached 15.
Among the male juvenile delinquents the largest percentage were
from 10 to 14 years of age, while among the females the largest per-
centage (except of the colored) were from 15 to 19 years of age. Of
males of known parentage the native-bom of native parentage had
the greatest proportion (68.8 per cent) under 15 years old and the
foreign-born had the least (57.2 per cent). The largest percentage of
male juvenile delinquents 15 years or over was roimd among the
foreign-born, being 42.8 per cent, while the smallest was that of the
native-bom of foreign parentage, or 31.2 per cent.
White female juvenile delinquents were not numerous, and their
scarcity among the foreign-bom renders a proper comparison of im-
migrants and natives impossible. As there were less than 100 of
each age among the foreign-bom no percentages are shown for the
immigrants.
LITEBACT.
In dealing with the census statistics of literacy among juvenile
delinquents the same difficulty is encoimtered as in dealing with the
census statistics of literacy among prisoners. The presence of vary-
ing proportions of cases in which fiteracy was not stated renders com-
parison of the different nativity and parentage groups of delinquents
mconclusive. In the table next submitted, which shows the per cent
distribution bv literacy of juvenile delincjuents 10 years of age and
over, the number not stating Uteracy varies from 0.9 per cent of the
foreign-born delinquents to 3.3 per cent of the native-Dom of foreign
parentage.
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The Immigration Commission.
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Immigration and Crime. 278
Of the foreign-bom, 17.6 per cent were unable either to read or
write, while only 7.4 per cent of the native-bom belonged in this
category. Of the two well-defined groups of the native-bom, the one
of native parentage exceeded the one of foreign parentage in per-
centage of juvenile delinquents who could not read or write. A sep-
aration of the sexes shows complete illiteracy to have been greater
among the immigrant males than among the native males and
greater among the males bom in America of native parents than
among those born of immigrant parents. On the other nand, female
delinauents bom in America of native parents had relatively fewer
complete illiterates amon^ them than those bom of immigrant
parents. A comparison of female immigrants and natives is not pos-
sible because of the absence of any percentages for females of foreign
birth.
An additional word of qualification should be made regarding these
literacy figures. They show the children of Americans to have been
more illiterate than the children of immigrants. This mi^ht be mis-
leading were it not for the fact that ^^the same general difference in
favor of the native white children of forei^ parentage is to be found
diso in the total population and 'results chiefly from the concentration
of the foreign-bom in cities, where the schools are better than in the
country ' "** and where compulsory attendance is more strictly enforced.
If there is any relation between hteracy and juvenile delinquency, it
is not revealed by these statistics.
LANGUAGE SPOKEN.
The census statistics of laimiage spoken by juvenile delinquents
are, like those of hteracy, of httle value in a study of immigrant, crime.
Language must bear so slight a relation to crimmality that the value
of cominete data on lan^age spoken would be doubtful. The value
of incomplete data, sucn as tnat presented in the table next sub-
mitted, is more doubtful still.
• Priaoners andJuyenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904, p. 247.
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274
The Iininigrati<Hi Commission.
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Inunigration and Crime.
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276 The Immigration G>mmission.
In view of the inequalities in the proportion of cases in which the
language spoken was **not specified, tne least questionable manner
of using the figures is to compare the percentage of cases in
which it was known that English was not spoken. These cases are
shown imder the desi^ation ^ 'other'' language. In the continental
United States as a whole approximately 1 in every 40 white immi-
grant delinquents committed during 1904 was imable to speak English,
while only 1 in every 200 of the native-bom was ignorant of the English
language. In the North Central States the proportion of immi^ants
who spoke only a foreign language was somewhat greater than m the
coimtry at large, being 1 in every 27. The proportion of the native-
bom, however, is the same in this group of States as in the country at
large.
A comparison of the children of natives with the children of immi-
grants might be of interest, but insufficient data are sdiown for making
such a comparison except for the United States as a whole and in the
North Atlantic States. In the country at large less than one-tenth
of 1 per cent of the native white delinquents of native parentage
were imable to speak English, while three-tenths of 1 per cent of the
native-bom of foreim parentage were ignorant of the language. In
the North Atlantic States the percentage of the former was 0.1 per
cent and of the latter 0.2 per cent.
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Chapter XIH.
ESTBT [OF FOBEIGir CBIMnTALS DTTO THE XJSITED STATES.
In addition to the foregoing statistical study of immigrant crim-
inality in the United States, an investigation was made of the entry
into this coimtry of immi^ants having criminal records abroad. The
primary objects of this mvestigation were to discover (1) whether
any considerable number of persons convicted abroad of crimes
involving moral turpitude haa succeeded in entering the United
States in violation of the immigration law, (2) whether it was pos-
sible to trace such persons if here and obtain conclusive evidence of
their foreign criminal records, and (3) what improvements might be
made in that portion of the immi^ation law which is designed to
protect the country from such immigrants.
In order to simplify the work, investigation was confined to immi-
grants from a single coimtry. Italy was selected as that country for
two reasons: (1) Because of the popular opinion, voiced in the press,
that large numbers of Italians having criminal records in Italy come
to the United States, and that Italian crimes of violence in this
coimtry are in large measure due to them, and (2) because of the
^eat assistance that the New York poUce department could render
m tracing Italian criminals id New York City.
The city of New York and its immediate neighborhood were
chosen as the scene of the investigation. This was because of the
large proportion of the ItaUan population of the country gathered
there, the less likelihood of excitmg suspicion id conducting such an
iDvestigation in a large city, and the assistance of the New York
police department in carrying on the work.
To conduct this investigation confidential agents were necessary —
persons who were familiar with the Italians and who could go among
them without exciting suspicion.
In order both to test the accuracy of the work of the agents of the
Commission and to obtain evidence upon which deportation might be
secured, requests were sent to Italian courts for copies of the penal
records of a number of the persons reported upon by the Commission's
agents.
After a considerable number of cases had been investigated and
enough ItaUan penal certificates had been secured to establish the
accuracy of the work done and the desperate nature of many of the
criminals, as well as to test the efficiency of the present immigration
law, the Commission considered its work performed. Whenever the
evidence obtained was clear, it was turned over to the New York
police department or to the Bureau of Immigration and Naturaliza-
tion for further action.
More than 500 cases were investigated in New York, some 70 penal
certificates were secured from Italy, and as a result of information
furnished by the Commission a number of Italian criminals were
deported.
277
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278 The Immigration Commission.
Cooperating with the Immigration Commission, the police depart-
ment of the city of New York made special investigations. The
Inimigratinii Commission was also aided oy the Bureau of Immigra-
tion and Naturalization, which furnished copies of Italian penal certifi-
cates and records of deportation cases. From these sources, in
addition to the reports of the Commission's agents and the penal
certificates obtained from abroad regarding men reported on by
them, were gathered the data upon which tms chapter is based.
This special investigation has made it clear that the ranks of Italian
criminals in this country are largely recruited from members of the
same class in Italy.^ It has shown that persons convicted abroad of
crimes '* involving moral turpitude" do enter the United States in
violation of the statute of exclusion. But it has also brought out
the fact that even imder ideal conditions it would be impossible,
without changing the existing law, to keej) out of the country persons
living on the borders of crime, but unconvicted of any specific offense;
immigrants against whom the law is impotent and yet who are
evidently higmy undesirable. It has also been made clear that too
great barriers are placed in the way of deporting foreign criminals
when once they are discovered. Furthermore, identification of
immigrant criminals is extremely difficult.
At least foiu" classes of Italians who are highly imdesirable because
of their criminal propensities succeed in entering the United States:
1. Those who nave been convicted of crime in Italy and have
served out their sentences.
2. Those who have been convicted of crime by Italian courjbs dur-
ing their absence from the place of trial, having escaped arrest and
fled the coimtry.
3. Those who have been tried in Italy for criminal offenses, but
have not been convicted, although the probability of guilt appears
great.
4. Those who are regarded at home as dangerous or suspicious
persons and are therefore kept imder observation by the police,
although accused of no specific offense.
Evidently the present inmiigration law provides for the exclusion
of only the first of these four classes — the criminal convicted by a
foreign court, before his arrival in the United States, of a crune
*' involving moral tiurpitude." The person adjudged guilty by a
foreign court after his arrival in this country (even though ne may
have fled the country because of the charge) is not regarded in the
United States as coming within the meaning of the statute of exclu-
sion, and is therefore not liable to deportation; while he who has
escaped conviction, and he who is accused of no crime, no matter
how unsavory their reputations may be at home, are clearly beyond
the power of the immigration law to debar from entering.
Further than this, however, the present law is powerless against
immigrants convicted in foreign courts, under procedure satisfactory
to American law, of crimes ''mvolving moral turpitude," who have
been resident in the United States three years or more. Thus, no
matter how clear the evidence of the unlawful entry of an immigrant, if
he be not brought before the board of special inquiry of the Bureau of
Immigration and Naturalization within three years after the time of
his arrival in the country, the foreign convict can not be deported.
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Immigration and Crime. 279
From the cases inyestigated by the agents of the Commission, and
those furnished by the Bureau of Inunigration and the police depart-
ment of New York, illustration may be made of the four classes of
undesirable Italian immigrants of criminal nature.
I. That inunigrants do enter the United States in violation of the
section of the immigration law forbidding the entrance of convicted
criminals is beyond doubt. The records of the Bureau of Immigra-
tion and Naturalization contain many cases of this nature; in some
of them deportation proceedings have rid the country of such per-
sons; in otherS; because of the wree-vear limit, it has been impossible
to deport men whose criminid recordis abroad were indisputable.
The case of Alfredo Simonelli was reported by the police commissioner
of New York City to the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.
A penal certificate obtained from the Italian Government showed
that Simonelli had been six times convicted and sentenced in Italy —
once for murder, twice for assault, once for threatening with weapons,
once for violation of the raikoad law, and once for defamation — a
total of seven and one-half years' imprisonment and 350 lire in fines.
Apprehended before he had been three years in the United States, he
was deported on the steamship Bretagne, January 14, 1909.
Three of the cases investigated by agents of the Commission and
then turned over to the ponce department of New York Citjr for
further action^ were those of Salvatore d'Amico, Gaetano Luizzo,
and Santo Luizzo.
Regarding Salvatore d'Amico, the agent of the Commission re-
ported that he had been arrested for murder and convicted of man-
slaughter and sentenced to five or six years imprisonment, and that
after his release he had got into some trouble with the pohce and was
arrested and sentenced for resisting an officer. The penal certifi-
cate obtained from the Italian court showed a sentence of five years
for manslaughter, a sentence of twenty-nine days for threatening
and resisting the pubUc pohce, and a sentence of twenty-nine days for
assault.
The agent of the Commission reported of Gaetano Luizzo:
Gaetano Luizzo, of 85 James Street, Borough of Manhattan, in the city of New York,
is from Valquanera. Here he belongs to the Mafia and Camorra. Was convicted in
Italy on Hie charee of stabbing and again on the charge of robbery, and put under
the police surveilmnce, and while under thepublic surveillance escajyed and came to
the United States by the way of France. He was tried in the corte tribunale penale.
He has been here about two years and three or four months.
The Italian penal certificate showed that he had been five times
convicted and sentenced — twice for assault, once for stabbing and
cutting, once for pointing and trying to shoot with firearms, and once
for having used arms, and for shooting and assault — each crime
having been some manner of assault.
The case of Santo Luizzo was reported by the Commission's agent
as follows:
Santo Luizzo, of 85 James Street, Borough of Manhattan, city of New York, is from
Vfdquanera; was convicted in the City of Oatanisetta, Sicily, three times, once for
staboinff, once for robbery, and once for carrying concealed weapon. On the first
chfloge he was tried in the corte tribunale penale.
In the ItaUan penal certificate were recorded three convictions —
one month to sohtary confinement for stabbing and assault, three
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
280 The Immigration G>iimii9sioii.
months for assault, threatening; and carrying concealed weapons, and
fif tv^-fiye days for assault and attempting to use arms.
These cases illustrate the possibiUty of tracing and identifying
immigrant criminals who have obtained entry into the United States.
These are not unusual cases; they are merely a few of those investi-
gated. The number of convictions against many of the Italian
criminals brought before the immigration authorities for deportation
is the most striking thing in these cases, as well as most significant of
their danger to the country, for it indicates a habit of criminaUty
most likely to be continued arter their entrance into the United States.
The case of Giovanni Campanile is one of those where a loi^
criminal record appears. Briow is given a cop^ of the report of the
Itahan consul-general at New Yore upon which deportation pro-
ceedings were based:
TRIBUNAL OF NAPOLI, PXNAL CBRTIFICATB.
The district attorney of Napoli, haviiig been duly requested by the police commis-
sioner of Napoli, states that Giovanni Campanile, son of Genaro and Maria Stella
Mantanini, bom at Napoli, reported the following sentences:
1. By the tribunal of Salerno on August 3, 1898, f<Hty-five days' imprisonment for
robbery.
2. By the tribunal of Napoli on October 17, 1898, one month of imprisonment and
120 fine for insulting a public officer.
3. By the tribimal ol Napoli on November 19, 1898, one month and three days'
imprisonment and |12 fine for threatening.
4. Bv the pretore of Napoli on November 30, 1898, sixteen days in jail for carrying
concealed weapons.
5. By the tribunal of Napoli on October 7, 1899, sixteen months' imprisonment for
criminal assault.
6. By the court of assize on February 9, 1901, eight years' impriscmment for murder
in the second degree.
7. By the tribunal of Napoli on August 26, 1902, fifteen months' imprisonment for
criminal assault (the term was on appeal reduced to seven months and fifteen da^).
8. By the tribimal of Napoli on March 12, 1905, two months and fifteen days' im-
prisonment and $20 fine for insulting a public officer.
9. By the pretore of A versa on September 13, 1904, two months' imprisonment for
insulting a public officer.
10. B^r the pretore of Aversa on September 13| 1904, forty-one dajrs' imprisonment
for felonious assault.
D. St0a,
Diitrict AUome^.
' D. Giuu,
Chief Clerk,
Mabsiolia,
licdian Consul-General,
New York, Ifordi It, 1908.
The board of special inquiry of the Bureau of Immigration and
NaturaUzation, satisfied that the aUen had been convicted of crimes
prior to landing, recommended deportation; and Giovanni Campanile
was deported on the steamship iSi. Paul August 8, 1908.
11. Under ItaUan criminal procedure, cases may be tried, convic-
tion secured, and sentence imposed during the absence of the accused.
According to American rulings, however, a person tried and con-
victed abroad after his arrival in the United States is not regarded
as guilty within the meaning of 'the immigration law, even mough
he fled to the United States because of the accusation.
A case brought up for deportation in the early part of 1908 illus-
trates this type and shows the inadequacy of the law and its inter-
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Immigration and Crime. 281
pretation to meet the evident need of some means of excluding such
mmiigrants.
A complaint was made to the police commissioner of New York
Oity by the Italian consul, stating that a murder had been committed
in Italy by the person named, on the 27th of August, 1905; that said
person had been sentenced on November 20, 1906, to twenty-one
years' imprisonment; that said convict had escaped to America,
where he presumably arrived about January, 1907.
Investigation showed that a proper penal certificate from the
Italian Government confirmed the charge of murder and the sentence.
A careful investigation by the Bureau of Immigration brought out
the fact, however, that, although the alien in question was in all
probability the person referred to in the penal certificate, his con-
viction was obtained during his absence from Italy, and that pre-
sumably at the date of his arrival in the United States he had not
been convicted of any crime ''involving moral turpitude."
It appeared, therefore, that the alien in question was not in this
country in violation of the immigration laws, and consequently could
not be deported upon such charge, although it was evident that he
was indeed a crimmal whom it was undesirable to retain.**
III. Persons charged with crime in foreign countries, but untried,
evidently do not come under the present exclusion clause of the immi-
gration law. They have not been convicted of crime, and unless
they admit guilt it is impossible to debar or deport them. The
following case is significant because of the gravity of the accusation,
and although deportation was eflfected, it was not because of the
criminal charge of the Italian court.
In March, 1908, an Italian named P C was arrested in
New York. The poUce had information that this man was under
indictment for murder in Italy. The ItaUan consul was communi-
cated with and stated that he had in his possession a certificate of
the Italian Government requesting the arrest of said person for the
crime of ''premeditated murder, committed with a club.'' The crime
was committed in the fall of 1906 and the Italian warrant for his
arrest was dated November 14, 1906.
The accused had succeeded in evading arrest and had reached the
United States probably in December, 1906. His answers before the
board of special inquiry were very evasive and unsatisfactory. No
satisfactory information could be secured from him relative to the
time of his arrival, nor as to the vessel or steamship line on which he
had come. There seemed to be no doubt that this man was the one
specified in the ItaUan warrant. He denied that he was guilty of
tne murder charged, but at the time of his last examination admitted
that he had fled from Italy because of his impending arrest. He could
not be deported, however, upon the charge of being in the United
States in violation of law, in that he had not been* convicted of, nor had
he admitted having committed, a felony or other crime or misdemeanor
involving moral turpitude, prior to coming to the United States.
He was mially deported, however, on the charge of '* being in the United
o It was, however, possible iinder the circumstances for the Italian Government to
secure his arrest and return to Italy under extradition proceedings, but in no other
way could he be sent out of the United States.
79340**— VOL 36—11 19
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282 The Immigration Commission.
States unlawfully/' in that he had landed at a tune or place other than
that designated oy the immigration officers.
The shortcomings of the law are noticeable in this case, for if it
had been possible to show a landing after inspection by the immigra-
tion authorities this undesirable ahen could not have been deported.
IV. Against another class of immigrants as dangerous to society
as convicted criminals the present law is powerless. These are men
who, although convicted ot no crime, are regarded at home as dan-
gerous or suspicious characters and are kept under observation by
the police. It is now impossible to debar them from entering the
United States, although it is frequently clear that they are as unde-
sirable as the convicted criminal. Sometimes they have been tried
abroad for a criminal charge, but have escaped conviction; at other
times they are merely men of evil associations, who are suspected of
criminal activities but against whom no evidence can be obtained.
In either case the likelihood of their becoming members of the criminal
class in this country is great enough to warrant some provision for
their exclusion.
The cases of Galante Di Dio Cologero, Guiseppe Fontana, and
Archangelo Guanero are typical of this class.
Regarding Galante Di Dio Cologero, the certificate of the Italian
court stated that ''although the records do not show any conviction,
he 13 held and looked upon by all in his village as a mafioso,<» and his
reputation is bad.''
The ItaUan certificate regarding Archangelo Guanero was of like
tenor. Although no conviction of crime appeared against him, he
was ''looked upon by all in his village as a mafioso" and was **of evil
reputation.''
The case of Guiseppe Fontana, however, while likewise showing no
convictions, gives evidence of a much greater criminal activity.
Fontana's "Biographical card" and a letter from poUce headquarters
in Palermo are as follows:
Biographical card of Guiseppe Fontana.
(Translation.]
Charge.
Accused of the murder of one Francesco Cavallaro. and also of committing highway
robbery upon him, being also charged with having formed a criminal assoclatioii.
Rele.ised A.pr. 11, 1873, for lack of evidence.
.\rrested for highway robbery and attempted kidnaping of one Cesare Todare. Re-
leased Aug. 3, 1881, for lack of evidence.
Arrested for bighwav robbery and assault committed on one Deluca. Released July
11, 1885, for lack of evidence.
Arrested on the charge of being a party to a criminal association. Released May 12,
1894, for lack of evidence.
Arrested for counterfeiting. Released June 7, 1896, for lack of evidence.
Arretted fof being suspected of killing one Emanuel Notarbartolo. Released Jan. 14,
1899. Arrested again July 24» 1904, on the same charge. Released for lack of evi-
dence.
Note.— Under special police surveillance from March 7, 1878, to May 6, 1880.
• A " mafioso," as the term is used here, is a " tough "—one having an habitual disregard for the law.
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Immigration and Crime. 283
LETTER FROM THE QUESTOR OF PALERMO.
[Translation.)
(Object: Pontana, Qulseppe, son ol Vlcenzo and Marzerbo, Anna, born Oct. 14, 1852, in Vlllabote.)
Palermo, March 18, 1907,
Guiseppe Fontana is a dangerous criminal, a most suspicious character, and one
capable of organizing and directing any criminal enterprise, having been affiliated
here with the Mafia, not only of this district and province, but elsewhere.
Although the penal certificate issued by the president of the local tribunal shows
only a single charge against him, and even that not sufficiently supported to convict
hiin, yet from the records of this office, of which the accompanying biographical card
is a copy, it appears that many and grave are the offenses alleged to have been com-
mitted by him, but of which the proofs were always lacking. From which it will
readily be seen that this Fontana has shown himself to be a criminal, and there is
little doubt that he may have been concerned in certain homicides that have occurred
in New York.
The Questor, F». Sangtorqi.
The honorable, the Prefect, Palermo.
In reporting on this case, the then police commissioner of New
York, Gren. Theodore A. Bingham, said that he beUeved the evidence
of criminality strong enough to warrant deportation. The lack of
any conviction of crime abroad, however, makes it impossible to
apply the deportation clause of the immigration law in such cases,
and unless some revision of the law be made, men of the stamp of
Guiseppe Fontana must be permitted to enter, and remain in, the
United States.
The greatest shortcoming, however, of the present immigration
law lies in the fact, not that it is powerless against any but the one
class of criminals who have been actually convicted prior to their
arrival in the United States, but that it is ineffective against many
of this very class it was designed to deal with. This is the result of
?)lacing a three-year limit upon the time within which an alien unlaw-
ully in the country may be deported. If discovery and conclusive
proof of the conviction of an immigrant be not made within three
years of the date of his arrival, it becomes impossible to secure his
deportation. Even though evidence of his foreign conviction be
obtained within the three years, if the man himself be not appre-
hended and brought before the board of special inquiry before the
three years have expired, nothing can be done unless the action
resulting in his apprenension was instituted by the Bureau of Immi-
gration and Naturalization less than three years after his arrival;
such action begun by other authorities could not be considered as
falling within the rule.
The case of Vincenzo Abbadessa stands as an example of the inade-
quacy of the three-year limit. The translation of his penal certificate
reads as follows:
Tribunal op Reogio Calabria, Italy,
March /, 1907.
This certifies that Vincenzo Abbadessa, son of Pasquale and Cosoleto Mariangela,
bom November 17, 1855, has been sentenced as follows:
December 5, 1868, 6 days in prison for assault.
August 16, 1870, 1 month, and 6 months under special police surveillance for robbery.
November 5. 1870, 4 months for robbery.
November 18, 1871, 3 months in prison, 6 months under special police surveillance.
September 18, 1875, 1 year for robbery.
June 5, 1876, 4 months* for blackmail.
September 20, 1876, 6 months in prison for assault.
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284 The Immigration Commission.
December 16, 1878, 7 months for robbery.
December 31, 1883, 4 iponths for disorderly conduct.
June 19, 1884, 2 months for assault.
October 22, 1885, 2 months for disorderly conduct.
April 17, 1886, 3 months for robbery.
October 11, 1886, 4 months for violating his parole.
October 3, 1889, 8 months for robbery and a fine of 100 francs and 3 years under
special police surveillance.
September 29, 1893, at Tunis, 8 months for robbery.
March 17, 1897, 40 days for violating his parole.
June 25, 1897, 25 days under special police surveillance.
Aug[U6t 25, 1897, 5 months for resisting the royal police.
April 25, 1898, arrested for robbery; not proven.
July 4, 1898, 4 months and 20 days for assault.
August 17, 1898, 4 months and 15 days for assault and violating his parole.
March 6, 1899, 1 month for violating his parole.
August 26, 1899, 2 months for violating his parole.
September 7, 1900, 60 days for violating his parole.
February 9, 1901, charge of robbery; not proven.
September 17, 1904, 3 mon4Ji8 and 15 days for violating his parole.
Peoniary 27, 1905, 40 days for violating his parole.
(Signed) The Pbbpect of Pouce.
On May 29, 1905, 61 dajrs after the expiration of his last Italian
sentence, this man arrived in the United States. On December 21,
1906, he was arrested in New York on a criminal charge, and on March
18, 1907, was sentenced to two and a half years' miprisonment in
Sing Sing.
Abbadessa's penal certificate was not secured from Italy, and the
police department of New York consequently was not in a position
to take steps toward liis deportation until tfuly 20, 1908. At that
time he had been in the United States about two months more than
three years, and although he had been convicted of crime and sen-
tenced, to Sing Sing prison before he had been three years in this
country he could not oe deported.**
Thus a man with a long criminal record, who had already received
a criminal sentence in the United States, was permitted to remain in
the country merely because his incarceration m an American prison
made it impossible to bring deportation proceedings against him until
his release. Yet others, with no evidence of criminal conduct since
their arrival in the United States, are promptly deported because of
petty crimes abroad.
The cases of Salvatore Messina and Salvatore Schif ani illustrate the
slight offenses which are sometimes sufiicient to secure deportation.
Salvatore Messina was sentenced by the justice of Novarra on January
29, 1896, to 15 days in jail for larceny. Two years later, on January
15, 1898, the justice of Barcellona sentenced him to 3 days in jail
for a very petit larceny. Seven and a half years after this, on J^ly 1,
1905, Salvatore Messina arrived in the United States. On May 14,
1908, he was deported on the steamship Hamburg because of these two
slight offenses, the last of which was committed over 10 years before.
For 10 years, so far as the Italian criminal records show^, Salvatore
Messina had lived a law-abiding hfe. Yet because of 18 days spent
in Italian jails it was necessary to deport him, while Vencenzo Abba-
dessa, with a long career of crime benind him, must be permitted to
o This case is also cited by Deputy Police Commissioner Arthur Woods, of New
York, in an article on "The Problem of the Black Hand," in McClure's Magazine
lor May, 1909.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Immigration and Crime. 285
remain in the United States. The ruling of the Secretary of Com-
merce and Labor in Messina's case was, that although his offenses
were probably considered slight, since the sentence was mild, ** theft
involves moral turpitude'' and the subject therefore came within the
scope of the law.
The case of Salvatore Schifani is a similar one. His p>enal certifi-
cate shows but one conviction (which was for incendiarism), with a
sentence of one month of detention and a fine of 100 lire, reduced by
the tribunal of Palermo to 15 days' detention and a fine of 50 lire
flialf the original sentence). Yet Salvatore Schifani was deported on
the Liguria January 2, 1909.
Not only do immigrant criminals enter the United States through
the re^lar channels of immigration, passing the inspection at ports of
entry m company with other immigrants, but some of them come as
seamen on foreign vessels, while others land at Canadian ports and
make their way across the border.
The two following cases are examples of the employment of these
means of entering the country:
The report of a confidential agent on "C P " says:
He committed a crime in Sicily; escaped to Tunis; from there shipped as a sailor
on board a vessel bound for New York. His criminal record at home shows that he
served a term for murder, and was also put under police surveillance.
The report of a confidential agent on says:
Camehere from Palermo, Italv, some three yearsago. Was pon vie ted while in Italy of
robbery when he was 19 years old. He served 2 years. Was later arrested with oUiers
for the murder of an Italian farmer. He was again convicted and sentenced to a term
of 9 years. After serving 4 vears he escaped to France. He was smuggled on board
a steamer for Montreal, lanaed there, and thence made his way to New York. Haa
been here 5 months; has been arrested for passing coimterfeit money, imder an
assumed name (unknown to us), but escaped punishment. Was implicated in the
shooting of , in New York City, but all were afraid to testify M^ainst him.
He executed the orders of the leader of the gang to which he belongs. He does not
work, and has never been employed since he came. There is, or was at the time he
escaped from prison, a reward offered for his arrest.
These are conditions difficult to deal with. Especially is the entry
of foreign criminals jb^s alien seamen a matter requiring serious con-
sideration. A special report on ali^n seamen has been prepared by
the Immigration Commission and may be referred to for further
discussion of this matter.*
The InMnigration Commission investigated only some five hundred
cases. The question still remains unanswered, How many of these
ItaUan criminals are in the country? No one can tell, but it is
likely that the number is greater than is popularly supposed. Gen-
Theodore A. Bingham says:
It is estimated that there are at least 3,000 of these desperadoes [criminals from
Southern Italy; perhaps not all of them with penal records abroad, however] in New
York, amon^ them as many ferocious and desperate men as ever gathered in a modern
city in the time of peace — medieval criminals who must be dealt with imder modem
laws, ft
a Alien seamen and stowaways. See vol. 2 of Reports of the Immigration Com-
mission. (S. Doc. No. 747, Cist cong., 3d sess.)
ft Foreign Criminals in New York, by Theodore A. Bingham. North Americas
Review, vol. 188, p. 392.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
286 The Immigration Commission.
It appears from the Italian penal records and from the criminal
statistics of the United States that ItaUan crimes in this country are
very like those in Italy — crimes of extortion and blackmail, of personal
violence, and private vengeance. But at times they appear to assume
more violent and destructive forms here than abroad. In some sec-
tions of the United States, and especially in New York City, they have
excited considerable alarm. In 1908 General . Bingham, then police
commissioner of Xew York, wrote that —
In New York . . . crimes of blackmailing, blowine up shops and houses, and
kidnaping of their fellow-countrymen, have become prevsJent among Italian residents
of the city to an extent that can not much longer be tolerated.^
Thus far the crimes of Italians have been mainly directed against
their own countrymen, who, knowing the character of the criminals
and the swiftness of their vengeance, have hesitated to make com-
plaint. According to the reports of the New York poUce department,
and from the investigations of the Commission, this terrorism appears
most natural. The victims almost universally refuse to give any sort
of assistance in bringing Italian criminals to justice, fearmg above all
things their vengeance. The men who have been boldest m securing
evidence for the Commission, and whose reports have been most care-
fully checked up by securing penal certificates from Italy and other
evidence sufficient to procure the deportation of criminals, have posi-
tively refused to appear in any way against the objects of their
investigation or to let it be known that they were in any way con-
nected with the work. They have asserted that if it were known that
they had been making such mvestigations their Uves would be in con-
stant jeopardy.
The great majority of the Italians in this country are law-abiding
and industrious; that they should be the prey of that small proportion
of criminals who pass with them through tne American ports of entry is
a grave reflection upon the efficiency of our immigration laws. Not
only do ItaUan criminals enter the Unit-ed States, but also criminals
from other countries. It appears probable, however, that the Italian
criminals are largest in numbers and create most alarm by the violent
character of their offenses in this country.
It is clear that regulations should be made t>o check this entrance
of criminals and better to provide for the deportation of those who
succeed in entering.
o Foreign Criminals in New York, by Theodore A. Bingham. North American
Review, vol. 188, p. 386.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
GENERAL TABLES.
NEW YOBK CITY XA6ISTBATES' COUBTS: TABLES 1-10.
NEW YOBK CHILDBEN'S COIJBTS: TABLES 11 AND 12.
NEW YOBK COTTBT OF 6ENEBAL SESSIONS: TABLES 18-88.
NEW YOBK COUNTY AND 8X7PBEXE COTTBTS: TABLES 88-60.
CHICAGO POLICE ABBESTS: TABLES 61 AND 68.
ELASSACHIJSETTS PENAL INSTITIJTIONS : TABLES 68-69.
ALIEN PBISONEBS IN THE UNITED STATES: TABLES 70-84.
287
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Table 16. — Previous convictions of j)ersons convicted, by general nativity and race: New
York covji of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909,
[ThJs table does not include 40 persons not r^ortlns complete data.]
Genenl nativity and race.
Number
con-
victed.
Number
no pre-
vious con^
victions.
Number reporting each speciftsd
number of previous oonrio-
tions.
L
2.
8or
more.
Total
Native-born of native Cathen
White
414
210
1
308
150
1
74
40
10
9
13
2
106
Negro
51
Indian
Total
625
468
114
28
15
157
Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father:
Englbh 7^..
29
112
94
208
83
48
27
10
87
60
218
61
38
19
14
23
54
13
7
6
2
7
9
12
5
3
3
2
4
2
14
4
1
10
German
25
Hebrew
34
Irish
80
Tt^lfan . , ,
22
Other foreign •
10
8
Total
691
An
123
30
27
180
Total natJvp-bom
1,316
070
237
67
43
846
Foreign-bom:
English
40
123
11
241
02
232
18
16
12
13
9
60
8
84
95
8
182
76
190
18
12
U
11
8
40
4
3
15
3
41
9
27
2
7
2
5
6
(Winan ..»,*.^a»».
27
Greek
3
Hebrew
10
6
6
8
1
1
89
Irish
16
Italian
3)
Maeyar
Negro
3
1
2
1
10
3
1
4
Pc^
1
Russian
2
Scandinavian ...... .
1
Otherfbreign^
1
1
11
Not reported
4
Total foreign-bora
874
707
117
33
18
167
Not reported
32
23
8
1
9
Grand total
2,222
1,700
362
100
60
533
• ''Other foreign" hidudes 5 Bohemian, 1 Canadian. 1 Cuban, 1 Danish, 1 Dutch, 6 French, 1 Qnek,
4 Magyar. 6 Negro, 1 Norwegian, 1 Portuguese, 6 Russian, 1 Scandinavian, Sootcb, 3 Swedish, 2 Swiss,
f Other fonfm" includes 9 Austrian, 1 Belfian, 4 Bohemian, 1 Brasilian, 2 Canadian, 2 Cuban, 1
Chinese, 3 Duilsn, 3 Dutch, 1 Finnish, 9 French. 1 Japanese, 1 Lithuanian, 1 Mexican, 1 Norwegian, 1
Roumanian, i Scotch, 1 Servian, 1 Slovak, 2 Spanish, 5 Swedish, 8 Swiss, 1 Syrian, and 1 West Indian.
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319
Tablb 17. — Prevums convictions of persons convicted^ by offense: New York court
of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909.
[This table does not include 40 persons not reporting complete data.]
Offense.
Number
con-
victed.
Number
reporting
no pre-
vious con-
victions.
Number reporting each specified
number of previous convict
tions.
1.
2.
3or
more.
TotaL
Offenses against chastity:
Bipimy
6
8
5
nHme iignjfiftt nature .x........
1
^
2
Total.
13
11
1
1
2
Offenses against public policy:
Bribery
5
82
3
63
2
6
5
5
70
2
58
2
6
5
Crimes against public health and safety
Fal<in r^.<itration .
11
1
5
1
12
1
Oamimr. . ...
5
Libei.!\J... ..:;:;;:::::::;:::::::::::::;:
Perjury
1
1
Various provisions excise law, etc
Total
166
147
18
1
19
Offenses acainst the person:
Abandonment
13
13
1
273
39
27
33
3
11
12
2
1
2
Abduction
1
Abortion
1
3
1
1
Assault
234
33
27
22
2
29
4
7
1
'^
Homicide
6
Rape
Robbery
6
1
2
3
11
Suicide.
1
Total
402
341
43
10
8
61
1
468
13
4
73
3
080
19
68
1
277
4
68
3
769
18
45
126
2
40
2
25
191
Extortion
4
False posonations and cheats
Forganr
13
2
15
Fraud
Larceny
148
8'
40
1
2
23
3*
211
Malicious mischief and Injuries to property. . . .
Receiving stol<?n property
1
13
Total
1.610
1,184
297
87
51
435
Total deflnftd offenses .............. ^ ^ ^ » ^ 4.
2,200
1.683
359
98
60
617
Offenses not defined
22
17
3
2
5
Orand total |
2,222
1,700
362
100
60
622
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826
The ImmigraticHi Commission.
Table 22. — Faretan-bom persons oonvicUd, by years in the United States and by race:
New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909,
Race.
Number
con-
victed.
Number
reporting
mrsin
TJnited
Btetes.
Number in United Stetes eadi spectIM
number of years.
Under 3.
Under 5.
Under la
Under 98.
English
40
125
11
247
93
237
18
17
12
14
10
60
9
26
91
8
191
61
183
11
7
10
11
5
43
6
8
11
3
30
7
47
5
1
5
4
9
27
8
57
18
76
9
2
6
6
2
16
1
14
40
7
105
21
128
11
4
8
8
3
24
4
20
Oennan
62
Greek
8
Hebrew
ITS
Irish ^.
84
T^M^
168
Magyar
u
NeSo!;:::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
6
FoMfh...
n
Russian
10
Bcandinavian
5
Other foreign^
7
86
Not report^
5
Total
893
663
128
227
877
5«
• " other foreign" inchides 9 Austrian, 1 Belgian, 4 Bohemian. 1 Brasilian, 2 Canadian, 2 Cuban, 1 Uiiw>«»
8 Danish, 3 Dutch, 1 Finnish, 9 French. 1 Jananese, 1 Lithuanian, 1 Mexican, 1 Norwegian, 1 Boomaniaa,
6 Scotch. 1 Servian, 1 SloTak, 2 Spanish, 5 Swedish, 3 Swiss, 1 Syrian, and 1 Weft Indian.
Tablb 28. — Political condition ojf foreign-bom males convicted, by race: New York
court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909,
[This teble inchides only those who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States.)
Number
con-
victed.
Number
reporting
years in
United
Stetes
and
poUtical
condition.
In United Stetes 5
over.
yean or
Race.
Aliens.
am
papers
only.
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
2
2
18
1
8
51
4
40
87
25
18
6
5
4
1
3
7
1
2
3
1
1
C?anadlan ' * '
Danish
1
1
Datch
EnffMsh
6
1
5
Finnish
French «.
8
22
2
21
14
14
1
8
2
14
8
9
10
2
German
2
12
Greek
Hebrew
1
8
1
2
6
Irish
8
Italian, South
4
Tt^il^n (fiot ffpen'f^ed) ....... ^ .^ . ..
1
Maffvar/ *. .
Negro
2
2
1
1
1
Polish
1
Roumanian
Russian
2
2
1
1
1
Bran^linayian ..<..<............
1
Scotch
Spanish ... .
Swiss (race not snecifled)
Total
230
105
62
11
42
Digitized by
Google
General Tables.
327
TabIiS 24.— P€r«0TM convicted f by offense and by age group: New York court of general
eeseicTu, October i, 1908, to July i, 2909,
[Thia table does not indade 7 pencms not reporting complete data.)
Number within each specified age group.
Offense.
Under
14.
14 and
16.
16 to 20.
21 to 39.
40 or
OTer.
Total.
Offenses against chastity:
Bigamy
1
3
2
6
2
1
5
CWmeflT^^in^tr natwe
9
Total
4
7
8
14
Offenses against public policy:
Bribery
6
60
1
29
1
6
6
6
Crimes against public health and safety
20
1
2
6
1
84
1
86
3
GamingT
66
Libel
2
Perjury
6
Various provisions of excdse Law, etc . .
6
Total
23
107
41
171
Offenses aeainst the person:
Af^w^noriment
11
10
2
1
1
89
11
1
4
1
13
Abduction
2
13
Abortion.
1
AflWHilt
1
69
4
9
6
1
177
24
17
23
1
276
Homicide
39
Rape
27
Robbery
33
BnUfit^^.
3
Total
1
81
263
60
406
Offenses against property:
Arson
1
26
1
2
U
1
102
4
6
1
4
219
6
1
14
280
6
1
48
2
665
16
40
478
Extortion
13
Falm persofiatioiis and cheats
4
Fogefy
1
74
Fraud
8
Larceny
1
14
807
1
16
960
«ty
20
Receiving stoten property
61
Total
1
19
664
907
162
1,643
Total defined offenses
1
70
1
672
1
1,284
17
266
8
2,m
Ofllensffi not downed
Qrand total. ^^^
1
21
678
1,801
280
2,266
Digitized by
Google
828
The Immigratioa CommissicHi.
Tablb 25. — Literacy of persons convicted^ by general nativity and race: New York eoitri
of general seesions, October 1, 1908^ to July J, 1909,
General nstivitj and raoo.
Nomber
con-
victed
Number
reporting
as to
literacy.
Number
who
read.
Number
who
read and
write.
Native-born of native tethen
White
421
213
' I
o419
213
1
• 419
197
1
a419
Negro
196
Indiiui
1
Total
635
o633
• 617
• 616
Native-born of foreign fattier, bj race of father:
English
20
113
»7
302
48
35
48
27
20
113
97
302
47
35
48
27
20
110
97
800
47
32
47
26
29
Qennan
110
Hebrew
97
Irish
300
Italian (not specified)
47
I tal Ian . Sou t h
33
Other foreign *
47
Not reported
26
Total
eo9
696
688
G88
Total native-bom
1.334
a 1,331
• 1,305
• i,aot
Foreign-bom:
English
40
125
11
247
93
136
101
18
17
12
14
10
60
9
40
125
11
247
03
136
101
18
17
12
14
10
GO
9
40
122
9
212
89
91
68
16
15
8
11
10
54
9
40
German
122
Greek
9
Hebrew
212
Irish
88
Italian (not spool fled)
01
Italian, South
06
Mat; var
16
Negro
15
PoHsh
8
Russian
11
Scandinavian
10
Other foreign c
83
Not reported
9
Total foreign-bom
893
893
754
750
Not reported
35
31
29
20
Grand total
2,262
o2,255
• 2,088
• 2,083
• Not including 1 not reporting complete data.
b ** Other foreign" hicludes 5 Bohemian, 1 Canadian, 1 Cuban, I Danish, 1 Dutch, 5 French, 1 Greek, 4
Magyar, 6 Negro, 1 Norwegian, 1 Portuguese, 6 Russian, I Scandinavian, 9 Scotch, 2 Swedish, 2 Swiss, and
1 Welsh.
c '< other foreign" includes 9 Austrian, I Belgian, 4 Bohemian, 1 Brazilian, 2 Canadian, 2 Cuban, 1 Chi-
nese, 3 Danish, 3 Dutch, 1 Finnish, 9 French, 1 Japanese, 1 Lithuanian, 1 Mexican. 1 Norwegian, 1 Rou-
manian, 5 Scotch, 1 Servian, 1 Slovak, 2 Spanish, 5 Swedish, 3 Swiss, 1 Syrian, and 1 West Indian.
Digitized by
Google
General Tables.
329
Table 26. — Literacy ofpermyiM convicted^ by offense: New York court of general sesnons,
October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909.
OfltDse.
Number
cm-
victed.
Number
reporting
as to
Uteracy.
Number
who
read.
Number
who
read and
write.
Oflnaes acainBt ohastitj:
Pto»»ny
5
9
5
9
4
7
4
crime igftinat nature. ....... ^,
7
Total
14
14
11
11
Oflenns agtinst pablio polic j:
Briben^
5
3
65
3
6
5
5
85
2
65
• 2
6
5
5
08
2
60
• 2
6
5
5
Crimes against pablic health and i^etj
68
False registration
3
Oamins
60
Libel.:
• 2
Perjury
5
VarJoos proTlsiona ol excise law, etc
5
Total
172
• 170
• 147
• 147
Ofleoaee aninst the person:
Abaniionment x...... a ..... ....
13
13
1
278
39
27
34
3
13
13
1
277
30
27
32
3
11
13
1
237
20
35
28
8
11
Abduction
12
Abortion
1
A«ault
387
Homicide
28
Rape
• 35
RoSbery
38
Boidde.
3
Total
408
405
347
345
Oflemne against property:
AraoD
1
479
13
4
74
3
991
20
61
1
479
13
4
73
3
990
20
61
Burelary
456
9
4
73
3
944
20
54
454
BxtStlon
9
False personations and cheats
4
F<Rgery
73
Fread
8
Larceny
943
Malicious mischief and injuries to property
30
Receiving stolen property '..'...'....
54
Total
1.646
1,644
1,563
1,560
Total deflnf^l offf^nsee
2,340
23
a 2, 233
22
• 2,0g
20
• 3.063
OffensK not defined
20
Grand total
2.362
• 3,265
• 2,068
• 3,083
79340'-
• Not including 1 not reporting complete data.
-VOL 30—11 22
Digitized by
Google
330
The Immigration Commissicm.
Table 27. — Conjugal condition ofpergons convicted, by general nativity and race: New
York court of general sessions , October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909,
[This table does not include 4 persons n t reporting complete data.]
General nativity and race.
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Divorced.
TotaL
Native-bom of native father:
White
276
139
1
135
71
9
8
420
Negro
213
Indian
1
Total
416
23
81
78
229
39
31
35
14
206
5
27
19
67
9
4
10
11
12
1
5
634
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
English
20
German
113
Hebrew
97
Irish
6
302
48
Ttftliftn/RA"t*^
86
btbtf foreign a
3
2
43
Not reported
27
Total
630
152
17
eoo
Total native-bom
946
358
29
1,333
Foreign-bom:
English
23
73
8
187
58
91
63
12
13
6
9
6
37
8
14
44
2
59
31
44
37
5
4
6
5
3
21
1
3
7
1
1
4
1
1
1
40
G«nnan
1
125
Greek
11
Hebrew
247
•Irish
93
Italian (not «»p«viflAd)
136
Italian, SoMt*^
101
Magyar
18
NeST::;::::;::::::::. ::...::::::::::::::;:::
17
Polish
12
Russian
14
Scandinavian
1
2
10
Other foreign b » . .
00
Not reportwi
Total foreign-bom ,
594
276
22
1
808
Not reported
26
4
2
32
Grand total ,
1,566
638
53
1
2,258
• ''Other foreign" includes 5 Bohemian, 1 Canadian, 1 Cuban, 1 Danish, 1 Dutch. 5 French, 1 Greel^
4 Mamr, 6 Negro, 1 Norwegian, 1 Portuguese, 6 Russian, 1 Scandinavian, 9 Scotch, 2 Swedish, 2 8wi», and
» ''Other foreign" includes 9 Austrian, 1 Belgian, 4 Bohemian. 1 Brazilian, 2 Canadian, 2 Cuban, 1 Chtnesa,
8 Danish, 3 Dutch, 1 Finnish, 9 French, 1 Jf^umese, 1 Lithuanian, 1 Mexican, 1 Norwegian, 1 Bonmaniwi,
5 Scotch, 1 Servian 1 Slovak, 2 Spanish, 5 Swedish, 3 Swiss, 1 SyriaB, aod 1 Weft Indian.
Digitized by
Google
General Tables.
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Tabls 88. — Persons convicted, by offense and by country of birth: New York county
and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908.
BxvBBD cuLsamcAnoiT OF orrsMua.
IComplled from reports made to the secretary of state, by the New York comi^ and supreme courti
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United
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Burglary
2,181
16
221
3,009
238
72
2
9
191
6
24
30
138
1
17
202
7
60
8
8
128
8
125
36
7
238
89
27
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31
4
156
1
17
313
11
91
10
12
181
8
718
83
76
1,414
84
100
1
13
90
18
2,999
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70
Forxery and firandolent offenses.
Larceny and receiving stolen
DroDorty.
5
52
4
5
78
2
310
4,518
Bobbery
340
Total
5,666
280
85
115
360
197
445
63
498
302
2,345
222
8,233
Ofltonses of personal violence:
Abdocoon and kidnaping
Assault
Homicide. ,
87
630
72
1
115
2
62
7
1
6
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2
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6
24
342
74
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73
5
5
64
6
36
663
110
1
63
1
40
8
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74
1,333
190
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2
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1
2
11
2
25
1
3
12
188
Total
855
78
16
13
67
46
465
17
84
87
873
59
1,787
Offenses agahist public policy:
Crimes against public health and
9afMy
127
263
39
15
2
10
4
1
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4
10
13
11
27
3
3
3
15
3
163
12
58
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1
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2
15
4
9
7
11
12
23
9
229
49
168
30
1
1
149
9
310
Oaming
177
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AflothfT .
580
87
TotaL
509
31
14
17
54
24
244
11
85
56
485
160
1,154
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65
25
81
14
8
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2
6
2
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2
2
8
1
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2
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12
11
6
1
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8
111
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Disorderly house, obscene prints .
eto
35
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2
2
1
49
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4
28
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185
10
1
11
13
8
13
2
12
7
72
16
223
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122
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834
419
68
124
6
161
23
514
41
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101
96
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458
62
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415
474
6
11,639
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1,255
Grand total
8,120
472
130
184
555
345
1,284
96
718
510
4,294
480
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General Tables.
358
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854
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Table 40. — Previous convictions of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December SI, 1908,
[This table does not indode 3 corporations and 323 persons not reporting complete data.]
Country of birth.
Total
number
reixntng.
Number
reporting
previous
canvictions.
United States
7,984
2 445
Anstria-Hongary
466
128
14
10
16
180
44
642
39
11
339
1,262
29
94
19
707
44
36
27
15
47
164
80
Canada. . " '
30
Chin^
Cuba
1
Dounark
4
England r r
41
France -,-..- '. .
10
GermanT
148
Qreeoe
4
Holland
3
Tn4«nd
63
Italy
135
Norway
3
Pobmd , . . ,
33
Rcomania. ^ r ,,,,-,,., .-.t,, .-,...,.,..
2
Rosaia
135
R<>otland
9
B^v^ffl4fn ... - -
7
flwitfflriand .
5
Turkey
West Indies
5
Other foreign ,
30
Total foreign
4,222
748
Notxeoorted
362
99
Grand total
12,568
3,293
Digitized by
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856
The Immigration Commission,
Tabls ^1,^-^Previoiu oonvictums of penom convicted, hy oWente: New York county
and supreme courU, January 1, 1907, to JDecemSier 31, 1908,
[This table does not indade 8 corporatkos tad 326 penons not raporttng complete data.]
GihDsa.
Total
number
reporting.
convietlQiia.
N mmber
reporting
Offlenses against chastity:
Bigamy
Grmie aninst natore
Disordeny house
AUothsr
Total
Oftenses against public policy:
Grimes against pabUo health and safety
Qsming
Periury ^
VanoQS provisions of excise law, etc
AH other
Total
Offenses against the person:
Abandonment and other acts of cruelty to children
Abduction
Assault
Homicide
Bape
Bobbery
All other
Total
Offlansee against p rop erly:
Arson
Burglary
B xtortJo n,
Forgery
Larceny
ICalidoas mischief
Receiving stolen property
AH other
Total
Total deOn
Ofiansee not deOned.
OrandtotaL..
106
35
46
24
213
304
74
34
498
150
1,060
106
62
1,283
182
187
340
39
2,190
34
2,946
70
301
3,909
67
465
8
7,890
11,363
1,206
12,568
11
13
8
8
27
19
6
64
7
123
10
16
262
124
5
7
1,154
7
86
1,044
12
18S
8,096
197
*T5
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General Tables.
857
Table 42.— P«r«on* convicted, by offense and by age group: New Tori county and
iupreme cowrU^ January 1 to Veeember SI, 1907,
[Thii table does not inolade 1 oorporatioii and 107 persons not reporting oomplets data.]
Number within each specified age gronpb
Total
Oflenss.
Under 14
years.
14 and 15
years.
10 to 20
years.
21 to 10
years.
40 years
croTer.
number
OBsuses sgainst chastity i
Bigamj ., ',
50
7
14
2
10
5
10
2
1
00
CrirneB'agatnst natare
2
2
10
Disorderly houses, obscene prints, etc. .
24
InoQBt ..
4
1
Total
2
2
73
28
105
''**■*'*'"
Offenses against public poUoy:
Bribery. ..•••.......
1
1
Gomponndhig crhne
1
70
1
1
Ofmffl ftgftinfft pvMfchml^ and safety .
84
2
11
1
1
124
1
f
1
Escape .".
2
2
False rectotntlon
1
2
20
1
3
O^mliijr
47
07
linrportfaur fSoicln criminals. ..........
1
KSenr?:.!^T.!!z!T!//.:;::::::
1
7
03
1
1
2
3
103
11
106
Total
1
40
231
143
415
* * *
Oflbnses against the person:
Abandonment and other acts of croelty
tochUdien
57
20
1
411
60
4
2
45
04
4
10
4
2
01
16
07
Abduction
83
Abortion.
3
AfflHHi^ , ,,
1
111
12
014
Homioide
87
FMnApfng.....
4
va^Tfimff . . .
1
10
50
2
3
RMie...:..
14
8
78
BoSbery
147
BnV^^ .
Totsl
1
204
607
140
1,042
Offenses against property:
Arson
1
41
2
525
5
7
520
18
8
85
1,083
10
02
1
80
2
1
15
188
4
17
11
Buniary
2
1,174
eSSSS:::::"::;!:;""::"::::::::
25
False personations and cheats
4
Vcftgfrj
1
84
4
3
33
757
6
77
134
Larceny
6
i,068
Halidous mischief and injuries to
24
Reoeivibkg stolen property
180
Total
8
84
1,405
1,818
814
3,620
Total defined offenses
8
88
8
1,651
34
2,819
112
025
00
5,101
Offgy^HW not df^ftjied
ii
Orand total
8
OG
1,685
2,031
085
5,405
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358
Tlie Immigration Commission.
Table 43. — Persons convicted, hy offense and by age group: New York county and
supreme courts^ January 1 to Vecember SI, 1908,
[This table does not include 2 corporations and 118 persons not reporting complete data.]
Number within each spedfled age group.
Total
Offense.
Under 14
years.
14 and 16
years.
16 to 20
years.
21 to 30
years.
40 years
or over.
"ST
Offenses against chastity:
Adultery
2
3
6
6
43
6
13
4
5
2
6
7
8
10
Bigamy
51
Crimes acrainst nature
19
Disonlcrly houses, obscene prints, etc. .
21
Incest
4
Seduction
2
7
Total
13
77
2
22
3
1
1
12
1
2
56
112
Offenses against public policy:
Bribery
- ■ =
5
Com])ounding crimes
1
Consjpirac V
2
112
13
5
60
1
1
14
1
141
3
Crimes against public health and safety
Crimps against public peeoo ^ . .
1
46
1
170
15
Escape .
7
G ammg •
2
108
Lottery
1
Cifitm^fi^ against the public jtisticA
1
Perjury
6
4
33
Unlawful practice of medicine
1
Various provisions of excise law, etc. . .
3
8
118
270
Total
4
61
342
108
006
Offenses against the person:
Abandonment and other acts of cruelty
to children
33
14
1
457
1
62
4
68
106
4
7
4
4
99
40
Abduction
11
9
Abortion
5
Assault
3
140
706
Coercion
1
Homicide
21
2
27
74
1
14
2
24
6
5
97
Kidnaping
8
Rape
100
RoDberv
186
Suicide
10
Total
3
1
88
285
6
811
10
740
16
858
30
2
100
1
1,U5
19
157
166
1,193
Offenses against property:
Arson ,
2
98
2
1
29
34
Burglary
1
1,806
Extortion
42
False Dersonations and cheats
3
Forgery
38
167
Fraud .. ........
1
Larceny
1
667
19
101
172
5
24
1,054
Malicious mischief and injuries to
property
43
Receiving stolen property
2S2
Total
2
48
1,642
2,297
333
4,32
Total defined offenses
2
2
65
63
2,001
271
3,466
667
718
139
6,232
1,033
Grand total
4
108
2,272
4.023
857
7.254
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General Tables.
359
Table 44. — Literacy of persons convicted, 6y country of birth: New York county and
supreme courts , January 1, 1907, to December SI, 1908,
[This table does not include 3 corporations and 351 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reported
having attended school are included in columns 3 and 4.]
Country of birth.
Number
con-
victed.
who read.
Number
who read
and
write.
United States
8,004
7,806
7,684
Austfi^^HuTigary
466
128
14
9
15
182
43
550
39
11
838
30
95
19
714
44
35
30
15
47
155
398
121
11
9
15
178
41
530
28
11
329
807
29
75
15
539
43
33
80
11
43
128
396
Canada T...'.
121
rh*tm
11
Cuba
9
Penroark . . . .
15
England ..
177
France
41
n^rn^an J . .
527
Greece, r
28
Holland
9
freland
328
Italy
789
Nonray
28
Poland.
73
Roomania
15
Russia
532
fU^^nri , . ,
41
Sweden .*
33
SwitMrland
30
Turkey
11
West indies
43
OtiMT ^oreiim • , , , ,
124
Total foreign ,
4,242
8,424
3,381
297
261 1 258
Grand total
12,543
11,491
11,323
another foreign" includes 1 Africa, 1 Armenia, 6 Australia, 6 Belgium, 1 Brazil, 1 British Guiana, 1 Bul-
garia, 4 Finland. 1 India. 1 Japan, 1 New Zealand, 4 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine Islands. 6 Porto Rico, 1
Portugal, 4 Servla, 9 South America, 7 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 8 Wales, and 90 foreign (not specified).
Table 45. — Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and
supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December SI, 1908.
[This table does not include 8 corporations.)
Number
con-
victed.
Number
report-
""^^
tog.
Number
report-
ing no
school,
tog.
Number reporting schooling todicated.
Country of birth.
Common
or public.
Academy
or high.
College.
Other.
Total.
United States
8,120
2.468
198
2,135
84
28
23
2,270
Austria-Hungary
Canada
472
130
14
10
15
184
45
555
39
11
345
1,284
30
96
118
85
4
68
7
3
49
73
1
1
50
3
2
78
Pfilnii.
1
Cuba.
3
36
6
174
15
3
64
618
5
79
3
28
4
149
4
3
51
159
4
59
3
4
2
20
11
4
32
4
3
2
154
4
Ttt<n».nt\
3
beland
9
456
1
20
2
2
2
1
55
TtAlv
163
"KnrmsL-v
4
Polan<L
69
Digitized by
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860
The Immigration Commission.
Tablb i^.— Schooling of persom convicted, by country of birth: New Yorl county
and tupreme eoiarU, Jcmuaary i, 1907, to December 31, i^^— Continued.
Nomber
oon-
▼loted.
Nomber
report-
ing as to
Mbool-
Nomber
report-
tog.
Country of birth.
Common
orpobUc.
Academy
or high.
CoUege.
Other.
TbtaL
Romnfini*
19
718
44
86
80
18
47
156
4
248
12
10
8
6
112
4
176
1
3
^^iffffi^
66
8
8
1
2
82
8
2
68
Sootland
u
Sweden
8
ftwitffrlMid ..........
1
4
4
27
1
Weetlndief.
2
Other foreign*
2
1
8S
Total foreign
4,2M
1,606
818
767
21
8
1
787
Not reported
480
281
86
229
8
7
1
3ff
Grand total
12,884
4,864
1,062
3,121
118
43
26
1.308
• "Other foreign" Inohides 1 i
.1 Armenia, 6 Ao
Belgiom, 1 Bnxfl, 1 British Ouiana, 1 Bid-
>tia, 1 Philippine Islands, 6 Porto Bioo, 1
8, and 90 foreign (not specofied).
_ __ lAJrica,]
nrla, 4 Fto]and7l India, 1 Japan, INew Zealand, 4 Nova
Fortogal, 4 8ervla, Booth Amerioa, 7 Spato, 1 Tripoli, 8 Wake,
Table M*— Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and
tupreme courts, Januaiy 1 to December SI, 1907,
[This table does not indnde 1 corporatton and 146 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reporting
having attended school are indoded in columns 3 and 4.]
Country of birth.
Number
con-
Tfoted.
Nomber
who
Nomber
who read
andwrita
United Btatee
8,4B2
8,872
8,8»
Aofltria-Hongary
183
82
70
19
228
168
618
38
803
18
22
14
24
97
163
49
68
18
228
166
336
30
286
18
22
14
23
81
161
Caoada .'...' , , . , . , »
49
FnglMfH
68
France. ...X... ^.. . .. . .
18
GermanT ...
230
Inland
16t
Italy
334
P(>1ftn(f _ . , .
28
HnsMft ....,,..
2M
Scotland
16
p^^^
S
Bwitnirldnd
14
Wett Indies
23
nthflr«M«ign«
77
Total foreign
1,749
1,436
1.418
Not reported
165
137
134
Grand total
6,366
4,944
4,877
• "Other foreten" includes 1 Armenia, 3 Australia, 2 Belfftom, 1 Brazil, 1 British Oolana. 4 China, 7
Denmark, 2 Finland, 10 Qreeoe, 4 Holland, 1 India, 1 Japan, 8 Norway, 1 Nova Scotia, 1 PhlliDpine Islanosy
8 Servla, 6 South Axnerica, 1 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 6 Turkey, 8 Wales and 82 foreign (not spedifed).
Digitized by
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General Tables.
361
Table 47. — Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York county and
supreme courts j January 1 to December Sly 1907.
[This table does not Inolade 1 oorporatkm.]
Number.
con-
victed.
Number
reporting
as to
schooling.
Number
reporting
no
schooling.
Number reporting schooling Indicated.
Country of birth.
Ck>mmon
or public.
Academy
or high.
CoUege.
Other.
Total.
United States
3,507
1,023
90
873
43
14
3
933
Austrla-HuriRary
183
63
71
19
228
164
522
38
304
18
22
14
24
97
34
32
14
6
62
33
234
30
92
4
7
2
2
48
20
3
2
1
6
8
182
8
68
14
26
11
4
65
23
50
22
24
4
7
2
1
31
14
Canala
2
1
2
29
Enf:land
12
France
4
Germany
1
1
1
1
1
1
57
Irplftnd
25
Italy
52
Poland
22
Russia
24
Scotland
4
Sweden
7
Switzerland
2
West Indies
1
16
1
Other foreign o
i
32
Total foreign
1.757
2-18
6,512
699
314
27?
6
6
2S5
Not reported
140
18
112
5
4i 1
122
Grand total
1,762
422
1,258
64
24 I 4
1,340
a « Other foreign" includes: 1 Armenia, 3 Australia, 2 Belgium, 1 Brazil, 1 British Guiana, 4 China, 7
Denmark, 2 Finland, 10 Greece, 4 Holland, 1 India, 1 Japan, 8 Norway. 1 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine Islands,
2 Servia, 6 South America, 1 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 6 Turkey, 3 Wales, and 32 foreign (not specified).
Table 48. — Literacy of persons convicted^ by country of birth: New York county and
supreme courts j January 1 to December SI, 1908.
(This table does not include 2 corporations and 205 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reporting
having attended school are included in columns 3 and 4.]
Country of birth.
Number
con-
victed.
Number
who
read.
Number
who read
and write.
United States
4,542
4,434
4.359
Austria- 11 ungary , .
283
Y6
10
9
112
24
822
29
176
746
22
67
19
411
26
13
16
28
121
235
72
7
9
110
23
307
20
174
471
22
46
15
804
25
11
16
20
103
235
Canada
72
China
7
Cuba
9
England ...
109
France . ,
23
Germany
807
Greece
20
Ireland ,.,,,...,,
174
Italy
465
Norway
21
Poland.
45
Roumania <
15
298
SftOtll^d - r ,
25
Sweden
11
flwitxArlfind .
16
West Indies
20
Other foreign •
101
Total foreign
2,493
1,989
1,963
Not reported
142
124
124
Grand total
7,177
6,647
6,446
• "Other foreign" includes 1 Africa, 3 Australia. 4 Belgium, 1 Bulgaria, 8 Denmark, 2 Finland. 7 Holland,
1 New Zealand, 8 Nova Scotia, 6 Porto Rico, 1 Portugal, 2 Servia, 4 South America, 6 Spain, 9 Turkey Id
Asia, 5 Wales, and 58 foreign (not specified).
7»340''— VOL 36—11 ^24
Digitized by
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362
The Immigratiou Commission.
Table 49.—Sehaolxng ofp€ra(mi convicted^ by country of birth: New York county ani
supreme oourte, January 1 to December Sl^ 1908.
CThis tAbto d068 not inciiidsa oorporattons.]
Number
oon-
ylctad.
Number
reporting
as to
s(dio(4ing.
Number
Country of birth.
no
schooling.
Common
or public
Academy
orhii^
CoUege.
Other.
TotiL
4,<U
1,446
106
1,262
41
14
90
1.07
Austria-Hungary
289
77
10
10
118
26
827
20
181
702
22
(8
10
414
26
14
16
23
121
84
68
4
48
85
48
1
1
36
r^t^H^
1
n
China ,
1
Caha
Rnglonrl
22
1
112
11
81
884
8
40
4
161
8
8
1
4
81
16
274
17
3
20
France
Ofomany
04
2
28
100
3
87
2
1
97
Greeoa.r
2
Tmland...
1
1
1
30
Italy
116
Norway
3
Poland.
12
107
37
Roumania
Rniwift ,
41
5
1
1
1
61
3
2
44
fV>ot]and. . .
7
Sweden
1
SwitEerland
1
West Indies
18
1
Other foreign •
2
'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'..
61
Total foreign
2,&87
1,006
504
484
15
2
1
502
Not reported
232
^ 141
18
117
3
8
la
Grand total
7,382
2,502
630
1,868
50
10
~~»'
i,9fla
• " other foreign " includes 1 Africa, 8 Australia, 4 Belgium. 1 Bulgaria, 8 Denmark, 2 Finland, 7 HoDand,
1 New Zealand, 3 Nova Scotia, 6 Porto Rico, 1 Portugal, 2 Servia, 4 South America, 6 Spahi, 9 Turkey io
Asia, 5 Wales, and 58 foreign (not specified).
Table 50. — Literacy of pereone convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme
courts y January 1, 1907, to December SI, 1908.
[This table does not include 3 corporations and 351 persons not reporting complete data. Persons reported
having attended school are included in columns 3 ana 4.)
Offense.
Number
con-
victed.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and write.
10
8
8
110
102
94
34
29
29
44
40
46
7
7
7
8
7
7
213
193
I8S
A
5
h
2
1
3
3
302
219
217
20
11
11
9
7
3
3
175
169
160
1
1
1
1
Offenses against chastity:
Adultery
Bigamy
Crmie against nature
Disorderly house, obscene prints, etc. . .
Incest
Seduction
Total
Offenses against public i>olicy:
Bribery
Comi>ounding crimes
Conspiracy
Crimes against public health and safety
Crimes against public peace
Escape
False registration
Gaming ^.
Importing foreign criminals
Libel .!;.
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Google
General Tables.
863
Tablb 50.— Literacy of perBons convicted, by ofense: New York county and supreme
courts, January 1, 1907, to December SI, 190S—ContmvLed.
Offense.
Number
oon-
Ticted.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and write.
Offenses against public policy— Continued.
Lotteiy
Offenses against public justice
Perjury
Unlawful practice of medicine
Various provisions of excise law, etc. . . .
Total.
Offenses against the person:
Abandonment and other acts of cruelty to children .
Abduction -
Abortion
Assault
Coercion.^
Homicide..
Kidnaping .
Maiming...
RM>e
Robbery...
Buidde
Total.
Offenses against property:
Arson
Burglary
Extortion
False personations and cheats.
Forgery
Fraud
Larceny
Malicious mlsdiief and injuries to property.
Receiving stolen property
Total.
Total defined offenses.
Offenses not defined
Grand total.
1
467
1,010
107
62
6
1,807
1
17»
13
3
185
835
17
2,3U
34
2,941
70
7
298
1
8,976
67
468
7,802
11,805
1,238
12,543
81
1
407
860
51
3
1,042
140
9
2
161
302
14
1,824
30
2,816
58
7
295
1
3,763
60
7,453
10,330
1,161
11,491
81
1
402
850
99
40
3
1,021
1
185
9
2
157
802
14
1,792
29
2,766
55
7
1
8,715
57
428
7,345
10,172
1,151
11,828
Tablb 51. Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and supreme
courts, January 1, 1907, to December SI, 1908.
[This table does not include 3 oorporations.l
Number
con-
victed.
Number
report-
ing as to
schooling.
Number
report-
ing no
schooling.
Number reporting schooling Indicated.
Offense.
Common
or public.
Academy
or high.
CoUese.
Other.
Total.
OfTenses agataist ohaa-
AduKery
12
HI
35
49
8
8
9
85
17
33
3
3
2
8
5
4
7
25
12
27
8
2
7
Bigamy
Grbne against na-
ture
2
.*..••••..
27
12
Disorderly house,
obecene prints,
etc
2
29
Incest
3
Seduction
1
2
Total
228
100
20
76
4
SO
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364
The Immigration Commission.
Table Sl.^Schooling of persons convictedy hy offense: New Yort county and supreme
courtSy januctry 1, 1907 ^ to Decmher Sl^ 1908 — Continued.
Number
Number
report-
ing as to
schooling.
Number
report-
ing no
schooling.
Number reporting schooling Indicated.
Offense.
con-
victed.
Common
or public.
Academy
or high.
CoHege.
Other.
Total
OffenseB against public
policy:
Bribery
2
3
310
23
9
3
177
1
1
2
1
35
1
580
2
1
1
1
1
1
Compounding
crimes . .
Conspiracy
Crimes against pub-
lic health and
safety
107
19
7
83
9
2
24
10
4
21
Crimes against pub-
lic peace
10
Escape
1
.
5
False registration..
Gaming
32
6
25
1
as
Importing foreign
criminals
Libel
Lottery . . .
2
1
19
1
330
1
1
2
1
1
Offenses against
public Justice
Perjury
16
1
17
Unlawful practice
of medicine
1
7
1
Various provisions
ofexciselaw,etc..
60
271
1
1
2S0
Total
1,164
521
166
352
10
2
1
365
Offenses against the per-
son:
Abandonment and
other acts of
cruelty to chil-
dren
110
62
8
1,333
1
190
12
.«!
340
17
78
23
4
601
8
11
3
265
66
12
3
1
70
AbdiKition
13
Abortion
1
1
Assault
331
5
336
Coercion
Homicide
73
5
2
113
145
7
30
3
1
24
a3
3
33
2
1
85
110
4
1
34
Kidnaping
3
M^ilming
1
Rape. .7
3
1
1
S9
Robbery
113
Suicide
4
Total
2.264
i.niii
390
644
13 ' 2 ; 2
661
Offenses against prop-
Arson
* 35
2,999
70
7
302
1
4,041
71
472
17
1,105
22
3
101
1
969
46
249
4
126
12
13
944
9
3
79
1
«88
89
193
18
Burglary
25
1
6
6
980
Extortion
10
False personations
and cheats
3
3
12
7
98
Fraud
1
Larceny
213
7
45
36
21
11
756
Malicious mischief
and injuries to
property
39
Receiving stolen
nroDcrtv
8
8
204
Total
7,998
2 Ria
409
1.969
82
36
17
2,104
Total defined of-
fenses
Offenses not defined. . .
11,639
1,255
4,1S5
169
976
77
8,041
80
109
4
40
8
90
6
8,210
93
Grand total
12,894 4,854
1,052
8,121
113
43
26
8,303
Digitized by
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General Tables.
365
Table fi2.— Literacy of pereom convictedy by offense: New York county and tupreme
caurtSy January 1 to December SI, 19C7,
|Thit teble does not inehide 1 oocpontkm and 148 penona not reporting complete dati. Peraons reporttof
having attended aohooi are incladed in colamn^ 3 and 4.)
Offense.
Nnmber
con-
vksted.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and writs.
Offenses against chastity:
Crune against nature
Disorderly bouse, obscene prints, etc.
looert
Seduction
Total.
Offenses against pubUo policy:
Bribery
Compounding crimes
Crimes against public health and safety.,
Crimes against public peace
Escape
False registration
Oaming
Importing foreign criminals
PeiWy 'ii' •--••••••••. -••••••-'••
Various provisions of excise law, etc .
Total.
Offenses against the person:
Abandonment and other acts of omalty to children .
Abduction
Abortion
Ananlt.
Homidde
Kkbu^ing.
Maiming...
Bape
Bobbery...
Boleids
Total.
against property:
Arson
Burglary
Extortion
False perBonatlons and cheats
Forgery
Larceny
Ifaiidous mischief and iiUurtas to property.
Baodving stolen property
Total.
Total dsflned offenses.
Ollmses not defined
Qrand total.
103
1
1
135
£
3
3
«7
1
1
10
195
67
33
2
612
86
4
8
78
148
7
1,039
11
1,167
26
4
133
2,067
34
188
8,899
6,162
214
6,880
97
10
177
361
61
27
2
482
67
4
2
66
136
7
854
9
1,134
20
4
133
1,962
19
160
3,430
4,742
203
4,944
63
13
34
4
1
1
1
93
6
3
8
66
1
10
173
868
61
35
3
474
67
4
3
64
136
7
843
8
1,113
30
4
130
1,936
17
160
3,387
4,676
202
4»877
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866
The InunigratioD Commission.
Table 53* — Schooling ofper$on$ convictedt by ofen$e: New York county and tujiremt
coujtt, January 1 to Deember SI, 1907.
(Thit tebto does not Incliidt 1 eofpocmtiooj
Number
ooo-
Tlot«d.
Number
report
tngasto
schooling.
Number
report-
ing no
schooling.
Number reportbig sebooUng indicated.
OfleoM.
Common
orpobUe.
Academy
or high.
College.
Other.
TotaL
OtbDMf acatnit chat-
ttty:
Bigain J. ...... r T » r ,
60
16
27
4
1
21
10
15
8
3
16
7
15
a
18
CrfiiM 'tfiiiift Oft-
tern* .........r-.r
7
Dlwrdoly bouse,
obflceoa prinu,
etc
IS
Incest
Seductkm
1
1
1
Total
108
47
ft
39
2
41
■ '
Oflanses against public
Bribery
1
1
126
8
2
3
68
1
1
11
249
Compounding
crimes
Crimes against pub-
lic bealth and
safety
38
4
1
31
7
4
1
7
Crimes against pub-
lic peaoe. ........
4
Esc^M
»
1
False registration...
Qaming
6
5
•1
6
Importinf foreign
rrlmlnals
Lottery
1
6
154
1
Perjury
5
131
1
6
Various provisions
of excise law, etc.
18
5
IM
Total
470
210
50
153 1 6
1
160
1
OfTenses against the
person:
Abandonment and
other acta of cru-
elty to children...
68
83
3
622
89
4
3
79
149
7
44
15
1
254
36
6
6
36
9
2
18
Abduction
9
Abortion
1
1
Assault
130
18
122
17
2
1
U4
Homicide
;:::::::::':::::::::
18
Kidnaping
Maiming
2
48
64
2
1
12
12
1
33
51
2
1
Rape..r
2
1
36
Robbery
1
53
Suicide
i
Total
1,057
466
185
271
7
2
1 281
Offenses against prop-
Anon
11
1,185
26
4
134
2,079
27
190
6
880
7
2
46
434
12
104
2
83
5
4
835
1
a
89
297
7
79
4
Burglary
9
1
1
2
347
Extortion
2
False personations
and bleats
2
Forgery
5
17
2
14
46
Larceny
Malicious mischief
and injuries to
Receiving **itoien'
property
105
6
10
1
329
7
8
3
8S
Total
3.655
001
160
764
35 ' 20 3
822
•
Total defined of-
fenses
Ofltaisee not defined
222
1,714
48
410
12
^'U
50i 23
4 1
4
»-u
Grand total
5,512
1,762
422
1,858
54
24
4
i,j«
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General Tables,
367
Table 54:. ^Literacy of perwm oonvicUd, by offense: New Yorl county and supreme
courti, January 1 to December SI, 1908.
(This toble does not inchide 2 oosporatiims and 206 persons not raporting complete (^ Persons reporting
hftylng attended school are included in oolomns 3 and 4.)
Offense.
Number
con-
victed.
Number
who
read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Adultnry
10
51
10
20
3
7
8
46
17
16
3
6
8
Bicamj
42
Crime Xg^l^wt nature ,
17
Disorderly house, obscene prints, etc
16
Incest../. .'. ' .' „
3
6
Total
110
96
92
Offenses against public policy:
Bribery
5
1
3
177
15
7
106
1
1
1
23
1
202
4
4
Compounding ci1m<«
Con^iraoy..*!
8
126
6
5
102
1
1
8
Crimes against pMNI<^ health and safety, x ...... x
124
CHmw against public peam '.........................
6
Escape... .. ,
6
Oanilag.... x..........
101
Libel...
1
Lottery *
1
21
1
230
21
Unlawfol practice of medicine
1
Various provisions of excise law, etc
230
Total
006
499
497
Oilenses asainst the person:
Abandonment and other acts of cruelty to children
40
29
4
006
1
94
8
107
187
10
38
24
1
560
1
73
5
96
166
7
38
Abduction 1
24
Abortion
1
Assault.
547
1
Homicide
68
Kidnf^ping ^
5
Rape
93
Robbery
166
guidde
7
Total
1,175
970
950
Offenses against property:
Arson
23
1,784
45
3
166
1
1.019
43
280
21
1,602
38
3
162
254
21
Burglary
1,663
Extortion
35
FalifA personations and cheats x ... .
3
162
Fraud
1
Larceny
1,789
Malicious mischief and faijuries to property
40
Receiving stolen property
254
Total
4,268
4,023
3,958
Total defined oftenses*.
6,153
1,024
5,588
969
5,497
Offenses not defined
949
Grand tot«I.,,
7,177
6,547
6,446
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868
The ImmigratioQ Conunission.
Tablb 55* — iSchooling of persons convicted^ by offense: New York county and supreme
eouTtSy January 1 to December SI, 1908.
(This table does not inctade 2 oorporatioos.1
Number
oon-
Tlcted.
Number
reporting
as to
school.
tag.
Number
Number reporting schooling tadicated.
Oifeiiae.
no
school-
ing.
Common
or public.
Academy
or high.
CoUege.
Other.
Total
Offlenses against ofaas-
Adnltarj
61
10
22
4
7
14
7
18
3
2
2
6
2
4
7
6
12
3
1
7
Cmne aipdnstnik
turs.
9
6
Disofdflrij hoosa,
obsoana prints,
otc.... ...........
2
u
iDoest.
3
Bednotioo
1
1
Total
115
63
14
37
2
99
^'^li^
A
1
S
185
U
7
100
1
1
1
24
1
831
2
1
1
1
1
1
Compounding
orimof
Consptraey
Crimea against pnb-
Uo health and
safety
Crimes against pnb-
Uopeaoa^x^x
00
16
26
62
2
6
17
8
20
17
e
E80U)e.
1
4
Qamuig
ao
Libel..T
Lottery
I
1
18
1
176
1
1
Offenses against
pubUo Justice
Unlawfal * pnc^ioe
<<ni4dif4ne.. . .
1
2
11
11
1
2
1
Various provisions
ofexeiselaw,etc..
82
140
1
1
144
TotaL
684
811
106
100
4
1
1
ao6
Offenses against the
^^^jUMadonmentand
other acts of oni-
elty to children..
Abduction
42
20
5
7U
1
101
8
100
101
10
84
8
3
347
2
6
3
136
80
3
1
1
ss
s
Abortion.
Amanlt
200
3
213
CoerdoD. ..........
Homicide
87
6
66
81
6
21
8
12
21
8
16
2
62
60
2
16
Eidnauine
2
Rape
1
1
51
RoSbeiry
60
Suicide..
2
Total.
1,207
686
206
873
6
1
380
Oflienses against prop-
ertv:
Anon
24
1,814
46
3
108
1
1,002
44
11
726
15
1
65
1
635
84
9
02
7
600
8
1
40
1
801
32
9
16
4
4
688
Extortion
8
False personations
and^eats
1
POIIBHTV
8*
7
6
5S
Fraud
1
Larceny
Malicious mischief
and injuries to
property
106
t
10
7
10
427
Digitized by
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General Tables.
369
Table SSm—Sdiooling of penons convicted^ by offeme: New York county and supreme
GourUf January 1 to December SI, 1908 — Continued.
Number
con-
victed.
Number
reporting
as to
school-
ing.
Number
reporting
Number reporting sdiooling indicated.
Offlenie.
no
school-
ing.
Common
or pubtto.
Academy
or high.
College.
Other.
Total
(Mfenaes against prop-
ertr— ContUiQed.
Reoeiving stolen
382
146
26
114
5
119
Total
4,343
1,522
240
1,206
47
16
14
1,282
Total defined
oflensra
OflEenaes not defined....
6,349
1,033
2,471
121
566
65
1,814
49
69
17
2
16
5
1,906
56
Grand total...
7,382
2,592
630
1.863
59
19
21
1,962
Tablb 56* — Conjugal condition of persons convicted^ by country of birth: New York
county ana mprerru courts, January 1, 1907, to December SI, 1908.
(This table does not include 3 corporations and 199 persons not reportinc complete data.]
Country of birth.
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Divorced.
Total.
United States
5,796
2,271
25
1
8,003
Anstrfa-Hnngmy , . .
329
78
8
5
7
112
30
350
30
6
221
815
21
66
13
511
27
21
20
10
34
97
142
52
6
5
8
60
15
199
9
5
118
467
8
80
6
206
16
14
8
5
13
57
471
Canada ' "
130
China
14
Cuba
10
Denmark x w .
15
England . ....... . . . .
3
184
Ptmk^ ,. ,.,
46
OflTmany
4
653
Greece, r..'
39
HoUand ..
11
TM^H
5
344
Italy
1,282
Norway ... .
1
1
30
Poi^n'i
96
Roumania. ....
19
Russia
1
1
1
2
718
gf'iotland
44
Sweden
36
Ssjtceriand
30
Turkey.
16
West Indies
47
Other foreign •
1
155
Toti^ foraign . . . . .
2,810
1,458
20
4,288
Not reported
181
129
4l
314
Grand total
8,787
3,858
49 1
12,095
• ''Other foreign'' includes 1 Africa, 1 Armenia, 6 Australia, 6 Belgium, 1 British Guiana, 1 Brazil, 1
Bulgaria, 4 Finland, 1 India, 1 Japan, 1 New Zealand, 4 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine Islands, 6 Porto Rico,
1 Portugal, 4 Servia, 9 South America, 7 Spain, 1 Tr^li, 8 Wales, and 90 foreign (not specified).
Digitized by
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370
The Immigration G>mmission.
Table 57. — Omjugal condition of perdons oonvictedf by country of birth: New York
county and iupreme courti, January 1 to December SI, 1907,
[This table does not include 1 oorporation and 06 pecaons not reporting complete data.)
Country of birth.
Sin^e.
Married.
Widowed.
DiYoroed.
Total
United States
2,487
992
14
1
3,494
A ustria-H angary
123
32
43
15
137
109
822
28
212
10
8
10
18
62
00
21
27
4
88
52
200
9
91
7
13
4
6
35
183
Canada T. . .'
53
KhfUik)
1
71
France
19
Germany
2
3
227
TT9)^n<i,.
164
Italy
622
Poland
1
1
1
1
38
Russia
804
Scotland
18
Sweden
22
Switzerland.. .
14
West Indies
24
Other foreign •
97
Total foreign
1,129
617
10
1,756
Not reported •.
99
62
8
164
Grand total
3,716
1,671
27
1
5,414
• "Other foreign" includes 1 Armenia, 3 Australia, 2 Belgium, 1 Braiil, 1 British Guiana, 4 China, 7
Denmark, 2 Finland, 10 Greece, 4 Holland, 1 India, 1 Japan, 8 Norway, 1 Nova Scotia, 1 Philippine
Islands, 2 Servia, 5 South America, 1 Spain, 1 Tripoli, 6 Turkey, 8 Wales, and 32 foreign (not spedfieo).
Table 58. — Conjugal condition of persons convicted^ by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts^ January 1 to December SI, 1908.
[This table does not include 2 corporations and 101 persons not reporting complete data.]
Country of bhth.
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Divorced.
TotaL
United States
3,309
1,279
11
4,599
Austria-Hungary
206
46
6
5
69
16
213
23
112
493
15
37
13
299
17
13
10
16
74
82
31
6
6
42
11
111
6
66
267
6
21
6
115
9
1
4
7
46
288
Canada
77
China
10
Cuba
10
Eneland
2
113
France .r......
25
Germany.
2
326
Greece..
29
Ireland
2
180
Itaiv
760
Norway
1
22
Poland.
58
Roumania.
19
Russia
414
Scotland
26
Sweden
U
Switzerland
2
16
West Indies
23
Other foreign*
1
121
Total foreign
1,681
841
10
2,532
Not reported
82
67
1
150
Grand total
5,072
2,187
22
7,281
• "Other foreicn" includes 1 Africa. 3 Australia, 4 Belgium, 1 Bulgaria, 8 Denmark. 2 Finland, 7 Hol-
land, 1 New Zealand, 3 Nova Scotia, 6 Porto Rioo^ 1 Portugal, 2 Serria, 4 Sooth AmflHoa, 6 Spain, 9 Tor-
key, 5 Wales, and 58 foreign (not specified).
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LIST OF TEXT TABLES.
Page.
Table 1. Per cent of foreign-bom among white prisoners of known nativity
enumerated June 30, 1904, and in the general white male popu-
lation 15 years of age or over, 1900, bv geographic division 3
2. Per cent of native and foreign bom wnite prisoners among those
of Imown nativity, 1904 and 1890, by geographic division 4
3. Native and foreign oom white prisoners enumerated June 30, 1904,
by geographic division and class of offender; per cent distribu-
tion 5
4. Per cent of forei^n-bom white persons among prisoners of known
nativity committed during 1904, and in the general white popu-
lation 15 years of age or over, 1900, by geographic division and
class of offender 6
5. Per cent of persons of foreign parentage among native white prison-
ers of known parentage committed during 1904, and in the native
white general population, 1900, by geographic division 6
6. Number and per cent of forei^-bom persons among white juvenile
delinquents of known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904, and
in the eeneral white population 10 to 19 years of age, 1900, by
geographic division 7
7. Number and per cent of foreign-bom among white juvenile delin-
<^uents committed during 1904, and in the roneral white popula-
tion 10 to 19 years of age, 1900, by geo^phic division 8
8. Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant:
New York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal
institutions 14, 15
9. Violation of city ordinances compared with all offenses: New
York City magistrates' courts and Chicago police arrests 18
10. Nationalities compared with regard to percentile of crimes: New
York City magistrates' courts and Chicaro police arrests 22, 23
11. Offenses of personal violence: New York county and supreme
courts and Massachusetts penal institutions 24
12. Number of aliens detained in penal institutions for murder and
attempt to murder^ United States, 1904, by race 25
13. Number of alien prisoners under sentence for homicide and at-
tempted homicide, United States, 1908, by race 25
14. Relative frequency of homicide and attempted homicide among
alien prisoners. United States, 1908, by race 25
15. Per cent of aliens in prison for homicide or attempted homicide
who had been in the United States less than three years prior
to commitment, by race 27
16. Number of alien prisoners in the United States, 1908, by race 28
17. Distribution of classes of crime among alien prisoners. United
States, 1908 28
18. Per cent distribution of classes of crime among alien prisoners,
United States, 1908, by race of prisoner 29
19. Per cent of prisoners imder sentence for each class of crime who
were committed within three years after arrival in the United
States, by race 33
20. Per cent ot alien prisoners under sentence for offenses of special
gravity whose commitments occurred within three years after
arrival in the United States, by race 34
21. Aliens in prison for burglary, homicide, and robbery who had
been in the United States less than three years pnor to com-
mitment, by race 34
22. Distribution of crimes: New York (city and State), Chicago,
and Massachusetts 36
439
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
440 The Immigration Commission.
Page.
Table 23. Classes of crimes: New York (city and State), Chicago, and Massa-
chusetts 37
24. Gainful ofifensee compared with all ofitenses: New York (city and
State), Chicago, and MassachuBetts 40
25 Offenses of personal violence compared with all ofitenses: New
York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts 41, 42
26. Offenses against public policy compared with all ofifensee: New
York (city and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts 43
27. Ofifenses against chastity compared with all ofifenses: New York
(citv and State), Chicago, and Massachusetts 45
28. Distribution of crimes of white and negro native-born: New York
court of general sessions and Chicago police arrests 48
29. Classes of crimes of white and negro native-bom: New York court
of general sessions and Chicago police arrests 49
30. Gainml ofifenses compared with all ofifensee of white and negro
native-bom: New York court of general sessions and Chicago
police arrests 51
31. Onenses of personal \iolence compared with all offenses of white
and negro native-bom : New York court of general sessions and
Chicago police arrests 52
32. Ofifenses against public policy compared with all offenses of white
and negro natiye-bom: New York court of general sessions and
Chicago police arrests 53, 54
33. Offenses against chastit}r compared with all offenses of white and
ne^ro native-bom : Chicago police arrests 55
34. Distribution of crimes, by nativity and parentage of offender:
New York court of general sessions ana Massachusetts penal
institutions 57
35. Classes of crimes, by nativity and parentage of offender: New
York court of general sessions and Massachusetts penal institu-
tions 58
36. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses, by nativity and par-
entage of offender: New York court of general sessions and
Massachusetts penal institutions 60
37. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses, by nativity
and parentage of offender: New York court of general sessions and
Massachusetts penal institutions 62
38. Offenses against public policv compared with all offenses, by
nativity and parentage of oftender: New York court of general
sessions and Massachusetts penal institutions 64
39. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses, by nativity
and parentage of offender: Massachusetts penal institutions 66
40. Distribution of crimes, first and second generations compared:
Convictions in New York court of genend sessions, Octooer 1,
1908, to June 30, 1909 68
41. Classes of crimes, first and second generations compared: New
York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. . 68, 69
42. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses, first and second genera-
tions compared: New York court of general sessions, October 1,
1908, to June 30, 1909 71
43. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses, first and
second generations compared : New York court of general seeeions,
October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 74
44. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses, first
and second generations compared: New York court of general
sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 75,76
45. Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant: New
York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. . 77
46. Distribution of crimes, first and second generations compared:
Commitments to Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1,
1908, to September 30, 1909 78
47. Deviation of the Irish second generation from the immigrant:
Massarhusettti penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September
30, 1909 79
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
List of Text Tables. 441
Page.
Tablb 48. Claases of crimes, first and second generations compared: Massa-
chusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30,
1909 80
49. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses, first and second genera-
dons compared: Massachusetts penal institutions, October 1,
1908, to September 30. 1909 81
60. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses, first and
second generations compared: Massachusetts penal institutions,
October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 82
51. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses, first and
second generatiofis compared: Massachusetts penal institutions,
October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 83
52. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses, first and
second generations compared: Massachusetts penal institutions,
October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 84
58. Deviation of the second generation &om the immigrant in the direc-
tion of the native-bom of native father: Massachusetts penal
institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 86, 86
54. Population of New York City, 1900, by country of birth 87
56. Distribution of classes of crime: New York City magistrates' courts,
January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908 90
56. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York City magis-
trates' courts, 1901 to 1908 92
67. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New
York City magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1908 94
58. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New
York City magistrates* courts, 1901 to 1908 97
59. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: New York
City magistrates* courts, 1901 to 1908 100
60. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York City magis-
trates* courts, 1901 to 1908 101
61. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York
City magistrates* courts. 1901 to 1908 102
62. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York
City magistrates'^ courts, 1901 to 1908 103
63. Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: New York City
magistrates^ courts, 1901 to 1908 103
64. Persons bom in Greece held for trial or committed to reformatory
or other institution, city magistrates* courts, Manhattan and the
Bronx, January 1, 1901. to December 31, 1908, by offense 104
65. distribution of crimes of Greeks, city m£gistrates* courts, Man-
hattan and the Bronx, 1901 to 1908 104
66. Distribution of classes of crime: New York court of general sessions,
October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 107,108
67. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York court of
eeneral sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30. 1909 110, 111
68. Onenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New York
court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 113
69. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: New
York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 . 115, 116
70. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York court of general
sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 117
71. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York
court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 118
72. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New York
court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 118
73. Convictions in New York county and supreme courts, January 1,
1907, to December 31, 1908, by country of birth of offender 119
74. Distribution by classes of crime: New York county and supreme
courts, 1907 and 1908 120
76. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: New York county and
supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 123
76. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: New
York county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 126
7»340'— VOL 36—11—29
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
442 The Immigration Commission.
Table 77. Offenses against public policy compajred with all offenses: New
York county and supreme courts^ 1907 and 1908 128
78. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York county ajoui
supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 130
79. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York
county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 1 131
80. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: New Y<»k
county and supreme courts, 1907 and 1908 131
81. Distribution of arrests, Chicago, 1905 to 1908, inclusive, by nation-
ality of offender , 134
82. Distribution of classes of crime: Chicago police arrests, 1905 to
1908 135
83. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: Chicago police arrests,
1905 to 1908 139
84. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: Chicago
police arrests, 1905 to 1908 142
85. Onenses against public policy compared with all offenses: Chicago
police arrests, 1905 to 1908 146
86. Onenses against chastity compared with all offenses: Chicago police
arrests, 1905 to 1908 151
87. Relative frequency of gainful offenses: Chicago police arrests, 1905
to 1908 153,154
88. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: Chicago police
arrests, 1905 to 1908 154,155
89. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: Chicago police
arrests, 1905 to 1908 156
90. Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: Chicago police
arrests, 1905 to 1908 157
91. Conmiitments to penal institutions in Massachusetts, October 1,
1908, to September 30, 1909, by nativity and parentage of offender . 160
92. Distribution of classes of crime: Massachusetts penal institutions,
October 1, 1908, to September 30. 1909 161
93. Gainful offenses compared with all offenses: Massachusetts penal
institutions, October 1. 1908, to September 30, 1909 165, 166
94. Offenses of personal violence compued with all offenses: Massa-
chusetts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30,
1909 168,169
95. Offenses against public policy compared with all offenses: Massa-
chusetts penal institutions, Octooer 1, 1908, to September 30,
1909 171
96. Per cent distribution of conmiitments for drunkenness among total
commitments, by nativity and descent of offender: Massachu-
setts penal institutions, October 1. 1908, to September 30, 1909. . 173
97. Offenses against chastity compared with all offenses: Massachu-
setts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. . 174
98. Relative frequency of gsunful offenses: Massachusetts penal insti-
tutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 175
99. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: Massachusetts
penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 176
100. Relative frequency of offenses against puolic policy: Massachu-
setts penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909. . 177
101. Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: Massachusetts
penal institutions, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 178
102. Alien prisoners in the United States, 1908, by race. 179
103. Distribution of classes of crime among alien prisoners in the United
States, 1908 181,182
104. Grainful offenses compared with all offenses: Alien prisoners in the
United States, 1908 184
105. Offenses of personal violence compared with all offenses: Alien
prisoners in the United States, 1908 187
106. Onenses against public policy compared with all offenses: Alien
prisoners in the United States, 1908 190
107. Onenses against chastity compared with all offenses: Alien pris-
oners in the United States, 1908 192,193
108. Relative frequency of gainful offenses among alien prisoners in the
United States, 1908 194
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
List of Text Tables. 443
Pace.
Table 109. Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence among alien
prisoners in the United States, 1908 195
110. Relative frequency of offenses against public policy among alien
prisoners in the United States, 1908 196
111. Rdative frequency of offenses against chastity among alien pris-
oners in the United States, 1906 ^ 197
112. Aliens in prison for gainful offenses who had been in the United
States less than tnree years prior to commitment, by race:
United States, 1908 198
113. Aliens in prison for offenses of personal violence who had been in
the United States less than three years prior to conmiitment, by
race: United States, 1908 199
114. Aliens in prison for offenses against public i>olicy who had been in
the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by
race: United States, 1908 200
115. Aliens in prison for offenses against chastity who had been in the
United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race:
United States, 1908 201
116. Per cent of aliens in prison for each class of crime who had been in
the United States less than three years prior to commitment, by
race: United States. 1908 202
117. Aliens in prison for offenses of special gravity who had been in the
United States less than three years prior to commitment, by race:
United States, 1908 204
118. Aliens in prison for burglary who had been in the United States
less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United
States, 1908 205
119. Aliens in prison for homicide who had been in the United States
less than three years prior to conmiitment, by race: United
States, 1908 : 206
120. Aliens in prison for robbery who had been in the United States
less than three years prior to commitment, by race: United
States, 1908 207
121. Per cent distribution of white prisoners enumerated June 30, 1904,
and of general white population 10 years of age and over, 1900,
by nativity and by States and Territories 210
122. Per cent of major and minor offenders among prisoners enumerated
June 30, 1904, classified by color and nativity, and by main geo-
jg;raphic divisions 215
123. Distnbution of prisoners committed during 1904, b^ sex, color,
nativity, and puentage, and by main geographic divisions. . . 218, 219
124. Per cent aistribution of white prisoners of known nativity com-
mitted during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders and by
States and Territories 221
125. Per cent distribution of native white prisoners of known parentage
committed during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders,
by parentage and by States and Territones 224, 225
126. Per cent distribution of major and minor offenders committed
during 1904, classified by offense and by color, nativity, and
country of birth 228,229
127. Relative frequency of offenses against the person among major
offenders committed during 1904, by country of birth of offender. 230
128. Relative frequency of offenses a^nst property among major
offenders committed during 1904 , by country of birth of offender . 231
129. Relative frequency of drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and
vagrancy among minor offenders committed during 1904, by
country of birth of offender 232
130. Per cent distribution, by age, of prisoners of known age committed
during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders, and by
color, nativitv, and parentage 233, 234
131. Per cent distribution, by sex and age, of prisoners of known age
committed during 1904, classified as major and minor offenders
and by color, nativity, and parentage 238, 239
132. Per cent distribution, by citizenship, of foreign-bom male prisoners
committed during 1904, classifiea as major and minor offenders,
by age and by main geographic divisions 242
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
444 The Immigration Commission.
PagiL
Tablb 133. Per cent distribution, by literacy, of prisoners committed during
1904, classified as major and minor offenders and by sex, color,
nativity, and parentage 245-247
134. Distribution of juvenile delinquents eniunerated June 30, 1904,
by sex, color, and nativity, and by main geo^phic divisions. . . 250
.135. Per cent distribution of white juvenile delinquents of known
nativity enumerated June 30, 1904, by nativity and by States
and Territories 252
136. Ratio of juvenile delinquents enumerated on date of census, 1904
and 1890, classified by sex, color, and nativity, and by States
and Territories 254, 255
137. Number of juvenile delinquents per 100,000 of population, 1890
and 1904, in States in which the ratio for 1890 exceeded that for
1904, by nativity 257
138. Number and per cent of foreign-bom among white juvenile delin-
quents of known nativity enumerated June 30, 1904, and in the
general white population 10 to 19 years of age, 1900, by geo-
graphic division 257
139. Distribution of juvenile delinquents committed during 1904,
classified by color, nativity, and sex, and by main geographic
divisions 259, 260
140. Per cent distribution of white juvenile delinquents of known
nativity committed during 1904, by nativity and by States and
Territories 2C2
141. Distribution of juvenile delinquents of foreign-bom father, com-
mitted during 1904, by country of birth of father and by main
geographic divisions 265
142. Per cent distribution of juvenile delinquents committed during
1904, by offense and by nativitv of father 267
143. Per cent distribution, by age, of juvenile delinquents of known
age committed during 1904, classified by sex, color, nativity,
and parentage ^ 270
144. Per cent distribution, by literacy, of juvenile delinquents 10 years
of age and over, committed during 1904, classified by sex, color,
and nativity 272
145. Per cent distribution, by language spoken, of juvenile delinquents
committed during 1904, classified by color, nativity, and parent-
age, and by main geographic divisions 274,275
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
LIST OF GENERAL TABLES.
Ta3LB 1. Persons held for trial aud committed to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908.
(Revised classification of offenses.) 288, 289
2. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908.
(Customary classification of offenses.) 290, 291
S. Persons held for trial and conmiitted to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1901 292, 293
4. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1902 294, 295
5. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1903 296, 297
6. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1904 298, 299
7. Persons held for trial and conmiitted to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1906 300, 301
8. Persons held for trial and conmiitted to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1906 302, 30&
9. Persons held for trial aud committed to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by coimtry of birth: New York
City magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 304, 305
10. Persons held for trial and committed to reformatory and other
institutions, by offense and by country of birth: New York
Ci^ magistrates' courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 806, 307
11. Children convicted and committed to reformatory and other institu-
tions, by offense and by country of birth: New York children's
courts, January 1 to December 31, 1906 308, 309
12. Children convicted and committed to reformatory and other institu-
tions, by offense and by country of birth: New York children's
courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 310, 311
13. Persons convicted, by offense and by general nativity and race:
New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1,
1909. (Revised classification of offenses.) 312, 313
14. Persons convicted, by offense and by general nativity and race:
New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1,
1909. (Customary classification of offenses.) 314, 315
15. Persons convicted and disposition of cases, by genconal nativity
and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to
July 1,1909 316,317
16. Previous convictions of persons convicted, by general nativity and
race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to
July 1,1909 318
17. Previous convictions of persons convicted, by offense: New York
court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 319
18. Previous convictions of persons convicted of assault, by gencorad
nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1,
1908, to July 1, 1909 320
445
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
446 The Immigration Commission.
Page.
Table 19. Previous convictions of persons convicted of burglary, by general
nativity and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1,
1908, to July 1, 1909 321,32
20. Previous convictions of persons convicted of petit larceny, by
general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions,
October 1 , 1908, to July 1, 1909 323
21. Previous convictions of persons convicted of grand larceny, by
general nativity and race: New York court of general sessions,
October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 324, 325
22. Foreign-bom persons convicted, by years in the United States and
by race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to
Jul7 1,1909. J, 326
23. Political condition of foreign-bom males convicted, by race: New
York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. . 326
arsons convicted, by offense and by age eroup: New lork court
of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to Jmy 1, 1909 327
25. Literacy of persons convicted, by general nativity and race: New
York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. . . 328
26. Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York court of gen-
eral sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 329
27. Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by general nativity and
race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July
1, 1909 330
28. Clerks and salesmen convicted, by offense and by general nativity
and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to
July 1,1909 331
29. Drivers and teamsters convicted, by offense and by general nativity
and race: New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to
July 1,1909 332
30. Laborers convicted, by offense and by general nativity and race:
New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1,
1909 333
31. Persons convicted, by offense and by occupation: New York court
of general sessions, October 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909 334
32. Persons convicted, by offense^ by sex, and by general nativity and
race: New York court of general sessions, Cfctober 1, 1908, to July
1, 1909... 335,344
33. Persons convicted, by offense and by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908.
(Revised classification of offenses.) 345
34. Persons convicted, by offense and* by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908.
(Customary classification of offenses.) 346, 347
35. Persons convicted, by offense and by country of birth: New York
coimty and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907. . 348, 349
36. Persons convicted, by offense and by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908. . 350, 351
37. Persons convicted and disposition of cases, by coimtry of birth:
New York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to Decem-
ber 31, 1908 , 352
38. Persons convicted and disposition of cases, by country of birth: New
York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 . 353
39. Personsconvictedanddispositionof cases, oy country of birth: New
York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 . 354
40. Previous convictions of persons convicted, oy country of birth : New
York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31,
1908 355
41. Previous convictions of persons convicted, by offense: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 . 356
42. Persons convicted, by offense and by age group: New York county
and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 357
43. Persons convicted, by offense and by age group: New York county
and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31. 1908 358
44. Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 . 359
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
List of General Tables. 447
Page.
Table 45. Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31,
1908 359,360
46. Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 360
47. Schooling of persons convicted, by coimtry of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 361
48. Literacy of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 361
49. Schooling of persons convicted, by country of birth: New York
county and supreme courts, Januanr 1 to December 31, 1908 362
50. Literacy of persons convicted, by onense: New York county and
supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December 31, 1908 362, 363
51. Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and
supreme courts, January l, 1907, to December 31, 1908 363, 364
52. Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and
supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 365
53. Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: Wew York county and
supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 366
54. Literacy of persons convicted, by offense: New York county and
supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 367
55. Schooling of persons convicted, by offense: New York coimty and
supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908 368, 369
56. Conju^l condition of persons convicted, by country of birth: New
York county and supreme courts, January 1, 1907, to December
31, 1908 369
57. Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by country of birth: New
York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1907 . 370
58. Conjugal condition of persons convicted, by country of birth: New
York county and supreme courts, January 1 to December 31, 1908.
59. Persons convicted, by detailed onense and by sex and coimtry of
birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to Decem-
ber 31, 1907 371-384
60. Persons convicted, by detailed offense and by sex and country of
birth: New York county and supreme courts, January 1 to Decem-
ber 31, 1908 385-399
61. Police arrests, by offense and by nativity of offender: Chicago police
department, 1905 to 1908, inclusive. (Revised classification of
offenses.) 400, 401
62. Police arrests, by offense and by nativity of offender: Chicag[0 police
department, 1905 to 1908, inclusive. (Customary classification
of offenses.) 402,403
63. Commitments to penal institutions, by offense and by general na-
tivity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to
September 30, 1909. (Revised classification of offenses.) 404, 405
64. Commitments to penal institutions, by offense and by general na-
tivity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to
September 30, 1909. ((Customary classification of offenses.).. . 406, 407
65. Commitments to jails and houses of correction, by offense and by
feneral nativity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1,
908, to September 30, 1909 408,409
66. Commitments to the reformatory, by offense and by general nativity
and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to Septem-
ber 30, 1909 410
67. Commitments to the reformatory prison for women, by offense and
by general nativity and country of birth: Massachusetts, October
1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 411
68. Commitments to the State prison, by offense and by general nativity
and country of birth: Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to Septem-
ber 30, 1909 412
69. Commitments to the State Farm, by offense and by country of birth:
Massachusetts, October 1, 1908, to September 30, 1909 413
70. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the United States, by
offense and race: 1908 enumeration. (Revised classification of
offenses.) 414,415
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
448 The Immigration CommissicMu
Pace.
Table 71. Alien prisoners iiipenal institutions in the United States, by offense
and nee: 190o enumeration. (Customary classification of
offenses.) 416,417
72. Alien prisoners in county iails and cit^r prisons io the United States,
by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 418, 419
73. Alien prisoners in industrial schools and reformatoried in the United
States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 420, 421
74. Alien prisoners in State prisons and penitentiaries io the United
States, by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 422
75. Alien prisoners in convict camps in the United States, by offense
and race: 1908 enumeration 423
76. Alien prisoners in Federal prisons, by offense and race: 1908 enu-
meration 424
77. Alien prisoners on the Massachusetts State Farm, by offense and
race: 1908 enumeration 425
78. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the North Atlantic States,
by offense and race: 1908 enumeration 426, 427
79. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the South Atlantic States, by
offense and race: 1908 enumeration 428
80. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the North Central States, by
offense and race: 1908 enumeration 429, 430
81. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the South Central States, by
offense and race: 1908 enumeration 431
82. Alien prisoners in penal institutions in the Western States, by
offense and race: 1908 enumeration 432, 433
83. Alien prisoners in penal institutions who reported length of resi-
dence in the United States, by offense and race: 1908 enumerati<m.
(Revised classification of offenses.) 434, 435
84. Alien prisoners in penal institutions who had been in the United
States less than three years prior to commitment, by offense and
race: 1908 enumeration. (Revised classification of offenses.). . 436, 437
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
LIST OF CHAETS.
Pagt.
Number of aliens detained in penal institutione for murder and attempt to
murder. 1904 26
Per cent distribution of convictions of three classes of crime, Italians and native
whites of native father (New York court of general sessions, October 1, 1908,
to June 30, 1909) 72
Relative frequency of gainful offenses (New York City magistrates' courts,
1901-1908) 91
Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence (New York City magistrates'
courts, 1901-1908) 95
Relative frequency of intoxication (New York City magistrates' courts, 1901-
1908) 98
Relative frequency of violation of corporation ordinances (New York City
ma^trates^ courts, 1901-1908) 99
Relative frequency of gainful offenses (New York county and supreme courts,
1907 and 1908) 121
Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence (New York county and
supreme courts, 1907 and 1908) 122
Relative frequexicy of burglary (New York county and supreme courts, 1907
and 1908) f. 124
Relative frequency of assault (New York county and supreme courts, 1907 and
1908) 127
Relative frequency of gainful offenses (Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908) 136
Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence (Chicago police arrests,
1905-1908) 137
Relative frequency of homicide (Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908) 145
Relative frequency of offenses of violence against public policy (Chicago police
arrests, 1905-1908) 148
Relative frequency of violation of city ordinances (Chicago police arrests, 1905-
1908) 150
Relative frequency of crimes of prostitution (Chicago police arrests, 1905-1908) . 152
Number of alien prisoners in the United States, 1908 180
Age distribution of white prisoners of known age committed during 1904 236
449
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